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1 글로벌건강과간호제8권제1호, 2018년 1월 Global Health Nurs Vol. 8 No. 1, 29-38, January 2018 ISSN 응급실내원복통환자의특성과 NIC 을활용한간호중재분석 정원숙 1 황선경 2 양산부산대학교병원 1, 부산대학교간호대학 2 Analysis of Characteristics of Patients with Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Room and Nursing Interventions using Nursing Interventions Classification Jeong, Won-Sook 1 Hwang, Sun-Kyung 2 1 Pusan National University Hospital Yangsan, Yangsan 2 College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and nursing interventions of adults with acute abdominal pain. Methods: A retrospective design was used to examine the medical records of 1,822 adult patients, who presented with a chief complaint of abdominal pain in a university hospital emergency department in Demographic data, clinical features, and clinical outcomes were reviewed and nursing interventions were classified using Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Data were summarized with descriptive statistics. Results: Among subjects, 53.8% were female and their mean age was 51.7 years. Around 8.9% were admitted to the hospital; 13.1% were underwent surgery; and 56.8% were discharged to home. Their pain was located in the whole abdomen (63.7%) and right upper quadrant (12.4%) and 79.5% had diseases of the digestive system, especially in gall bladder, biliary tract, and pancreas (16.3%). Nursing interventions were classified into 6 domains, 24 classes, and 117 interventions. The nursing interventions provided most frequently were pain management, fall prevention, admission care, teaching (individual, prescribed medication), and patient identification. Conclusion: In order to manage acute abdominal pain in the emergency department, standardized guidelines need to be developed based on patients characteristics and clinical features of abdominal pain. Key Words: Abdominal pain, Acute abdomen, Standardized nursing terminology, Nursing interventions, Nursing interventions classification 서론 1. 연구의필요성 응급실에내원한환자가흔히호소하는통증중하나가복통 이다 [1,2]. 복통환자는응급실환자의상당부분을차지하는데국외문헌에서는 6.5~10%[1,3], 국내응급실에서복통관련진단명의환자는 20.7% 로보고되었다 [4]. 이처럼복통은응급실환자의주요증상으로서특별한치료를요하지않는경미한증상부터응급수술이필요하거나내과적응급처치가필요한위 주요어 : 복통, 급성복증, 표준간호용어, 간호중재, 간호중재분류 Corresponding author: Hwang, Sun-Kyung College of Nursing, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , skhwang@pusan.ac.kr - 이논문은제1저자정원숙의석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. - This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Pusan National University. 투고일 : 2017년 12월 17일 / 심사완료일 : 2017년 12월 31일 / 게재확정일 : 2018년 1월 26일 c 2018 Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University Vol. 8 No. 1,
2 정원숙 황선경 중한상태의질환등다양하다 [5]. 대부분의급성복통환자들은응급실에서즉각적으로통증을완화해주기를기대하지만의료진들은진단오류나치료지연의이유로진통제사용을제한하는경우가많다 [6]. 또한복통은그원인이다양해서의료진들은복통의원인을명확히진단하는데어려움이있다. 복통으로응급실에내원한내과계질환자들에대한진단이입원과퇴원시일치하는정도가상대적으로낮은것으로나타나 [7,8] 빠른시간내에정확한진단을내린후치료하기어렵다. 응급실에서의복통환자들이통증조절과진단의지연으로환자들이응급실에서받는통증관리에만족하지못하게되고 [9,10] 이러한결과가응급의료서비스에대한낮은만족도 [11] 에영향을미치는요인이될수있다. 응급실에서는상대적으로즉각적인치료와간호중재가필요한중증도높은환자가많아경미한증상의복통환자는응급환자로분류되지않는경향이있다. 그러므로환자상태와요구에신속하게반응하고정확하고빠른진단을위해서는복통환자의임상적특성을확인하고이에따른적절한중재가요구된다. 간호진단및중재, 결과평가등의문제해결과정으로써간호과정을표준화시키기위해서는 NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association), NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification), NOC (Nursing Outcome Classification) 등의체계적인분류체계의적용이필요하다 [12]. 특히응급실은인력부족, 시간부족, 증상이다양한많은수의환자로인해적절한간호진단및간호중재를수행하기어렵다 [13]. 그러므로응급실내원복통환자의간호중재에대한분석은복통환자의치유및안녕을돕기위한구체적인간호행위의표준화작업의하나로써효율적인간호중재제공뿐만아니라간호의질적수준을향상시켜응급의료서비스에대한환자만족도도높일수있을것이다. 국내에서응급실성인복통환자를대상으로는의학적감별진단을위한검사 [14,15], 진단의정확도 [7], 진통제사용효과 [6] 등에관한연구가있었고, 소아복통환자를대상으로가이드라인을개발한연구 [16] 가있었다. 응급실성인복통환자를위한간호중재를분석한연구로는 2개월간의비외상성복통환자의의무기록을분석하여간호진단별간호중재건수를조사한연구 [13] 가있다. 이와같이선행연구에서는응급실에내원한복통환자의건강사정시의료인들이파악하고있어야할임상적특성및건강사정에관한자료가부족하였고, 짧은기간의자료수집으로간호진단에따른간호중재를분석하였다. 따라서응급실내원복통환자의임상적특성을구체적으로확인 하고, 응급실간호사에의해수행된전체간호활동을체계적인분류체계를이용하여분석함으로써응급실에서제공되고있는간호중재의실체를파악하고, 다른의료진들과의의사소통을향상시키고간호의연속성을강화할필요가있다. 이에본연구는일상급종합병원응급실에내원한복통환자의일반적, 임상적특성과응급실간호사들이제공하고있는간호활동을조사하여간호중재분류체계 (NIC) 에근거하여분석함으로써응급실복통환자의간호중재표준화에필요한기초자료를제공하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구는복통을주증상으로응급실을내원한환자의특성과이들에게제공된간호중재를간호중재분류 (NIC) 를적용하여분석하기위해시행되었으며구체적인목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 대상자의일반적특성과임상적특성을확인한다. 둘째, 대상자에게제공된간호중재를분석한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는일상급종합병원응급실에복통으로내원한만 18 세이상성인환자의일반적특성, 임상적특성및간호중재를의무기록지를이용하여분석하는후향적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구는 2015년 1월 1일부터 2015년 12월 31일까지 1년동안 Y시에소재하는일상급종합병원응급실에복통 (abdomen pain) 을주증상으로내원한만 18세이상의성인환자를대상으로하였다. 표본수를산정하기위해 2014년본병원응급실에내원한만 18세이상환자수를조사한결과총 28,713명이었으며, 전체환자중복통환자가차지하는비율은 12.8% 로약 3,683명이었다. 이를근거자료로하였을때전수를대상으로하기엔인력과시간의제약이있고, 무작위로기간을선정할경우계절적인영향을받을수있으므로 12개월중 6개월을격월로조사하였다. 이를위해동전앞면은짝수달, 뒷면은홀수달로정하고동전을던진결과앞면이나와짝수달 6개월에내원한환자의의무기록 1,848부중 18세미만의소아환자 26명을제외한 1,822명이분석대상이되었다. 30 Global Health and Nursing
3 응급실내원복통환자의특성과 NIC 을활용한간호중재분석 3 연구도구 1) 일반적특성및임상적특성응급실에내원한대상자의특성에는연령, 성별, 내원경로, 내원수단, 내원소요시간, 진료결과, 응급실체류시간을포함하였다. 대상자의복통관련임상적특성에는신체검진내용으로복부통증부위, 강도, 양상, 빈도, 최초통증사정까지의소요시간, 최초진통제투여시간, 동반증상, 외상성여부, 수술여부, 기저질환, 시행된진단검사, 한국표준질병 사인분류 (Korean Classification of Disease)[4], 주진료과를포함하였다. 인군과영역을찾아분류하였다. 자료수집자간의신뢰도를높이고자료수집전에간호중재분류를이해하고파악하기위해, 임의로 10명의복통환자의의무기록을검토한후간호중재를 NIC을활용하여분류및비교한결과자료수집자간일치도는 99.3% 였다. 자료는 SPSS/WIN 21 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성및임상적특성과간호중재의영역, 군, 중재의분포는기술통계로산출하였다. 연구결과 2) 간호중재분류본연구에서는응급실간호사들이복통환자에게제공하는모든간호활동을 2013년 6차간호중재분류체계 (NIC)[17] 의 554개의간호중재목록을사용하여조사하였다. NIC은생리적 : 기본, 생리적 : 복합적, 행동, 안전, 가족, 건강체계, 지역사회의 7개영역과활동 / 운동관리, 배설관리, 부동관리, 영양지지, 신체안위증진, 자가간호촉진, 전해질과산-염기관리, 약물관리, 신경계관리, 수술전 후간호, 호흡관리, 피부 / 상처관리, 체온조절, 조직관류관리, 행동요법, 인지요법, 의사소통강화, 대응보조, 환자교육, 심리적안위증진, 위기관리, 위험관리, 출산간호, 양육간호, 수명관리, 건강체계조정, 건강체계관리, 정보관리, 지역사회건강증진, 지역사회위험관리의 30개군, 554 개간호중재로분류되어있다. 4. 자료수집및분석방법본연구는 2015년 1월 1일부터 2015년 12월 31일의기간중짝수달에 Y시에소재하는상급종합병원응급실을방문한만 18세이상의성인환자중주증상이 복통 (abdomen pain) 인환자의전자의무기록을조사하기위해자료수집전해당기관의임상시험심사위원회 (IRB) 의심의면제를받았다. 이후 2016 년 1월 1일에서 2016년 3월 31일까지전자의무기록을열람하여복통환자의일반적특성과임상적특성은조사지에기입하는방식으로본연구자가자료를수집하였다. 간호중재는연구자가의무기록을열람하여간호진술문을수집한후연구자와연구보조 1인 ( 임상경력 5년이상의석사학위를가진간호사 ) 이분류한후간호학과교수의최종확인을받았다. 간호중재분류는대상자의간호기록지에기록된간호활동과관련된모든간호진술문을추출하여 6차개정된간호중재분류체계 (NIC)[17] 를사용하여해당중재를찾은뒤상위개념 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성과임상적특성대상자의특성으로응급실을방문한복통환자의평균연령은평균 51.74세이며 40~59세가 33.6% 로가장많았고, 성별은여자 53.8%, 남자 46.2% 로여자의비율이높았다. 내원경로는직접내원하는경우가 71.7% 로가장많았으며, 전원 22.7%, 외래경유 5.6% 였다. 내원수단은대중교통이용이 83.3% 로가장많았고다음이 119구급차 11.9%, 일반구급차 4.8% 였다. 복통증상발생후응급실내원까지소요시간은 24시간에서 48시간미만이 31.0%, 6시간미만이 25.8% 로많았으며, 증상발생후 24시간이내에응급실에내원하는경우는 37.1%, 24시간이상소요된경우가 62.9% 였다. 진료결과로는 56.8% 가귀가하였으며입원 38.9%, 전원 3.0% 였고, 응급실체류시간은 6시간미만이 58.2% 로가장많았으며 6시간에서 24시간미만이 34.7% 로응급실체류시간의평균은 8.40시간이었다 (Table 1). 대상자의내원시주호소인복부통증과관련된특성은 Table 2와같다. 통증의부위는복부전체 (Whole abdomen) 가 63.7% 로가장많았고우상복부 (RUQ) 12.5%, 심와부 (Epigastric) 8.9%, 우하복부 (RLQ) 6.8%, 하복부 (low) 4.1%, 좌하복부 (LLQ) 2.8%, 좌상복부 (LUQ) 1.2% 순으로나타났다. 복부통증강도는 3점이 50.6% 로가장많았고 2점이하가 24.1%, 평균강도는 3.00±1.20점이었다. 복부통증양상은쑤시는듯함 (aching) 이 87.4% 로가장많았고둔한 (dull) 4.1%, 화끈거리는 (burning) 이 1.6% 였다. 복부통증빈도는간헐적통증이 70.5% 로가장많았고지속적인통증은 23.3% 로나타났다. 응급실에내원한복통환자에게최초로통증사정을시행하기까지소요된시간은 5분이내가 96.2% 로가장많았고최초통증사정평균소요시간은 2.15±7.95 ( 분 ) 였다. 진통제가투여되기까지소요된시간은 30분이내가 59.6% 로가장많았고 1시간이상이 22.7%, 평균소요시간은 57.84±90.54 ( 분 ) 이었다. 대상자중동반증상으로 Vol. 8 No. 1,
4 정원숙 황선경 Table 1. General and Clinical Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=1,822) Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD Age (year) <20 20~39 40~59 60~ (1.3) 532 (29.2) 612 (33.6) 519 (28.5) 135 (7.4) 51.74±18.49 Gender Male Female 841 (46.2) 981 (53.8) Admission routes Direct visit Transfer Outpatient departments 1,307 (71.7) 414 (22.7) 101 (5.6) Mode of transportation 119 Ambulance Hospital ambulance Public transportation 217 (11.9) 87 (4.8) 1,518 (83.3) Time required to ED arrival (hour) (n=1,704) <6 6~<24 24~<48 48~<72 72~< (25.8) 194 (11.4) 529 (31.0) 129 (7.6) 235 (13.8) 178 (10.4) 55.99± Disposition Discharged Admitted Transferred 1,034 (56.8) 709 (38.9) 55 (3.0) Length of ED stay (hour) <6 6~<24 24~< ,060 (58.2) 632 (34.7) 106 (5.8) 24 (1.3) 8.40±10.00 ED=Emergency department. 는구토가 12.5% 로가장많았고설사 9.7%, 오심 8.2% 순으로나타났으며그외에기타에포함된동반증상으로는흉통, 발한, 혈변, 어지러움증, 기침 / 가래, 호흡곤란, 다리 / 어깨 / 근육통증, 두드러기 / 소양증, 소화불량, 객혈, 질출혈, 빈뇨, 변비등이있었다. 외상으로인한복통은 0.8% 였고수술을받은대상자는 13.1% 였다. 기저질환이없는대상자가 59.0% 로많았고, 기저질환으로는소화기계질환이 43.2% 로가장많았고순환기계질환 40.2% 로고혈압이대부분을차지했으며내분기계질환은 23.3% 로당뇨병이가장많았다. 응급실에서복통대상자에게처방된임상병리적검사로는일반혈액검사가 95.0% 로가장많았고, 소변검사 86.6%, 각종배양검사 25.2% 순이었고, 영상검사로는복부 X선촬영또는전산화단층촬영 90.0%, 심전도 49.6% 로많았고, 식도위십이지장내시경검사는 1.6% 로나타났다. 최종진단명을한국표준질병 사인분류 (KCD) 에따라분류한결과소화계통의질환이 79.5% 로가장많았으며이중담도계질환의비율이 16.3% 로가장많았다. 다음으로는비뇨생식계통의질환 8.8%, 산부인 과계통의질환 4.0%, 호흡계통의질환 1.9%, 순환계통의질환 1.2% 순으로나타났다. 응급실에내원한복통대상자의주진료과는응급의학과가 48.1% 로가장많았고소화기내과 21.7%, 외과 17.2%, 산부인과 6.7%, 혈액종양내과 2.8% 가상위비율을차지하였다 (Table 3). 2. 간호중재분류체계에따른대상자의간호중재분류간호중재분류체계 (NIC) 에서제시한 7개의영역, 30개의군, 554개의중재중본연구에서는 6개의영역, 24개의군, 117 개의중재가나타났다 (Table 4). 간호중재분류체계의각영역 (domain) 에서높은비율의군 (class) 으로는생리적 : 기본영역에서는신체안위증진 99.8%, 활동과운동관리 20.3%, 생리적 : 복합영역에서는조직관류관리 60.7%, 신경계관리 58.4%, 약물관리 55.7%, 행동적영역에서는환자교육 99.6%, 안전영역에서는위험관리 99.9%, 가족영역에서는생애주기간호 40.6%, 건강체계영역에서는건강체계관리및조정이 99.9%, 32 Global Health and Nursing
5 응급실내원복통환자의특성과 NIC 을활용한간호중재분석 Table 2. Clinical Features related to Abdominal Pain (N=1,822) Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD Location Whole abdomen Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Epigastric area Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Lower abdomen 1,161 (63.7) 228 (12.5) 123 (6.8) 162 (8.9) 21 (1.2) 52 (2.8) 75 (4.1) Intensity ~7 440 (24.1) 922 (50.6) 277 (15.2) 151 (8.3) 32 (1.8) 3.00±1.20 Character Aching Burning Dull No record 1,593 (87.4) 29 (1.6) 74 (4.1) 18 (1.0) 108 (5.9) Frequency Intermittent Continuous No record 1,285 (70.5) 425 (23.3) 112 (6.2) Time to be assessed pain (min) 0~5 6~10 >10 1,752 (96.2) 52 (2.9) 18 (1.0) 2.15±7.95 Time until administration of analgesics (min) (n=872) <30 30~< (59.6) 154 (17.7) 198 (22.7) 57.84±90.54 Associated symptoms* Vomiting Diarrhea Nausea None 228 (12.5) 177 (9.7) 149 (8.2) 122 (6.7) 1,146 (62.9) Trauma 14 (0.8) Surgery performed 238 (13.1) Underlying disease *Multiple responses. Gastrointestinal disease Cardiovascular disease Endocrine disease Female genitalia disease None 323 (43.2) 300 (40.2) 174 (23.3) 76 (10.2) 51 (2.8) 1,075 (59.0) 정보관리가 31.3% 로나타났다. 복통대상자에게수행된간호중재를 NIC에따라분류하여고빈도순으로나타낸결과는 Table 5와같다. 복통환자의 90% 이상에서제공된고빈도간호중재는통증관리, 낙상방지, 입원간호, 개인교육, 환자확인, 처방된약물교육이었다. 그다음으로는검사결과의해석 63.4%, 퇴원계획 59.8%, 신경계관리 58.4%, 검사보조 53.5%, 정맥주사요법 52.5%, 진통제투여 45.2% 로빈도가높았다. 논의 본연구는상급종합병원응급실에내원한복통환자를대상으로일반적특성과다양한임상적특성뿐만아니라복통환자에게제공된간호활동을조사하여간호중재분류체계 (NIC) 에 Vol. 8 No. 1,
6 정원숙 황선경 Table 3. Clinical Examinations and Diagnostic Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=1,822) Characteristics Categories n(%) Clinical laboratory test Complete blood cell count Urinalysis Culture test Immune serological test HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) test Cardiac enzymes ABGA (arterial blood gas analysis) 1,731 (95.0) 1,578 (86.6) 459 (25.2) 333 (18.3) 288 (15.8) 257 (14.1) 136 (7.5) Imaging Abdomen X-ray or computed tomography Magnetic resonance cholangiography Chest computed tomography Brain computed tomography Electrocardiography (EKG) Transthoracic echocardiography 1,640 (90.0) 68 (3.7) 72 (3.6) 15 (0.8) 904 (49.6) 19 (1.0) Endoscopy Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 30 (1.6) Classification of diseases Diseases of the digestive system Disorders of gallbladder, biliary tract and pancreas Digestive system and abdominal symptom Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs Colitis of infectious and parasitic diseases Other diseases of intestines (intestine, anal, rectal) Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum Diseases of appendix Diseases of liver Non-infective enteritis and colitis Diseases of peritoneum Diseases of the genitourinary system Obstetrics and gynecology diseases Diseases of the respiratory system Diseases of the circulatory system 1,448 (79.5) 297 (16.3) 290 (15.9) 233 (12.8) 208 (11.4) 109 (6.0) 102 (5.6) 92 (5.0) 41 (2.3) 32 (1.8) 20 (1.1) 24 (1.3) 161 (8.8) 72 (4.0) 35 (1.9) 21 (1.2) 85 (4.7) Main department Emergency medicine Gastroenterology General surgery Obstetrics and gynecology Hematology Nephrology Pulmonology Urology Multiple responses; Korean Standard Classification of Diseases. 877 (48.1) 396 (21.7) 313 (17.2) 121 (6.7) 51 (2.8) 21 (1.2) 16 (0.9) 10 (0.5) 17 (0.9) 따라분석한결과를중심으로논의하였다. 응급실에복통으로내원한환자들은남자보다여자의비율이조금더높았고, 연령은 40~50대가가장많았고 60세이상의노인은 35.9% 였다. 성별에서국내선행연구인 Oh [16] 는여자가 52.2%, 미국의대학병원에서의연구 [18] 에서는여자가 64.4% 로여자의비율이높은것은유사하였다. 연령의구분에따라노인의분포는다소차이는있지만 30~40%[8,13] 정도를차지하는것으로보인다. 내원수단으로 119 또는병원구급차 이용 (16.7%) 이선행연구에서의 13.1%[19] 보다조금더많았는데, 그이유로는본연구대상자중 60대이상이약 1/3 정도차지하여고령으로인해내원수단을구급차에의존하는경우가많은반면, 선행연구는대상자가아동이어서영유아의경우부모가직접의료기관으로이송하기용이하기때문으로생각된다. 복통환자의과반수이상 (56.8%) 이퇴원을하였고, 입원율은 38.9% 였는데, 이러한결과는복통의정도가심하지않고곧 34 Global Health and Nursing
7 응급실내원복통환자의특성과 NIC 을활용한간호중재분석 Table 4. Classification of Nursing Interventions for Study Subjects (N=1,822) Domain Class n (%) Physiological: basic Activity and exercise management Elimination management Immobility management Nutrition support Physical comfort promotion Self-care facilitation 369 (20.3) 240 (13.2) 135 (7.4) 179 (9.8) 1,818 (99.8) 300 (16.5) Physiological: complex Behavioral Safety Family Health system Electrolyte and acid-base Drug management Neurologic management Perioperative care Respiratory management Skin/wound management Thermoregulation Tissue perfusion management Coping assistance Patient education Psychological comfort promotion Crisis management Risk management Childbearing care Lifespan care Health system management Health system mediation Information management 190 (10.4) 1,014 (55.7) 1,064 (58.4) 126 (6.9) 194 (10.6) 81 (4.4) 246 (13.5) 1,106 (60.7) 7 (0.4) 1,815 (99.6) 2 (0.1) 4 (0.2) 1,820 (99.9) 23 (1.3) 739 (40.6) 1,821 (99.9) 1,820 (99.9) 570 (31.3) 완화되었고수술이필요한환자 (13.1%) 가상대적으로적는것과관련이있을것이다. 하지만 Cho 등 [8] 의연구에서는입원율이 57.6% 로높게나타났는데, 이는대상자중외과계질환인급성충수염으로진단된환자 (19.2%) 가많아입원하여수술을받았기때문인것으로보인다. 응급실에서입원과수술은내원환자의질병특성과관련이있다. 또한응급실체류시간은 6시간미만이 58.2% 로선행연구 [13] 보다는짧은것으로나타났는데, 이는응급실을이용하는환자들이입원보다퇴원이많았던상황과응급실체류시간을줄이기위한병원및국가적인노력의결과로볼수있다. 응급실내원환자들의질병분류결과소화기계약 80%, 비뇨생식계 8.8%, 산부인과계 4.0% 를차지하였고, 담낭, 담도및췌장의질환이 20.5% 로많았다. 이는 Chang과 Wang [20] 이선행연구결과에서급성복통노인환자중담도질환이 25% 를차지한다는보고와유사하며, 낙동강유역지역인경상남도에서남자들의담도암발생률이가장높은것으로나타났던연구결과 [21] 를뒷받침하므로, 지역적특성을고려하여복통환자특성을파악할필요가있다. 복부통증부위는복부전체가 63.7% 로가장많았고다음은 우상복부 (RUQ) 12.5%, 심와부 (Epigastric) 8.9% 로나타났는데, 이러한통증부위는질환과관련이있다. 복부의통증이초기에는국소화되지않아복부중심부에서느끼는경우가많고, 위, 간, 담도계및췌장질환등은심와부와상복부의통증, 충수돌기염과장염등은배꼽주위와하복부통증과관련이있는것으로알려져있다 [20,22]. 비뇨기계와산부인과계질환은상복부보다하복부에통증이더많이나타나는데, 이는간호사정시하복부통증이부인과증상과요로증상에서가장흔하다고보고된선행연구 [5,22] 에서도알수있다. 통증강도는시각상사척도에서평균 3점정도로높지않았는데, 통증이심하면질병의심각성에관심을가지게되지만경미한통증의호소라고심각한질병을배제할수없으며특히노인의경우는통증의호소가적은편이다 [22]. 이전의통증경험등의영향으로환자가호소하는통증강도가낮을수있으므로 [5] 통증사정시이에대한고려가필요하다. 진통제투여소요시간은평균 1시간이내로나타났는데, 선행연구에서의 3.7 시간 [6] 과비교하면빠른편이나 1시간이상인경우도 22.7% 로나타났다. 체계적문헌고찰결과급성복통환자에게마약성진통제를사용하는것이진단을내리고치료를결정하는데오 Vol. 8 No. 1,
8 정원숙 황선경 Table 5. Distribution of Most Frequently Provided Nursing Interventions (N=1,822) Rank Interventions n (%) Class Domain 1 Pain management 1,818 (99.8) PCP PB 2 Fall prevention 1,817 (99.7) S RM 3 Admission care 1,816 (99.7) HSM HS 4 Teaching: Individual 1,812 (99.5) PE B 5 Patient identification 1,808 (99.2) S RM 6 Teaching: Prescribed medication 1,684 (92.4) PE B 7 Laboratory data interpretation 1,156 (63.4) HSM HS 8 Discharge planning 1,089 (59.8) HSM HS 9 Neurologic monitoring 1,064 (58.4) NM PC 10 Examination assistance 974 (53.5) HSM HS 11 Intravenous (IV) therapy 956 (52.5) TPM PC 12 Analgesic administration 824 (45.2) DM PC 13 Physician support 751 (41.2) HSM HS 14 Transport: Intrafacility 714 (39.2) HSM HS 15 Family mobilization 581 (31.9) F LC 16 Documentation 570 (31.3) IM HS 17 Vital signs monitoring 557 (30.6) S RM 18 Teaching: Prescribed diet 527 (28.9) PE B 19 Fluid management 420 (23.1) TPM PC 20 Medication administration: Intravenous(IV) 385 (21.1) DM PC 21 Energy management 349 (19.2) AEM PB 22 Nausea management 313 (17.2) PCP PB 23 Surveillance 291 (16.0) S RM 24 Vomiting management 288 (15.8) PCP PB 25 Temperature regulation 246 (13.5) TR PC 26 Family involvement promotion 237 (13.0) F LC 27 Tube care 198 (10.9) SCF PB 28 Fluid monitoring 194 (10.6) TPM PC PCP=Physical comfort promotion, S=Safety, HSM=Health system mediation, PE=Patient education, NM=Neurologic management, TPM=Tissue perfusion management, DM=Drug management, F=Family, IM=Information management, AEM=Activity and exercise management, TR=Thermoregulation, SCF=Self-care facilitation, PB=Physiological: Basic, RM=Risk management, HS=Health system, B=Behavioral, PC=Physiological: Complex, LC=Lifespan care. 류가발생할위험을증가시키지않는다고하였으며 [23], 진통제를조기에사용하는것이통증을더빨리완화하며진단과예후에도나쁜영향을주지않았다 [6]. 응급실내원복통환자에게제공된간호중재를 NIC의분류에따라분석한결과 7개의영역 (Domain) 중지역사회영역을제외한 6개의영역, 30개의군Class) 중 24개의군, 554개의간 호중재 (intervention) 분류중 117개의중재가나타났다. Oh [13] 의연구에서생리적 : 기본영역, 생리적 : 복합적영역, 안전영역이많았던것과지역사회영역이확인되지않았던결과와는유사하였지만건강체계영역에서는차이를보였는데, 이는선행연구에서는간호진단별간호중재를조사하였기때문에건강체계영역에서많은비중을차지하는입원간호와퇴원간 36 Global Health and Nursing
9 응급실내원복통환자의특성과 NIC 을활용한간호중재분석 호등이포함되지않아이러한차이를보인것으로생각된다. 간호중재별로는통증관리, 낙상방지, 입원간호, 교육 : 개인, 환자확인, 교육 : 처방된약물이복통환자의 90% 이상에서나타났는데, 이러한중재들은병원인증평가의주요항목으로관리되고있음으로인한결과로볼수있다. 복통환자에게통증관리와진통제투여가높은빈도로수행되는간호중재 [13] 인데, 본연구에서도통증관리간호중재가가장많이제공되고있고진통제투여도 45.2% 를차지하고있어복통환자의통증조절을위한간호중재가집중적으로이루어지고있는것으로나타났다. 통증관리를위해통증사정을정확히시행하고프로토콜을사용하여통증강도에따른즉각적인간호중재를제공하는것이필요하다 [24]. 이와함께급성복통환자의효과적인진단과관리를위해서건강력, 신체검진과임상검사를통해신속하고정확하게의사결정을내릴수있도록임상프로토콜이나가이드라인의개발이필요하며 [25] 이를통해의료진이통일성있게진료를제공할수있을것이다 [16]. 복통환자는오심, 구토, 설사를동반하는경우가많은데, 오심과구토에대한간호중재로는수액요법, 수분섭취모니터링, 약물투여, 이완요법등이있으며, 설사관리에대한중재로는수분과전해질관리, 약물투여, 배변양상모니터링, 위험요인확인등이있다 [5]. 본연구에서복통환자의동반증상으로구토 (12.5%), 설사 (9.7%), 오심 (8.2%) 이있었는데이와관련된구토관리 (15.8%), 설사관리 (4.0%), 오심관리 (17.2%) 로나타났고, 수액관리 (23.1%), 수액감시 (10.6%), 수분 / 전해질관리 (5.6%) 로나타났다. Cole 등 [5] 에서는급성복통환자는복통의다양한원인과가능한결과에대해환자가불안하거나두려워할수있기때문에환자와가족을위한심리적지지를제공해야한다고했다. 하지만본연구에서심리적지지와관련된간호중재로이완요법이나정서지지가매우부족한것으로나타났다. 따라서앞으로복통환자관리를위한표준화된간호중재지침개발시진통제투여, 수분과전해질관리, 위장관간호, 설사관리, 심리적지지등의간호중재를포함시킬필요가있다. 복통은부위별발생가능한질환이다양하고질환별증상도다양하기때문에복통환자의신체검진및건강사정은복통환자의적절한간호및치료를촉진시키는데도움이된다 [1,5]. 하지만본연구에서는응급실에서복부검진과같은신체검진이적절히수행되지않는것으로나타났다. 응급실에복통으로내원한대상자의복부통증특성및진단에따른적절한간호중재를제공하는것은효율적인복통관리와환자만족도에영향을미친다. 그러므로응급실복통환자에게필요한간호사정과간호중재를포함한표준화된간호지침을개발하여신규및경 력간호사교육시활용함으로써간호의질향상에기여할수있을것이다. 결론및제언 본연구를통해, 복통으로응급실에내원한성인대상자의연령대는고르게분포하였고, 여성이조금더많았으며, 38.9% 가입원을하였고, 13.1% 가수술을받았으며, 응급실체류시간은 6시간이내가과반수이상이었다. 복부통증부위는복부전체가가장많았고다음은우상복부였으며, 담낭, 담도계및췌장질환자가많았다. 간호중재는 117개의다양한중재가제공되었고이중통증관리가가장많았으나, 설사관리, 위장관간호, 심리적지지등의중재는부족한것으로나타났다. 따라서응급실내원환자의복통특성과이를반영한표준화된간호중재지침의마련이필요하다. 이상의결과를토대로다음과같이제언한다. 첫째, 응급실내원복통환자를체계적으로사정하고간호를제공할수있는건강사정및간호중재교육자료를개발하여응급실간호사직무교육에활용한다. 둘째, 응급실내원복통환자를관리하기위한가이드라인또는프로토콜을개발하여그효과를검정하는연구가필요하다. REFERENCES 1. Flasar MH, Goldberg E. Acute abdominal pain. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(3): Chang HY, Daubresse M, Kruszewski SP, Alexander GC. Prevalence and treatment of pain in EDs in the United States, 2000 to Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; p Statistics Korea Korean Medical Record Association. Korean standard classification of diseases. Statistics Korea: Korean Medical Record Association; Cole E, Lynch A, Cugnoni H. Assessment of the patient with acute abdominal pain. Nurs Stand. 2006;20(39): Jung JH, Kim KB, Jung KY. The efficacy of early analgesics for treatment of acute abdomen. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2005; 16(5): Kim SE. Analysis of accuracy in primary diagnosing abdominal pain in emergency department [master's thesis]. Chuncheon: Vol. 8 No. 1,
10 정원숙 황선경 Kangwon National University; p Cho K, Seo J, Ahn M, Lee J., Cheon S, Son Y, et al. Analysis of the influence of diagnosis related variables on the accuracy of initial diagnosis in patients with acute abdominal pain seen at the emergency center. J Korean Geriatric Soc. 2009;13(4): Marinsek M, Kovacic D, Versnik D, Parasuh M, Golez S, Podbregar M. Analgesic treatment and predictors of satisfaction with analgesia in patients with acute undifferentiated abdominal pain. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(7): Muntlin A, Gunningberg L, Carlsson M. Patients' perceptions of quality of care at an emergency department and identification of areas for quality improvement. J Clin Nurs. 2006;15(8): National Emergency Medical Center Emergency medical service statistics annual report (Volume 12). National Emergency Medical Center; p Tseng HC. Use of standardized nursing terminologies in electronic health records for oncology care: the impact of NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC [dissertation]. Iowa city: University of Iowa; p Oh HS. Analysis of nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions for patients in ER with abdominal pain [master's thesis]. Seoul: Yonsei University; p Ahn SJ, Kho CY, Kim DU, Kim JC, Do HH, Shin TY, et al. Emergency abdominal ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain: COUCH (Complaint-oriented Ultrasonography with Checklist) approach. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2008;19(1): Hwang Y, Han YJ, Park JH, Yoo SJ. The benefit of further tests for patients presenting to the emergency department with onspecific abdominal pain. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2010;21(2): Shin WA. Development of a clinical guideline for children with abdominal pain in emergency department [master s thesis]. Seoul: Yonsei University; p Bulechek GM, Butcher HK, Dochterman JM, Wagner CM. Nursing interventions classification(nic). 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; p Hastings RS, Powers RD. Abdominal pain in the ED: A 35 year retrospective. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29: Ha JH. The analysis of children and nursing practice in a regional medical center [master's thesis]. Busan: Pusan National University; p Chang CC, Wang SS. Acute abdominal pain in the elderly. Int J Gerontol. 2007;1(2): Bae JM. Regional differences in the occurrence of cancers on biliary system in Korea: A descriptive epidemiological study. Korean Pub Health Res. 2012;38(2): Macaluso CR, McNamara RM. Evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain in the emergency department. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5: Manterora C, Vial M, Moraga J, Astudillo P. Anagesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011:1(Art No. CD005660) Muntlin Å, Carlsson M, Säfwenberg U, Gunningberg L. Outcomes of a nurse-initiated intravenous analgesic protocol for abdominal pain in an emergency department: A quasi-experimental study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(1): Gans SL, Pols MA, Stroker J, Boermeester MA. Guideline for the diagnostic pathway in patients with acute abdominal pain. Dig Surg. 2015:32(1): Global Health and Nursing
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