Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2014;16(2): ISSN: 생리식
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1 Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2014;16(2): ISSN: 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자의균집락화에미치는영향 경북대학교간호대학 Effects of Normal Saline and Essential Oil Gargling on Bacterial Colonization in Intubated Patients for General Anesthesia Sang Jin Ko, Yeon Kyung Na, Hae Sook Hong College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the effects of gargling using normal saline or essential oil on oral bacterial colonization of the subjects who did transoral endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia. Methods: A repeated measures, non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects of the study included 58 people; the gargling group with normal saline (n = 19); the gargling group with essential oil (n = 20); and the control group (n = 19). Data were collected from University hospitals in a Korean province from August 13-31, The collected data were analyzed with χ 2 -test, t- test, ANOVA and Scheffé test using SPSS Results: Although statistically significant differences among the three groups did not appear in the change of the aerobic bacterial colony before and after the experiments, the aerobic bacterial colony of the gargling group with normal saline (71.58± ) and the group with essential oil (6.95± ) have increased less compared to the control group ( ± ). The change of the anaerobic bacterial colony before and after the experiments, the control group was (167.58± ) and the gargling group with essential oil was (169.70± ) and increased, while the gargling group with normal saline (-42 ± ) reduced, but statistically significant differences have not appeared. Conclusion: These findings indicated that oral gargling with normal saline is effective in reducing anaerobic bacterial colonization. Key Words: Saline solution; Essential oils; Bacteria; Intubation 국문주요어 : 생리식염수, 에센셜오일, 균집락화, 기관내삽관 서론 1. 연구의필요성현대의료기술의발달은진단및치료목적의시술이나수술을증가하여침습적인조작및인공의료기구사용이늘어나게하였으 며, 이에따른병원감염의발생보고는계속증가하고있다. 병원감염이란입원당시에없었던혹은잠복하고있지않았던감염이입원기간중에발생하는것을의미한다 (Korean Association of Infection Control Nursing [KAICN], 2012). 병원감염의발생은치료및입원일수를늘이며심하면환자의생명까지도위협할수있으므로병원감 Corresponding author: Hae Sook Hong College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: Fax: hshong@knu.ac.kr * 이논문은제 1 저자의경북대학교석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. *This article is based on a part of the first author s master s thesis from Kyungpook National University. 투고일 : 2014 년 3 월 28 일심사의뢰일 : 2014 년 3 월 31 일게재확정일 : 2014 년 5 월 7 일 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 123
2 124 염의예방은매우중요한간호중재의하나이다. 병원감염중기관내삽관으로인한폐렴은삽입된관이상부기도부터하부기도까지세균의직접적인전도경로를만들기때문에가장흔하게발생하며, 구강내세균과밀접한관련이있다 (Pnematikos, Dragoumanis, & Bouros, 2009). 구강내존재하는상재균은면역이약화된환자에게균혈증및심내막염을일으키기도하고 (Jeong & Kim, 2010), 구강내에서번식한병원균이나하부기도감염을일으키는세균이삽입된관을통해번식하게되면폐렴을유발하기도한다 (Kim, Lee, Jeong, Cho, & Kwon, 2000). 이처럼구강내세균들은구강내질환뿐아니라폐렴이나심혈관계질환같은전신질환과도연관되어있으므로분비물이하부기도로들어가는것을예방하고구강내병원균을줄이는것이폐내로세균이전파되는것을막아폐렴을예방하는방법이된다 (Song, So, Ju, & Kim, 2011). 구강내세균을줄이기위한간호중재방법중하나인가글링은용액으로입안을헹구어내는행위를말하는것으로그자체만으로세척효과를가지므로상부호흡기감염을예방하는비용효과적인방법이다 (Sakai et al., 2008). 또한양치용액의살균효과뿐아니라치아표면의세균집락형성을방해함으로써세균을감소시킬수있다고보고되고있으며 (Fine et al., 1996), 최근용액에따른효과에대한다양한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 현재임상에서구강간호용액으로많이사용되는것은과산화수소 (hydrogen peroxide), 포비돈요오드 (Povidone[polyvinyl-pyrrolidone]- iodine), 클로르헥시딘 (chlorhexidine gluconate), 생리식염수등이있다 (Song et al., 2011). 그러나생리식염수이외의용액들은부작용을일으킬수있으며비용측면에서부담이될수있고 (Kim & Kim, 2005), 화학제재의과도한사용은구강내환경에혼란을초래하여다른세균에의한감염, 구토, 설사등의부작용을가지고올수있다 (Chung, 2006). 따라서약물의부작용으로부터안전하게사용할수있는구강소독제가필요하므로구강내세균에대한선택적효과가있는소재에대해연구및개발이필요하다 (Lee, 2008). 생리식염수는우리몸의체액과농도를동일하게조정하여제조한무색, 무취의용액으로비용이저렴하고부작용이없어구강간호용액으로많이사용되고있다. 생리식염수는용액자체의살균효과는없으나클로르헥시딘및탄툼 (benzydamine) 과의비교연구에서병원균과구내염의발생빈도나구강안위감등에는차이가없는것으로나타났다 (Choi & Kim, 2004; Jung, 2005; Kim, Jun, & Choi, 1997; Song et al., 2011). 이를통해볼때생리식염수를구강간호용액으로이용하는것은비용절감측면에서도의의가있다고여겨진다. 또한새로운대체약물의필요성이대두되면서최근항균, 항염증, 항바이러스, 항진균효과가보고되고있는에센셜오일의구강 내세균에대한효과와적정농도에대한연구가활발히이루어지고있으며 (Lee, 2008; Lee et al., 2006; Ouhayoun, 2003; Takarada et al., 2004), Kim과 Kim (2005) 은티트리오일을이용한구강함수후배양된균의수가줄고병원균검출역시감소되어효과적인구강간호용액임을보고하였다. 기관내삽관환자에대한구강간호의중요성에도불구하고수술전의구강간호에대한지침이거의없고, 수술당일아침양치질을권장하고있으나중요성에대한인식부족으로잘행해지고있지않은실정이다. 구강간호에대한연구로는중환자실에서기관내삽관환자에게구강소독제를이용하여폐렴을예방하고자한연구 (Choi & Kim, 2004; Ku, Kim, & Hwang, 2011; Munro, Grap, Jones, Mc- Clish, & Sessler, 2009; Park & Sohng, 2010; Pedreira, Kusahara, de Carvalho, Núñez, & Peterlini, 2009), 에센셜오일가글링을이용한수술환자의구취와구강상태에관한연구 (Song & Hur, 2012) 등은있었지만수술을위한기관내삽관과관련된폐렴을예방하기위해시행되는구강간호에대한연구가부족하여구강내세균관리에대한연구가필요하다. 따라서전신마취를위해경구기관내삽관을시행하는환자의수술전과후의구강내균집락화의정도를확인하고생리식염수와티트리오일, 페퍼민트오일의혼합액을이용한구강가글링이균집락화에미치는영향을파악, 요인을분석함으로써기관내삽관환자의구강간호중재에기초자료를제공하고자본연구를시도하였다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은생리식염수나에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위해경구기관내삽관을시행한수술환자의구강내호기성, 혐기성세균의집락화에미치는효과를검증하기위함이며구체적인목적은다음과같다. 1) 생리식염수를이용한가글링군, 에센셜오일을이용한가글링군및대조군간의수술전과후의호기성균집락수를비교한다. 2) 생리식염수를이용한가글링군, 에센셜오일을이용한가글링군및대조군간의수술전과후의혐기성균집락수를비교한다. 3) 대상자의일반적특성과수술과관련된특성에따른대조군과실험군의호기성세균과혐기성세균의집락수를파악한다. 3. 용어정의 1) 생리식염수를이용한가글링 0.9% 염화나트륨 (NaCl) 용액 ( 생리식염수 ) 을이용하여입안을헹구어내는것으로구강위생과구강내질병예방을위해사용하고있는방법이다. 본연구에서는멸균생리식염수 ( 크린조, JW Pharma-
3 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자의균집락화에미치는영향 125 ceutical co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 30 cc를이용하여 1분간입을오므렸다부풀렸다를반복하여헹구어내는것을의미한다. 2) 에센셜오일을이용한가글링본연구에서는증류수 ( 멸균증류수, JW Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 30 cc에티트리오일 (Tea Tree, Primavera life Co., Ltd., Berlin, Germany) 150 µl와페퍼민트오일 (Peppermint, Primavera life Co., Ltd., Berlin, Germany) 150 µl를희석하여만든용액으로 1분간입을오므렸다부풀렸다반복하여헹구어내는것을의미한다. 3) 정상체중과과체중정상체중은몸무게 (kg) 를신장의제곱 (m 2 ) 으로나눈값인체질량지수 (Body Mass Index, BMI) 가 18.5 이상 22.9 이하, 과체중은 23 이상을의미한다 (Korean Endocrine Society & Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, 2010). 4) 균집락화와집락수변화량균집락화란채취한검체를혈액한천배지 (blood agar plate) 에접종하여배양한균이집락을형성하여육안으로확인된상태를말하며, 집락수의변화량은실험전과후균집락화수의차이를의미한다. 구강은적당한온도, 습도와영양공급도풍부해서 500종이상의호기성, 혐기성세균이상주하고있으며, 개인의감수성, 연령, 건강상태, 식이상태위생상태에따라그종류와비율이항상변할수있으므로 (Rosan & Lamont, 2000) 본연구에서는실험전과후의세균수뿐만아니라개인차를고려해실험전과후에세균집락의변화량을파악하였다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는생리식염수나에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관을시행하는대상자의구강내균집락화에미치는효과를비교, 분석하기위한비동등성대조군전후설계 (repeated measures, non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design) 이다. 2. 연구대상본연구는 2012년 8월 13일부터 31일까지 D시소재 K대학교병원에입원하여전신마취를위해경구기관내삽관을시행한후수술을받은환자를대상자로하였다. 대상자수는집단 3, 유의수준 0.05, 효과크기 0.5, 검정력을 80% 로했을때집단별로 14명씩 42명으로산정되었으나 (Cohen, 1988), 탈락률을고려하여집단별 20명씩, 총 60명을대상자로결정하였다. 이중가글링의효과를고려하여수술시간이 4시간이상인대상자를제외하고대조군 19명, 실험군 I 19명, 실험군 II 20명, 총 58명의자료를최종분석하였으며, 구체적인대상자의선정기준은다음과같다. 1) 본연구의목적을이해하고연구참여를허락하고서면동의한자 2) 의사소통이충분히가능한자 3) 18세이상의성인환자 4) 전신마취를위해경구기관내삽관을시행한자 5) 수술시간이 1-4시간인자 6) 미국마취과학회신체등급분류에의거 American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Class 1-2 에해당하는자 Class 1 : 전신질환이없는건강한자 Class 2 : 수술질환이나동반질환으로경도나중증도의전신질환을가진환자 7) 수술당일양치를하지않은자 3. 윤리적고려 K대학교병원의 IRB 승인 (KNUH ) 을받았으며, 수술대상자에게본연구의목적과내용에대해자세하게설명한후서면동의서를받아연구를진행하였다. 4. 실험방법 1) 예비실험예비실험은 2012년 5월에연구자와연구보조자 1인, 총 2명을대상으로하였다. 예비실험을통해검체채취및접종방법, 배지종류, 배지에자란미생물수를세어서계산하는방법, 소요시간등전반적인실험과정을검증하였다. 1차예비실험은면봉을이용하여채취한검체를 500 μl의 3차증류수에섞어원액과 1/10으로희석한용액을혈액한천배지 (blood agar plate, Hanil Komed, Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), 맥콘키한천배지 (MacConkey agar plate, Hanil Komed, Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 에접종, 도말하여 24시간과 48시간배양하였다. 2차예비실험은검체의희석비율을재확인하기위해진행하였다. 수송시검체의부피를줄여실험의편의성을높이기위해 2차예비실험은 3차증류수 30 μl를사용하였다. 이는증류수의용량이줄어든것을감안하여 1/10로희석할뿐만아니라, 1/100로도희석하여 1차예비실험에서선택된혈액한천배지에접종하여골고
4 126 루도말하였고, 호기성, 혐기성배양기에서 24시간배양한후배지를확인하였다. 2) 검체채취절차검체채취는연구자와연구자외 1인이일회용장갑을착용하고시행하였다. 구강내안쪽볼점막을문질러검체를채취하되점막을문지르는행위자체로인해세균수가달라질것을고려하여실험전검체채취는오른쪽, 실험후검체채취는왼쪽안쪽볼을이용하였다. 3) 실험처치본연구에사용된티트리오일은구강가글링용액으로광범위한항미생물효과가있으며 (Kim & Kim, 2005; Ouhayoun, 2003), 페퍼민트오일은페퍼민트의멘톨성분특유의청량감으로이미구강가글링용액으로다양하게이용되고있다. 티트리와페퍼민트오일은 19가지구강내세균에대해 μl/ml에서최소성장억제농도인것으로확인되어 (Lee et al., 2006), 본연구에서는 5 μl/ml의용액을만들었으며, 티트리오일 150 μl와페퍼민트오일 150 μl를증류수 30 cc에 0.1% 로희석하여만든용액을냉장보관하여사용하였다. 가글링방법은 30초보다 1분의가글링후에치아표면의치태에있는세균이대부분사멸되었다고보고한바 (Ouhayoun, 2003), 본연구에서는 1분간입을오므렸다부풀렸다반복하여헹구어내었다. 가글링용액의양은 Song과 Hur (2012) 의선행연구에근거하여 30 cc로시행하였다. 4) 미생물배양검사실험에사용된 3차증류수는 Mili-Q water purification system (Millopore Co., Ltd., Bedford, USA) 을통과한 3차증류수로서모두 pore size 0.45 μm의여과막 (membrane filter) 으로여과한후고압증기멸균 (autoclaved) 하여사용하였다. (1) 혼합 (vortex mixing) 당일수집된샘플은연구자가검사실에서 1분간혼합기 (Grandbio PV-1 vortex mixter, Grand, UK) 를이용하여완전히섞었다. 를이용하여섞었다. 1/100 로희석된용액을혈액한천배지에 2개에피펫 (pipet) 을이용하여 100 μl씩접종하였고이를스프레더 (spreader) 를이용하는평판도말법을시행하였다. (3) 배양 (incubation) 37도호기성배양기 (WiseVen WOF-105, Daihan Scientific Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 와 85% N 2, 10% H 2, 5% CO 2 상태의혐기성배양기 ( 혐기성미생물배양작업대 VS-5600A, Vision Scientific Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea) 에서 24시간동안배양하였다. 5) 구강내균집락화배양한후구강내미생물이형성한집락형성단위 (Colony Forming Unit [CFU]) 를크기나형태, 색상에관계없이육안으로확인가능한배지에배양된집락의수를헤아려전수조사 (Complete enumeration) 하였다. 5. 자료수집절차본연구의대상자는 2012년 8월 13일부터 31일까지대구시내소재 K대학교병원에수술실에들어오는순서대로대조군, 실험군 I, 실험군 II에배정하였으며, 구체적인자료수집방법은다음과같다. 1) 모든처치는일회용장갑을착용하고시행하였다. 2) 수술환자가대기실에들어오면연구자는환자에게수술전본연구의목적과방법, 가글링에충분한설명후서면동의를받았다. 3) 환자의오른쪽볼점막부위를멸균된 1회용면봉으로가볍게 5 회골고루문지른후 3차증류수 30 µl가든수송용배지에면봉을짧게부러뜨려넣었다. 4) 실험군 I은생리식염수 30 cc로 1분간입안을골고루가글링하였고, 실험군 II는티트리오일과페퍼민트오일을희석한증류수 30 cc로 1분간입안을골고루가글링하였으며, 대조군은아무런처치도하지않았다. 5) 수술실입실후수술진행 6) 수술을마치고환자가마취회복실로오면연구자는환자의왼쪽볼점막부위를 5회골고루문지른후 3차증류수 30 µl가든수송용배지에면봉을짧게부러뜨려넣었다. (2) 접종 (injection) 완전히섞인샘플 20 μl에 3차증류수 180 μl를섞어 1/10로희석한후 1분간혼합기를이용하여완전히섞었다. 1/10로희석된용액 30 μl와 3차증류수 270 μl를섞어 1/100로희석하여 1분간혼합기 6. 자료분석방법자료분석은 SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여유의수준 0.05 기준으로하였으며, 구체적인자료분석방법은다음과같다.
5 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자의균집락화에미치는영향 127 1) 대상자의일반적특성과질병과관련된특성은실수와백분율 로나타내었고, 세집단의동질성검증을위해 χ 2 -test 를이용하였다. 2) 실험처치의효과를비교하기위하여세집단의실험전과후의 호기성, 혐기성세균의집락화의수는 ANOVA, 사후검정 Scheffé test 로분석하였다. 3) 대상자의특성에따른호기성, 혐기성세균의집락수를알아보 기위하여 Independent t-test 와 ANOVA 를실시하였다. 1. 대상자의일반적특성 연구결과 대상자의일반적특성중성별은여성이대조군 52.6%, 생리식염 수가글링군 57.9%, 에센셜오일가글링군 60% 으로남성에비해더 많았다. 나이는 40 세이상 60 세미만이대조군 52.6%, 생리식염수가 글링군이 52.6%, 에센셜오일가글링군이 50% 로제일많은연령대였 다. 체중은정상체중이대조군, 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일 가글링군이각각 36.8%, 52.6%, 40% 였으며, 과체중인대상자는 57.9%, Table 1. General Characteristics of Subjects (N= 58) Characteristics Cont. (n= 19) Exp. I (n= 19) n (%) n (%) n (%) Exp. II (n = 20) X 2 p Gender Male 9 (47.4) 8 (42.1) 8 (40) Female 10 (52.6) 11 (57.9) 12 (60) Age(yr) < 40 1 (5.3) 6 (31.6) 4 (20) (52.6) 10 (52.6) 10 (50) 60 8 (42.1) 3 (15.8) 6 (30) BMI (kg/m²) Under weight 1 (5.3) 0 (0) 1 (5) ( < 18.5) Normal ( ) 7 (36.8) 10 (52.6) 8 (40) Overweight ( 23) 11 (57.9) 9 (47.4) 11 (55) Marital status Single 1 (5.3) 4 (21.1) 2 (10) Married 18 (94.7) 15 (79.7) 18 (90) Religion Yes 8 (42.1) 6 (31.6) 12 (60) No 11 (57.9) 13 (68.4) 8 (40) Smoking Yes 5 (26.3) 3 (15.8) 5 (25) No 14 (73.7) 16 (84.2) 15 (75) Hypertension Yes 4 (21.1) 3 (15.8) 3 (15) No 15 (78.9) 16 (84.2) 17 (85) Cont. = Control group; Exp. I = Normal saline gargling group; Exp. II = Essential oil gargling group; BMI= Body mass index. 47.4%, 55% 로대부분의대상자가정상체중이거나과체중이었다. 결 혼상태는기혼인대상자가더많았으며대조군 94.7%, 생리식염수 가글링군 79.7%, 에센셜오일가글링군이 90% 였다. 종교는대조군과 생리식염수가글링군에서무교인사람이 57.9%, 68.3% 으로더많았 고, 에센셜오일가글링군에서종교가있는사람이 60% 로더많았 다. 흡연을하는대상자는대조군, 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일 가글링군각각 26.3%, 15.8%, 25% 였고, 고혈압이있는사람은각각 21.1%, 15.8%, 15% 로조사되어세집단은동질하였다 (Table 1). 2. 대상자의수술과관련된특성 수술시간은대조군, 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일가글링군 에서 2 시간이내인경우가각각 31.6%, 63.2%, 45% 였으며, 2 시간에서 4 시간사이가각각 68.4%, 36.8%, 55% 로조사되었다. 수술경험이있는 대상자는대조군의경우 36.8%, 생리식염수가글링군 42.1%, 에센셜 오일가글링군 45% 였고, 수술경험이없는대상자는대조군 63.2%, 생리식염수가글링군 57.9%, 에센셜오일가글링군 55% 였다. 수술과 는일반외과가대조군, 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일가글링군 에서각각 36.8%, 31.6%, 45% 로가장많았다 (Table 2). 3. 대상자의수술전과후의호기성세균과혐기성세균의집락수 구강가글링방법에따른호기성세균의변화량은대조군이 ( ± ), 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일가글링군은 (±143.39), 6.95 (± ) 모두증가하였으며그룹별통계적으 로유의한차이는없었다. 그러나대조군의호기성세균의증가량보 다실험군의증가량이적었으며, 특히에센셜오일가글링군의호기 Table 2. Operation related Characteristics of Subjects (N= 58) Characteristics Cont. (n= 19) Exp. I (n= 19) n (%) n (%) n (%) Exp. II (n = 20) X 2 p Operation time (min) < (31.6) 12 (63.2) 9 (45) (68.4) 7 (36.8) 11 (55) Operation history Yes 7 (36.8) 8 (42.1) 9 (45) No 12 (63.2) 11 (57.9) 11 (55) Operation part GS 7 (36.8) 6 (31.6) 9 (45) OBGY 3 (15.8) 4 (21.1) 5 (25) ENT 3 (15.8) 6 (31.6) 3 (15) NS 4 (21.1) 1 (5.2) 1 (5) OS 2 (10.5) 2 (10.5) 2 (10) Cont. = Control group; Exp. I = Normal saline gargling group; Exp. II = Essential oil gargling group; GS = General surgery; OBGY = Obstetric and gynecology; ENT= Ear, nose and throat; NS= Neurosurgery; OS= Orthopedics.
6 128 Table 3. Number of Aerobic Bacterial Colony between Control and Experimental Groups (N= 58) Variables Cont. (n = 19) Exp. I (n = 19) Exp. II (n = 20) M ( ± SD) M ( ± SD) M ( ± SD) F p Scheffé Aerobic bacterial colony Pre-test ( ± ) ( ± 36.04) ( ± ) Post-test ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Difference ( ± ) ( ± ) 6.95 ( ± ) Anaerobic bacterial colony Pre-test ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Post-test a ( ± ) b ( ± ) ( ± ) a>b Difference ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Cont. = Control group; Exp. I= Normal saline gargling group; Exp. II= Essential oil gargling group. Table 4. Difference of Aerobic Bacterial Colony according to Characteristics (N= 58) Characteristics Cont. (n = 19) Exp. I (n = 19) Exp. II (n = 20) M ( ± SD) t/f p M ( ± SD) t/f p M ( ± SD) t/f p Gender Male ( ± ) ( ± 31.87) ( ± ) Female ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Age (yr) < 40 1, ( ± 97.51) ( ± 84.05) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Smoking Yes ( ± ) ( ± 41.55) ( ± 41.95) No ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Hypertension Yes ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) No ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Operation time (min) < ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Cont. = Control group; Exp. I= Normal saline gargling group; Exp. II= Essential oil gargling group. 성세균의증가량은 6.95 (± ) 로실험전과후에거의차이가나지않았다. 대상자의실험전과후의호기성세균의집락수를따로비교해보았을경우에도실험전과후의구강내호기성세균의집락수는유의한차이가없었다. 구강가글링방법에따른혐기성세균의변화량은그룹별통계적으로유의한차이는없었지만, 대조군과에센셜오일가글링군이 ( ± ), (± ) 증가한반면생리식염수가글링군은 (± ) 감소하였다. 대상자의실험전과후의혐기성세균의집락수를따로비교해보았을경우, 실험전구강내혐기성세균의집락수는유의한차이가없었다. 실험후구강내혐기성세균의집락수는생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링후대조군 (± ), 생리식염수가글링군이 (±129.40), 에센셜오일가글링군 (± ) 였으며, 구강가글링방법에따른유의한 (p =.023) 차이가있었다. 사후검정결과대조군과생리식염수가 글링군에서차이가있는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 4. 대상자의특성에따른호기성세균과혐기성세균의집락변화량성별에따른세균의집락변화량은여성의경우대조군의호기성세균이 (± ), 혐기성세균이 (± ) 증가하였고, 생리식염수가글링군의호기성세균이 (± ) 증가, 혐기성세균이 (419.66) 감소하였고, 에센셜오일가글링군의혐기성세균이 ( ± ) 증가하여대부분여성이남성보다세균의집락변화량이더크거나감소량이적었다. 나이는 60세이상의세균집락변화량이대조군의호기성세균이 ( ± ), 혐기성세균이 (± ) 증가하였고, 생리식염수가글링군의호기성세균이 (± ) 증가, 에센셜오일가글링군의호기성세균이 ( ± ), 혐기성세균이 (± ) 증가
7 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자의균집락화에미치는영향 129 Table 5. Difference of Anaerobic Bacterial Colony according to Characteristics (N= 58) Characteristics Cont. (n = 19) Exp. I (n = 19) Exp. II (n = 20) M ( ± SD) t/f p M ( ± SD) t/f p M ( ± SD) t/f p Gender Male ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Female ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Age (yr) < 40 1, ( ± ) ( ± 88.85) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) -398 ( ± ) ( ± ) Smoking Yes ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± 55.31) No ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Hypertension Yes ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) No ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Operation time (min) < ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) ( ± ) Cont. = Control group; Exp. I= Normal saline gargling group; Exp. II= Essential oil gargling group. 하여대체로가장많이증가한연령대였다. 비흡연자의세균집락변화량은대조군의호기성세균이 ( ± ), 혐기성세균이 ( ± ) 증가, 생리식염수가글링군의호기성세균이 (±151.62) 증가, 혐기성세균이 (± ) 감소하였고, 에센셜오일가글링군의호기성세균이 (± ), (± ) 증가하여흡연자와변화량이비슷하거나더증가하는양상을보였다. 고혈압이있는대상자의호기성세균의집락변화량은대조군 (± ), 생리식염수가글링군 ( ± ), 에센셜오일가글링군이 ( ± ) 증가하였고, 혐기성세균의집락변화량은대조군 ( ± ) 증가, 생리식염수가글링군이 (±729.77) 감소, 에센셜오일가글링군이 (± ) 증가하였다. 수술시간이 2시간이상 4시간미만인대상자의대조군, 생리식염수가글링군, 에센셜오일가글링군의호기성세균의집락변화량은각각 (± ), (±136.20), (± ) 증가하였으며, 혐기성세균의집락변화량은각각 (± ) 증가, (± ) 감소, (± ) 증가하였다 (Tables 4, 5). 논의수술을위해전신마취를하는환자는호흡유지를위해기관내삽관을시행하게되며, 수술전금식과면역력저하등으로세균이증식하기쉬운구강내환경이조성됨으로써삽입된관을통해세균이번식하게되고이는호흡기계감염을유발할수있다. 본연구는전신마취를위해경구기관내삽관을하는환자의가글링용액 에따른수술전과후의균집락화정도를파악함으로써병원감염예방을위한간호중재방법을개발하고자시도되었다. 본연구결과실험전과후의집락수를따로비교하였을때는실험전세군간유의한차이가없었던반면, 실험후의혐기성세균수는통계적으로유의한차이가나타났으며, 사후검정결과, 생리식염수군이대조군에비해세균수가유의하게감소되었다. 그러나실험전과후의호기성세균의집락수변화량은유의한차이는없었으나실험군이대조군에비해세균의증가량이적은것으로나타나생리식염수를이용한구강가글링은대조군에비해호기성세균수의증가량이적었으며, 혐기성세균수를줄이는데효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는생리식염수가살균효과는없지만사람의타액과유사하여수술전금식으로건조해진환자의구강에정상적인구강환경을유지하는데도움을주고가글링을통한구강의탈락물을세척함으로서나타난효과일것이라생각된다 (Lim, Kim, Kim, & Kim, 2013). 전신마취를위한기관내삽관환자의수술전, 후의세균의집락화에관한선행연구가없어비교하는데어려움이있으나구강함수제종류에따라중환자실에서기관내삽관환자에게구강간호의효과를파악한연구, 항암치료를받는환자의구내염발생빈도를본연구와비교해보면, 생리식염수와클로르헥시딘구강함수의비교에서중증도와상관없이생리식염수가구내염발생예방에효과적이었다 (Song et al., 2011). 또한구강감염예방이나세균발생수에차이가없어 (Jung, 2005), 저렴하고환자의불편감이적은생리식염수가구강간호에더적합하다고하였으며생리식염수와탄툼을이용한연구 (Choi & Kim, 2004) 에서도병원균의발생
8 130 빈도의차이가없었다. 반면 Ku 등 (2011) 의연구에서는통계적으로유의한차이가없었지만클로르헥시딘액을사용한경우구강내세균이더적게발생하였다고하였다. 이와같이생리식염수의구강간호효과에대해서는연구자에따라상반된결과를보이고있다. 이런결과에대해 Park과 Sohng (2010) 은생리식염수가항균효과가적어구강내미생물을제거하는데한계가있고, 기관내삽관을하고있는기간이길어질수록생리식염수는병원균에효과가없기때문이라고하였다. 본연구의결과에서는생리식염수를이용한구강가글링이효과적인것으로나타났으며, 이는중환자실에비해수술실에서비교적짧은시간동안기관내삽관을시행하였기때문이라생각된다. 에센셜오일을이용한구강가글링은호기성, 혐기성세균을모두증가시켰으나대조군에비해호기성세균은그증가량이적었고, 혐기성세균은그증가량이비슷하였다. 이는 Kim과 Kim (2005) 의연구에서화학용법을받는암환자에게티트리오일을이용한구강함수를시행하여연구한결과배양된균의수가줄었고 Candida albicans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 등의병원균검출이실험처치후감소한것과 Kang, Na와 Kim (2010) 의연구에서티트리, 제라늄, 라벤더, 페퍼민트를이용하여호스피스대상자에게구강간호를제공한결과 Candida albicans를감소시킨결과와는달리세균수의감소에큰효과가없었다. 이는 Kim과 Kim (2005) 의연구에서는 0.02% 의농도의함수액을하루 2회일주일간사용하였으며, Kang 등 (2010) 의연구에서는 0.5% 의구강간호용액을이용하여 1회 7분씩, 매일 2회일주일간사용한것과본연구에서 0.1% 의용액으로 1회 1분간가글링시행한것과비교해보았을때, 본연구에서는가글링을적용한횟수와기간이짧아세균감소효과가없었을것이라생각된다. 호기성, 혐기성세균에대한에센셜오일의효과를본 Jung, Jeon, Kim, Chun과 Hong (2003) 의연구에서는 2% 와 4% 농도의 bergamot과 eucalyptus 모두혐기성및호기성세균에서의미있는감소를보였으며호기성세균보다는혐기성세균에서더큰효과를보여본연구결과와달랐다. 이는 Jung 등 (2003) 의연구에서는사람의비자극성전타액을채취한것과본연구에서볼의점막부위를면봉으로긁어검체를채취한방식이다른것과 blood heart infusion (BHI) blood agar 배지를사용한것, 2%, 4% 의농도의에센셜오일을사용한등본연구방법의차이때문이라사료된다. 기존연구에서사용한에센셜오일의종류와배합이모두다르며본연구와도차이가있어비교하는데어려움이있다. 에센셜오일은종류가다양하고그에따른효과가조금씩다르며오일의배합에따라시너지효과를나타내기도하고, 병원균에대한효과가규명되었다해도숙주에따라균주에대해동일 한방식으로반응하지않으므로 (Lee, 2008), 항균효과나오일의배합, 농도그리고처치의적용횟수와검체채취방법을고려한반복연구가필요하다. 구강내상재균은타액, 연령, 숙주의방어능력, 구강위생관리정도, 치아상태, 탄수화물섭취등에다양한요인들에의해영향을받는다 (Jeong & Kim, 2010). 따라서본연구에서는대상자의성별, 나이, 흡연, 고혈압, 수술시간에따른호기성세균과혐기성세균의집락변화량을살펴보았으며, 나이에따른대조군과성별에따른생리식염수가글링군의호기성세균의집락변화량과나이에따른에센셜오일가글링군의혐기성세균의집락변화량에유의한차이를나타내었다. 본연구에서세균집락변화량이 60세이상에서다른그룹보다크게증가한것으로확인되었는데, 이는 Oh와 Weintraub (2005) 이노인의경우체액성및세포성면역기전등의방어기제가약해지고침샘의기능이저하되는등의세균집락정도를증가시키는요인들이많이가지고있다는것과일치된결과이며, 세균의집락은연령에따라차이가있는것으로생각된다. 그러나 40세미만의대조군에서가장큰세균증가량을보였는데이는그룹에속한대상자가 1 명인것을고려해볼때, 개인적특성으로생각되어본연구의결과에서배제하였다. 또한본연구결과 60세이상에서생리식염수가글링이혐기성세균은오히려감소하는것으로나타났는데, Kim과 Kim (2014) 의연구에서식염수를이용하여구강간호를실시한결과병원균의수가줄어들었다고보고한것과유사한결과이다. 따라서생리식염수가글링이특히 60세이상의대상자에게효과가있는것으로추정된다. 수술시간에따른세균집락의변화량에관한본실험결과는시간이길어질수록세균의집락수가증가하는것으로파악되었다. 이는기관내삽관을시행하여입을벌린채누워있게되면입안의수분이증발되고침분비자극이줄어정상적인타액선의작용이일어나지않아서구강내부가침에의해세척될기회가없기때문에구강내세균이증식하기쉬운환경이조성되기때문이며 (Cha & Park, 2011), 인공호흡기사용기간이경과함에따라기관내균집락률이증가한 Cha와 Park (2011) 의연구와일맥상통하는점이있다. 그러나본연구에서는생리식염수가글링군에서혐기성세균의집락수가수술시간이길어질수록감소하는것으로나타났으므로생리식염수를이용한가글링은수술시간이긴대상자에게좀더효과적으로이용될수있을것으로생각된다. 따라서수술후구강내세균을감소시키기위해간호중재의개발이필요하며, 생리식염수를이용한구강가글링이혐기성세균의집락화에효과가있음을증명함으로써임상간호실무에적용할
9 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자의균집락화에미치는영향 131 수있는기초자료로제공될수있다고생각된다. 결론및제언 본연구는전신마취를위한경구기관내삽관환자를대상으로 생리식염수와에센셜오일을이용한가글링이균집락화에미치는 효과를파악하여구강간호중재의기초자료를제공하고자시도된 비동등성대조군전후설계의유사실험연구이다. 연구결과, 가글 링방법에따라경구기관내삽관환자의실험전과후의세균의집 락화는유의하지는않았으나, 생리식염수를이용한구강가글링은 대조군에비해호기성세균수의증가량이적었으며, 혐기성세균수 를줄이는데효과가있는것으로나타났다. 에센셜오일을이용한 구강가글링은호기성, 혐기성세균을모두증가시켰으나대조군에 비해호기성세균은그증가량이적었고, 혐기성세균은그증가량 이비슷하였다. 따라서생리식염수를이용한가글링은기관내삽 관환자의수술전간호중재방법으로이용가능할것으로생각되며, 이결과를토대로다음과같이제언하고자한다. 첫째, 대상자의수 를늘려반복연구가필요하다. 둘째, 세균의집락화에영향을미치 는생리식염수와다른구강함수제에관한연구가필요하다. 셋째, 생리식염수를이용한가글링이병원균의집락화에미치는효과를 파악하는후속연구가요구된다. REFERENCES Cha, K. S., & Park, H. R. (2011). Endotracheal Colonization and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients according to Type of Endotracheal Suction System. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 41(2), Choi, S. H., & Kim, Y. K. (2004). The effects of oral care with normal saline on oral state of patients in intensive care unit. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing, 16(3), Chung, S. H. (2006). 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