Review Article J. of Advanced Spine Surgery Volume 2, Number 2, pp 66~72 Journal of Advanced Spine Surgery JASS The Prevention and Management of Neuro
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1 Review Article J. of Advanced Spine Surgery Volume 2, Number 2, pp 66~72 JASS The Prevention and Management of Neurologic Complications in Spinal Surgery Ki Hyoung Koo, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea Neurological complications related to spinal surgery are not common, but can result in catastrophic clinical failures. The ultimate goal during the operation should be to try to reduce and prevent a severe neurologic complication by careful preoperative planning and attention to trivial details related to the patients and their pathologies. It is very critical and important to understand the potential neurological complications that can occur during the operation and to manage them if they should happen. In our review article, general principles associated with various neurologic complications are reviewed and discussed. Key Words: Neurlogic complication, Spinal surgery, Nerve root injury, Dural injury, Peripheral nerve injury 서론 척추수술중발생하는신경학적손상은비교적흔하지않으나때로는심각한결과를초래할수있다. 그러므로이를막기위한세심하고철저한술전계획및수술중의주의가요구된다고할수있겠다. 또한최근다양한종류의새로운수술기법및수술기구들이계속소개되고있으며이에따른새로운합병증도보고되고있으므로이에대한충분한사전지식도필수적이라고하겠다. 여기서는척추수술중발생할수있는신경학적합병증에대해알아보고이에대한예방및합병증이발생했을경우이에대한적절한대책및치료에대해살펴보고자한다. 경추부에서의신경학적합병증 1. 전방접근술 (Anterior approach) 경추의전방접근술은비교적안전한수술로서이미 1950 년대부터시작되어보편화되었다. 후방으로탈출된추간판이나신경을압박하고있는골극을제거하고추체간유합술을시행하여양호한임상적결과를얻을수있다. 1) 그러나, 전방접근술은경부의철저한해부학적인지식이요구된다. 전방접근술시에발생할수있는신경 학적인합병증에는전방접근과관련된신경의손상, 척 수및신경근의손상등이있으며이에대해서살펴보고 자한다. 1) 반회후두신경 (recurrent laryngeal nerve) 의손상 전방접근법과관련되어가장흔한신경학적인합병 증이며발생빈도는대략 0.2% 에서 11% 정도로보고되 고있다. 1,2,3) 좌측의반회후두신경 (recurrent laryngeal nerve) 은대동맥궁 (aortic arch) 을돌아기도와식도사이 로바로들어가므로손상가능성이적은반면에, 우측의 반회후두신경은쇄골하동맥 (subclavian artery) 을돌아 서외측에서내측방향으로가로질러가다가기도와식 도사이로들어가고경로가일정하지않아손상받기쉽 기때문에좌측도달법이선호되기는하나좌, 우측도 달법사이에반회후두신경 (recurrent laryngeal nerve) 손상의빈도의차이가없었다는보고도있다. 1) 우수자 인경우우측도달법이좀더수술에편리하고특히병변 Corresponding author: Ki Hyoung Koo, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-city, Gyeonggi, Korea TEL: , FAX : drkoo@hanmail.net 66 Copyright 2012 Korean Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery
2 이좌측에있는경우우측도달법을사용하면좌측추간공의감압술에유리하기때문에술자에따라서우측접근법을선호하는경우도있다. 반회후두신경 (recurrent laryngeal nerve) 의손상은이신경이 tracheoesophageal groove 에위치하므로주로견인에의한것이다. 1) 대부분은일과성이며수주간지속되기도하나영구적인경우도있다. 4) 수술중견인기 (retractor) 를삽입한후 endotracheal cuff 의 deflation 시킨후다시 cuff pressure 를가하는방법으로신경손상의가능성을줄일수있으며견인기를간헐적으로이완시키는것도발생빈도를낮출수있다. 1,4) 상후두신경 (superior laryngeal nerve) 의손상도보고되고있는데 superior thyroid vessel과인접하므로 thyroid vessel 근처의 deep cervical fascia 를박리할때손상을받기쉽다. 1) 임상증상은경미하여대개의환자들은어떠한변화도인지하지못하나약간의애성 (hoarseness) 이나고음의이상등을호소할수도있다. 2) 경추교감신경쇄 (cervical sympathetic chain) 의손상경추교감신경쇄의손상은임상적으로 Horner s syndrome을유발할수있는데주로하부경추의전방접근시손상받기쉽다. 4) 하부경추에서는 cervical sympathetic chain이 longus colli muscle의내측경계에더가깝게위치하므로 longus colli muscle을과도하게외측까지박리하는경우손상을받을수있다. 3) Sympathetic plexus 는 longus colli muscle 안에위치하므로 longus colli muscle 의내측까지만박리하고외측으로접근하지않으면손상을막을수있다. 3,4) 3) 척수의손상척수의손상은드물기는하나사지마비나하지마비를초래할수있는중대한합병증이다. 척수의손상은수술중다양한시기에발생될수있으며마취시나환자의자세를잡는시기에도발생될수있다. 4) 수술전이미심한척수의압박이존재하는경우경추의심한굴곡과신전은절대적으로피해야하며각별한주의가요구된다. 이러한자세는척추관의시상면에서의직경을감소시키므로특히경추증성척수증 (cervical spondylotic myelopathy) 환자에서는척수를압박할수있다. 굴곡시는 ventral spondylotic bar에의하여, 신전시에는황색인대의 buckling 에의하여척수의압박이있을수있다. 5) 전방경추추간판제거술및감압술시여러가지수술 기구들에의한척수의손상도보고되고있다. 2,4,5) Burr, curet, Kerrison rongeur 등흔히사용하는기구들이미끄러지면서척수에직접적인충격을가하기도한다. 척수주변의감압술시에는미끄러지지않게가능한안정된자세로기구를잡아야하며척수방향으로압력을가해서는안된다. 큰 Kerrison rongeur 를사용하여척수에압박이가해져서는안되며 high-speed burr 를사용하여뼈를얇게만든후 microcuret 을사용하여제거하는것이가장안전하고효과적인방법이다. 4) 추간판의제거후추체사이에 cage나골편을삽입할때너무깊이삽입되어척수에직접적인충격을가한경우도보고되고있어항상수술전에 CT나 MRI에서경추추체의전후직경을미리검토하는것이바람직하다. 4,5) 나사못의삽입에의한척수의손상도보고되어있는데 bicortical purchase 를얻고자하는경우에발생할수있다. 5) 수술후경막외혈종에의한척수의압박 1% 미만으로보고되고있으나심각한합병증을초래할수있으므로철저한지혈및 retrophayngeal space 에배액관을위치시켜야한다. 4) 4) 신경근의손상신경근의손상은전방접근법에서는드물다. 0.17% 정도로보고되고있으며감압술후척수의이동에의한신경근의견인에의한것이대부분이다. 4,6) 2. 후방접근술 (Posterior approach) 전방접근술과마찬가지로수술의다양한과정에서발생될수있으며세심한주의가요구된다. 1) 척수및신경근의손상후궁절제술을포함한감압술시행시척수손상이발생될수있으며전방접근술에서와마찬가지로수술기구의미끄러짐이나척수에대한압박에의한척수의손상의가능성이있을수있다. 이러한가능성을줄이기위해 high-speed bur의사용이추천되고있다. 4,6) 경추증과연관된경추의후만변형이있는경우 sagittal bowstring effect 에의해전방의구조물이척수를압박할수있고이로인해신경의손상을초래할수있으며후방추궁판절제술만을시행했을경우에일부의환자들에서오히려신경학적증상이악화되는이유이다. 4,7) 추궁판절제술을시행할때는부적절한범위를시행할경우오히 67
3 려신경학적인증상의악화나불안정성을보일수도있다. 외측으로는경막의외측면까지시행해야하며너무외측까지시행했을경우불안정성을유발할수있다. 또한경흉추부경계까지광범위하게시행한경우에도불안정성이나후만변형을초래할수있다. 그러나, 상하로충분한범위를시행하지못한경우에는척수의 dorsal kinking 이발생되어지속적인신경학적인이상을보이거나술전보다증상이악화될수도있다. 4,7) 따라서적절한후방추궁판절제술의범위설정은매우중요하다고할수있겠다. 각종기구의삽입시에도척수의손상이있을수있다. 외측괴나사못 (lateral mass screw) 의삽입시에외측괴안에서외측으로충분한경사를주지못한경우척수의손상이발생할수있다. 4,8,9) 또한신경근의손상가능성도있으며특히Roy-Camille technique 을이용하여외측괴나사못을 bicortical 로삽입시너무긴나사못을삽입하게되면나사못에의한신경근의손상가능성이 Margerl 등이나 An 등에의한방법보다높으므로주의를요한다. 4,8) 평균적인성인에서대개 14-16mm 정도의길이가추천된다. 4) 견고한고정력을얻기위한경추척추경나사못 (cervical pedicle screw) 을사용하는경우가점차로늘어나고있는데경우도혈관손상의뿐만아니라척수의손상가능성이있으므로주의가요구된다. 8,10,11) 내측으로는척수의손상가능성이있으며외측으로는척추동맥 (vertebral artery) 에손상을줄수있다. 10,11) 상방및하방에서는신경근의손상가능성이있으므로주의하여야한다. 11) 안전한경추척추경나사못의삽입을위해 Abumi s technique, laminoforaminotomy technique 등이소개되어왔으며최근에는 key slot technique 이소개되었으나여전히주의깊은시술이요구된다. 8,11) 2) 상위경추수술시의문제위경추의유합술은기술적으로어려운수술이며정확한해부학적인지식이요구된다. C1, C2에나사못을삽입하는방법에는여러가지가있다. C1에나사못을삽입하는방법에는외측괴나사못 (lateral mass screw), 후궁나사못 (posterior arch screw) 이있다. 나사못의삽입시내측방향으로 도정도각도를주면서삽입하는것이 hypoglossal nerve 의손상을막을수있다. 4,9,12) 외측괴나사못의삽입시삽입지점에 venous plexus 가존재하여출혈의위험성이크고나사못에의한 C2 신경근의자 극이있을수있으므로 C1의후궁 (posterior arch) 에나사못을삽입하는방법이소개되고있다. 9,13) 이러한후궁나사못의삽입시에 ponticulus posticus 의존재를술전에미리파악하지않으면척추동맥의손상을유발할수있으며수술전 CT 및 CT 혈관조영술 (CT aniography) 을실시해야뜻하지않는척추동맥의손상을예방할수있다. 9,13) C2에나사못을삽입하는방법으로는척추경나사못 (pedicle screw), 관절하나사못 (subarticular screw), 협부나사못 (pars screw), 추궁나사못 (laminar screw) 등이소개되고있다. 9,10,14) 척추경나사못이나관절하나사못은강력한고정력을가지나척추경이협소하거나 high-riding vertebral artery 가있는경우는삽입이어려울수있으므로술전에이를확인하는것이필요하다. 8,9,10) Highriding artery 는정상인의약 10-20% 정도에서존재하므로수술전혈관조영검사나 3D-CT angiography 를시행하여척추동맥의주행을확인하여야한다. 4,9,10) C1-C2 의 sublaminar wiring 도신경손상의위험성을가지고있으며새로운척수증의발생이나기존척수증의악화가 6% 정도까지보고되고있으며 wiring 시척수에압박및손상을가하지않도록각별한주의가요구된다. 4,9) 3) C5 신경근의마비 C5 신경근의마비는추궁제거술이나추궁성형술같은후방감압술을시행한경우에발생되기도하며 5-16% 정도의빈도가보고되고있다. 4,15,16,17) 드물게 C6 신경근의마비가보고되기도하나대부분 C5 신경근의마비가발생되고있다. 16) 원인은감압된척수의후방이동에의한신경근의견인에의한것으로생각되고있으나이견도있다. 16) Zygoapophygeal joint 의내측에 bony gutter 를위치시키고개방된추궁의각도를 60도이하로유지하는방법들이예방을위해소개되고있다. 4,16) 흉요추부에서의신경학적합병증 1. 척수의손상흉추부에서의척수손상은전방또는후방접근중에발생할수있으며감압술, 유합술그리고기기술에서척수에대한기계적인압박또는척수의허혈에의해생길수있다. 척수의허혈에의한손상은특히전방접근법을사용하는경우에발생될수있다. 4,7,18) 흉추부에서 68
4 의혈관손상은흉추부척수의혈액공급을차단하여마비가발생될수있다. 10,19,20) 일측성혈액공급의차단으로마비가발생되는경우는드물지만양측성으로차단되면마비가발생될수있다. 4,7) 척수의임계지역 (critical zone) 은 T4에서 T9에걸쳐서분포되어있는데이부위의 anterior medullary feeder artery 는작고불완전할수있다. 7) 흉요추부의척수, 즉척수의하부의주된혈액공급원인 Adamkiewicz 동맥 (The Artery of Adamkiewicz) 는약 80% 정도에서좌측에존재하며특히 T9과 T11사이에서가장높은빈도를보인다. 가능하면이를찾아서보존하는것이바람직하다. 4,7) 그러므로, 중간흉추부의경흉추도달법 (trans-thoracic approach) 시행시우측도달법이선호된다. 7) 감압술시척수에대한부적절한압박은척수의손상을유발할수있는데불충분한갑압술후술후에지연성신경손상이발생하기도한다. 4) 특히흉추부의후방감압술시에는특별한주의가요구되는데이부위에서는척수주위로공간이거의없기때문에감압술을시행할때척수의손상가능성이높게된다. 특히마미 (cauda equine) 부근에대한감압시보다척수원추 (conus medullaris) 부근에대한감압시위험성이크다. 4,19) 감압술시덜압박된부분에서척추관으로접근하고척수관으로부터멀어지는방향으로작업해야하며척수에대한압박은절대적으로피해야한다. 4) 유합술시에부적절한크기의골편을삽입하는경우척수손상이발생될수있다. 4) 기기를삽입하는과정에서도척수의손상이발생될수있다. 잘못된방향으로척추경나사못이나고리를삽입하는경우척수에손상을줄수있으며, 추궁하고리나강선은척수의압박을초래할수있다. 8) 따라서정확한해부학적인지식과삽입할기기에대한정보의습득이중요하다고하겠다. 2. 신경근의손상신경근의손상은주로요추부후방접근술에서발생되며다양한원인에의해생길수있다. 신경근의과도한견인에의한손상이가장흔하며신경근을많이견인하게보다는주변의골조직이나연부조직을더제거하는것이바람직하다. 21,22) 추체간유합술을시행하는경우신경근의과도한견인에의하여신경근의손상이초래되는경우가있으므로후방요추유합술 (posterior lumbar interbody fusion; PLIF) 보다는경추간공요추추체간유합술 (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusioin; TLIF) 을 시행하는것이신경근의견인을줄일수있다. 21,23) 때로는추체간에삽입된골편이나케이지 (cage) 의후방이동에의한신경근의압박이있을수있으며골편이나케이지의삽입시에이식된작은골편에의한신경근의압박도보고되어있으므로주의를요한다. 21,23) 척추경나사못의삽입시의신경근의손상이보고되고있으며나사못에의하여신경근이절단되거나열상을받기보다신경근이나사못에의해전위되므로대부분의경우는잘못삽입된나사못을제거하면증상이소실된다. 24) 그러므로, 나사못의삽입시 3 차원적인해부학적인구조및골구조의병적인변형등을충분히고려하여야한다. 드물게는척추경나사못자체보다는골절된척추경의골편에의한신경근의압박도발생할수있으므로주의를요한다. 21) 잘못삽입된척추경나사못은제거후다시정확한위치에삽입해야하나재삽입이어려울경우다른부위에추가적인고정술을고려해야한다. 24) 3. 요추부및요천추부의전방접근술과관련된신경손상요추부의전방접근술시요근위로지나가는음부대퇴신경 (genitofemoral nerve) 의손상에유의해야하며척추주위교감신경총 (paravertebral sympathetic plexus) 이요근의내측에위치하고있으므로과도한요근의외측견인이나전기소작기의사용에주의를요한다. 4,18) 요천추부의전방접근술시는상부하복교감신경총 (superior hypogastrci sympathetic plexus) 의손상에유의하여야하며이의손상시역행성사정 (retrograde ejaculation) 의위험성이있으므로가능하면전기소작기는사용하지않는것이바람직하겠다. 4,7) 경막의손상 (Dural injury) 척추수술중경막의손상과이에의한뇌척수액의누출은유착이심한경우에서박리도중, 기기고정술, 그리고추궁제거술이나후관절제거술을포함한감압술을시행하는과정에서발생할수있으므로주의를요한다. 4,25) 또한수술중에서는발견하지못했으나수술후에남은날카로운골극등에의하여술후경막의손상이발생하는경우도있다. 25,26) 또한방출성골절이나추궁의골절등외상에의하여발생하기도한다. 26) 경막손상의빈도는1% 미만에서 17% 까지다양하게보고되고있으며재수술의경우빈도가높다고한다. 4,25,26) 69
5 1. 경막손상의치료경막이파열된경우의치료는파열된크기, 부위그리고발견시점등에따라다르다. 경막파열에대한치료의 gold standard 는일차봉합이다. 4,25) 수술중발견된경막파열은즉시봉합해야한다. 26) 주변의골을좀더제거하여경막을완전히노출시키고경막낭의내용물을확인한후경막의봉합을시행해야한다. 26) 봉합이되지않는경우는근건막이나근이식을통하여결손부위를봉합하며결손이큰경우는 dural patch 의사용을고려해야한다. 26) 봉합후에는 Valsalva maneuver 를시행하여 water-tight closure 가되었는지를확인해야한다. 4,26) 봉합한부분에추가로 fibrin glue, Gelfoam, Duragen, Dermabond 등을사용하기도한다. 25,26) 수술후에는최소한 48 시간이상침상안정을취하도록한다. 때로는 lumbar drain 을삽입하기도한다. 26) 전방도달법을사용한경우의경막손상시는봉합이어려운경우가많으며손상된부분에 fibrin glue, Gelfoam 등을사용하거나근이식을시행하고배액도관을삽입하기도한다. 4,26) 2. 경막손상의합병증뇌척수액의누출과관련하여가성뇌막류 (pseudomeningocele) 나뇌척수액누공 (CSF fistula) 이발생될수있으며뇌척수염이나지주막염등의감염, 신경근이나척수의탈출, 경막외혈종등의합병증이발생할수있다. 4,25,26) 말초신경의손상 척수수술중마취및환자의자세와관련하여말초신경의손상이있을수있다. 1. 척골신경의손상수술중부적절한환자의자세및상지의부적절한 padding 의한말초신경의견인이나압박에의해발생할수있으며수술전척골신경병증이이미존재했던경우증상의악화를보일수있다. 20) 또한과체중인경우, 수술후과도한침상안정을시행하는경우도위험인자이다. O Driscoll 등 27) 은 110도이상의주관절굴곡은 cubutal tunnel retinaculum 을긴장시키고척골신경을압박하게된다고하였다. 예방을위해서는주관절의과도한굴곡을피하고주관절주위에충분히 padding 을하는것이필요하겠다. 2. 상완신경총의손상상완신경총 (Brachial plexus) 의손상은 median sternotomy 나 head-down position 을취하는경우에발생할수있으며앙와위 (supine position) 에서두부를과도하게한쪽으로돌리는자세를오래취할경우반대측상완신경총의견인에의하여생기기도한다. 4,20) 3. 비골신경의손상척골신경손상의경우처럼수술중부적절한환자의자세및하지의부적절한 padding 의하여발생할수있으며예방을위하여수술전환자의자세를잡을때에세심한주의가요구된다. 4,7) 4. 대퇴신경지각이상증 (Meralgia Paresthetica, Lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy) 대퇴신경지각이상증은외측대퇴피부신경 (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) 의신경병증으로대퇴부전외측의작열감이나감각저하를보이는데복와위 (prone position) 에서장시간수술을시행한경우발생할수있다. 4,7) 발생빈도는약 12% 에서 20% 정도까지보고되고있으며대개의경우저절로호전되며마른환자에서좀더호발하였다고보고되고있다. 4) 일부에서는 post 를사용하는 Hall-Relton frame 을사용한경우에서좀더호발하였다고보고하고있다. 4,7) 특별한조치는필요하지않으며극심한동통을호소하는일부의환자에게신경감압술을포함한수술적치료를시행하는경우도있다. 4) References 1. Apfelbaum RI, Kriskovich MD, Haller JR. The incidence, cause, and prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies during anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine. 2000;15;25: Bertalanffy H, Eggert HR. Complications of anterior cervical discectomy without fusion in 450 consecutive patients. Acta Neurochir. 1989; 99: Beutler WJ, Sweeney CA, Connolly PJ. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury with anterior cervical spine surgery risk with laterality of surgical approach. Spine. 2001;26: Benzel EC, Shedid D, Gonugunta V. Neurological Complications of Spinal Surgery in the Spine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier: Sevki K, Mehmet T, Ufuk T, Azmi H, Mercan S, Erkal B. Results 70
6 of surgical treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy: anterior cervical corpectomy and stabilization. Spine. 2004;29: Graham JJ. Complications of cervical spine surgery. A five-year report on a survey of the membership of the Cervical Spine Research Society by the Morbidity and Mortality Committee. Spine. 1989;14: Heller JG, Fayssooux RS. Complications of Spinal Surgery in the Spine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier: O Leary PT, Ghanayem AJ. Instrumentation Complications in the Spine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier: Coyne TJ, Fehlings MG, Wallace MC, Bernstein M, Tator CH. C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion: long-term evaluation of results and efficacy. Neurosurgery. 1995;37: Stambough JL, Clouse EK. Vascular Complications in Spinal Surgery in the Spine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier: Lee SH, Kim KT, Abumi K, Suk KS, Lee JH, Park KJ. Cervical pedicle screw placement using the key slot technique : the feasibility and learning curve. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2012;25: Currier BL, Todd LT, Maus TP, Fisher DR, Yaszemski MJ. Anatomic relationship of the internal carotid artery to the C1 vertebra: A case report of cervical reconstruction for chordoma and pilot study to assess the risk of screw fixation of the atlas. Spine. 2003;28:E Kim KH, Park KW, Manh TH, Yeom JS, Chang BS, Lee CK. Prevalence and Morphologic Features of Ponticulus Posticus in Koreans: Analysis of 312 Radiographs and 225 Threedimensional CT Scans. Asian Spine J. 2007;1: Lall R, Patel NJ, Resnick DK. A review of complications associated with craniocervical fusion surgery. Neurosurgery. 2010;67: Hashimoto M, Mochizuki M, Aiba A et al. C5 palsy following anterior decompression and spinal fusion for cervical degenerative diseases. Eur Spine J. 2010;19: Sakaura H, Hosono N, Mukai Y, Ishii T, Yoshikawa H. C5 palsy after decompression surgery for cervical myelopathy: review of the literature. Spine. 2003;28: Shinomiya K, Okawa A, Nakao K et al. Morphology of C5 ventral nerve rootlets as part of dissociated motor loss of deltoid muscle. Spine. 1994;19: Cohn EB, Ignatoff JM, Keeler TC, Shapiro DE, Blum MD. Exposure of the anterior spine: technique and experience with 66 patients. J Urol. 2000;164: Knop C, Bastian L, Lange U, Oeser M, Zdichavsky M, Blauth M. Complications in surgical treatment of thoracolumbar injuries. Eur Spine J. 2002;11: Warner MA. Perioperative neuropathies. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73: Antonacci MD, Eismont FJ. Neurologic complications after lumbar spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001; 9: Tay BB, Berven S. Indications, techniques, and complications of lumbar interbody fusion. Semin Neurol. 2002;22: Brown CA, Eismont FJ. Complications in spinal fusion. Orthop Clin North Am. 1998; 29: Jutte PC, Castelein RM. Complications of pedicle screws in lumbar and lumbosacral fusions in 105 consecutive primary operations. Eur Spine J. 2002;11: Cammisa FP Jr, Girardi FP, Sangani PK, Parvataneni HK, Cadag S, Sandhu HS. Incidental durotomy in spine surgery. Spine. 2000;25: Campbell PG, Hanna A, Harrop JS, Spinal Dural Injuries in the Spine. Sixth ed. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier: O Driscoll SW, Horii E, Carmichael SW, Morrey BF The cubital tunnel and ulnar neuropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:
7 척추수술에서발생하는신경손상의예방및처치 구기형동국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 척추수술중발생하는신경학적손상은비교적흔하지않으나때로는심각한결과를초래할수있다. 이러한심각한신경학적합병증을감소시키고피하기위하여수술전환자의특성및질환을고려한세심한계획이필수적이라고하겠다. 그러므로수술중발생할수있는신경학적합병증과만약이러한합병증이발생했을경우의적절한조치에대해이해하는것이매우중요하다고할수있겠다. 본종설에서는수술중발생할수있는다양한합병증과관련한일반적인원칙에대해살펴보았다. 색인단어 : 신경학적합병증, 척추수술, 신경근손상, 경막손상, 말초신경의손상 72
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