ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1): Original Article Meta-Analysi
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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1): Original Article Meta-Analysis of Constraint-Induced Language Therapy in Aphasia Sae Mi Hong a,b, Jin Kyung Kang b, Bora Eom b, Young Tae Kim b, Jee Eun Sung b, Hyun Sub Sim b, Pil Yeon Jeong b a Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea b Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Young Tae Kim, PhD Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea Tel: Fax: youngtae@ewha.ac.kr Received: December 31, 2015 Revised: February 2, 2016 Accepted: February 9, 2016 This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 (BK 21) Plus Project funded by the Ministry of Education, Korea. Objectives: Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT) is an aphasia treatment program which comprises forced use of verbal language and massed practice. There are many studies about the efficacy of CILT on aphasia, but the results are controversial. Thus, the purpose of the present meta-analysis study was to systematically evaluate the effects of CILT for aphasia and to establish the evidence-based practice of CILT. Methods: Data collection was performed from 5 databases (DBPIA, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, RISS) which were about CILT for aphasia. Nine studies which met the inclusive criteria were entered into the meta-analysis. Effect sizes for each study outcome (standardized language test outcome) were calculated. Results: There were two main findings from the current study. First, the meta-analysis results indicated that CILT is an effective treatment method for improving both overall language ability and each sub-language area. Second, CILT was effective for both chronic aphasia and acute aphasia overall and in each sub-language area. Conclusion: The present study suggests the comprehensive effectiveness of CILT for aphasia in each sub-language area including auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming, and its treatment effectiveness for both chronic aphasia and acute aphasia regardless of post onset time. This research unifies the complicated results of previous studies and lays the foundation for clinical implications. Keywords: Aphasia, CILT, Meta-analysis 실어증은후천적인뇌손상에기인하여언어기능이저하된상태를말한다 (McNeil & Pratt, 2001). 최근대두되고있는실어증치료기법으로는 Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT) 가있다. CILT 중재는뇌가경험에의해변화되는원리인신경가소성 (neuroplasticity) 원리에기반을둔중재방법으로, 실어증환자들이손상된의사소통능력을보완하기위해사용하는비구어보상전략이구어사용의기회를제한하고구어회복을방해한다는전제하에집중적인구어사용을치료에적용시킨것이다 (Kleim & Jones, 2008). Constraint-induced (CI) 기반의치료적접근은학습된비사용 (learned non-use) 을예방하기위해손상된부위를높은강도로사용하는것을원칙으로하여실어증환자에게적용하기전 Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) 라는명칭으로편마 비환자들의운동재활에먼저적용되었고 (Visintin, Barbeau, Korner-Bitensky, & Mayo, 1998), 20년이넘는기간동안여러연구들을통해중재효과에대한증거기반을마련하였다 (Mark, Taub, & Morris, 2006). 전통적인치료기법이효과적인의사소통을위해사진, 그림그리기, 쓰기혹은제스처와같은다중양식체계의사용을권장하는반면, CILT 중재는다양한의사소통전략중구어사용을강조하고, 구어기능향상을위해비구어보상전략사용을지양한다. 또한소그룹을구성하여평균적으로하루 3시간씩, 일주일에 5일이라는강도높은일정 (massed practice) 동안점진적인행동형성 (shaping) 의절차를따른다 (Raymer, 2009). 일반적으로뇌졸중발병후 6개월이내에는언어기능의자연회복이이루어지는반면, 발병후 1년이경과한만성실어증환자의 Copyright 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 경우에는자연회복및치료를통한언어기능의향상이제한적인것으로알려져왔다 (Kertesz, 1984). 하지만 Pulvermu ller 등 (2001) 은 CI 기반의집중적인언어중재를발병기간이평균 8년이상인 10 명의만성실어증환자들에게처음으로적용하였고, 그결과하루 3-4시간씩 10일이라는짧은기간동안의 CILT 중재가만성실어증환자들의언어능력을향상시키는데효과적임을보고하였다. 또한통제집단에게전통적인실어증중재 (conventional language therapy) 를적용하여두가지중재방법의효과를비교한결과 CILT 중재가전통적인실어증중재보다실어증환자의언어능력향상에더효과적이라는결과를보고하였다. Pulvermu ller 등 (2001) 에의해집중적인일정의 CI 기반언어중재가실어증환자에게처음으로적용된이래로 CILT 중재원리와효과에관한여러연구들이지속적으로시행되어왔으나 CILT 중재효과에대해서는다양한결과들이보고되었다. Maher 등 (2006) 은만성실어증환자를대상으로 CILT와전통적인실어증치료기법인 Promoting Aphasic Communicative Effectiveness (PACE) 중재 (Davis & Wilcox, 1985) 를각각적용한결과, CILT 중재가구어산출에더효과적이며, 1개월후실시한유지평가에서도그효과성이유지된다는결과를보고하였다. Kurland, Pulvermu ller, Silva, Burk와 Andrianopoulos (2012) 도 CILT 중재가만성비유창성실어증환자의이름대기능력향상에 PACE 중재보다더효과적이라는결과를보고하였다. 국내에서는 Han, Sung, Kim과 Cheon (2012) 이한국어의특성을고려한 CILT 중재가만성비유창성실어증환자의전반적인언어능력향상에효과적임을보고하였다. 많은연구들이 CILT 중재의긍정적인효과성을입증하였지만, 언어의하위영역에따라서로다른효과크기를나타냈으며, 각영역에서의효과여부는연구마다상이하였다. Pulvermu ller 등 (2001) 과 Pulvermu ller, Hauk, Zohsel, Neininger와 Mohr (2005) 의연구에서는 CILT 중재가만성실어증환자의청각적이해력과이름대기영역에서유의한향상을나타낸반면, 따라말하기에서는유의한향상을나타내지않았으며, Han 등 (2012) 의연구에서는스스로말하기와이름대기에서만유의한향상이나타났고, 청각적이해력과따라말하기에서는통계적으로유의한향상을확인할수없었다. Szaflarski 등 (2008) 은 CILT 중재가실어증환자의청각적이해력향상에는효과적이지만, 표현언어향상에는효과적이지않다고보고하였다. 16명의실어증환자에게하루에 3시간씩 10일동안 CILT 중재를실시한 Richter, Miltner와 Straube (2008) 도 CILT 중재가실어증환자의언어능력향상에긍정적이지만, 언어의하위영역에따라효과크기가다르며, Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT; Huber, Poeck, Weniger, & Willmes, 1983) 검사의하부검사인 Token Test 검사상에서는유의한효과가없다는결과를제시하였다. CILT 중재가실어증환자의언어능력향상에효과적이지않다는상반된연구결과도지속적으로보고되어왔다. Goral과 Kempler (2009) 는 1명의만성비유창성실어증환자에게 CILT 중재를실시한결과 Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE; Goodglass, Kaplan, & Baressi, 2000) 상에서중재전과비교시유의한변화가없었으며, 이야기과제에서동사사용의빈도는유의하게증가했지만, 명사사용은증가하지않았다고하였다. Naeser 등 (2010) 은반복적경두개자기자극술 (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) 과 CILT 중재가비유창실어증환자의평균발화길이 (mean length of utterance) 에유의한영향을미치지않는다고하였다. Rose (2013) 는 CILT 중재가다중양식체계를허용하는기존의전통치료기법과그효과성이동등하며, 아직까지 CILT 중재의효과성을강력하게지지할만한증거가불충분하다고하였다. 이와는다르게지난 10년간실어증환자들의언어재활을위해 CILT 중재를적용한연구들을종합적으로분석한 Meinzer, Rodriguez와 Rothi (2012) 는 CILT 중재가실어증환자에게유용하다는결과를지지하였으며, CILT 중재가만성실어증환자뿐만아니라급성실어증환자들의언어능력향상에도효과적이라고하였다. 하지만대부분의연구가만성실어증환자들을대상으로 CILT 중재의효과성을입증한반면, 급성실어증환자들을대상으로 CILT 중재를적용한연구는상대적으로적었기때문에연구의결과를일반화하기에는제한적이라고하였다. 이처럼많은연구들이 CILT 중재의효과를검증하였지만다양한결과를나타냈으며, 기존에 CILT 중재효과를살펴본연구들에대한종합적인분석은개별연구들의통계적인검정결과를종합한효과크기 (effect size) 측정이이루어지지않았기때문에 CILT 중재가실어증환자에게유용한치료기법이라는결론을도출하는것에는제한이따른다. 따라서 CILT 중재의효과성에대한통합된결론을도출하여증거기반실제를구축하는것이필요하다. 중재의효과성을검증하기위해실시하는대표적인방법으로는각각의연구결과를통계적인절차를통해종합하고분석하여통합된결론을도출하는메타분석이있다 (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009). 본연구는메타분석절차에따라 CILT 중재효과성을살펴본국내외개별연구들을수집하여효과크기를분석하고결과를종합해 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력및언어의하위영역에미치는효과를알아보고자한다. 나아가실어증발병기간
3 Sae Mi Hong, et al. Meta-Analysis of the CILT in Aphasia 에따른효과크기를비교분석하여일반화된결론을도출하고자한다. 구체적인연구질문은다음과같다. 첫째, CILT 중재는실어증환자의전반적인언어능력향상에효과를나타내는가? 둘째, CILT 중재는언어하위영역 ( 청각적이해력, 따라말하기, 이름대기 ) 에따라다른효과를나타내는가? 셋째, CILT 중재는실어증발병기간 ( 급성실어증, 만성실어증 ) 에따라실어증환자의전반적인언어능력및언어하위영역향상에다른효과를나타내는가? 연구방법문헌검색실어증환자들을대상으로실시한 CILT 중재의효과를살펴보기위해 2015년 10월에국내 (DBPIA, RISS) 2개, 해외 (EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed) 3개, 총 5개의데이터베이스에서문헌검색을실시하였다. 문헌검색을위해사용한검색어는 aphasia and constraint induced language therapy or constraint induced language treatment or CILT 로하였다. 문헌선정 PubMed에서 59편, ProQuest에서 50편, EBSCOhost 에서 31편, RISS에서 8편, DBPIA에서 0편, 총 148편의연구가검색되었다. 우선각데이터베이스에서검색한문헌중중복된문헌 9편을제외하 였다. 다음으로연구제목과초록을통해 CILT와의관련성여부를확인하였고, 그결과실어증치료기법인 CILT와관련이없는연구 69편을추가로제외하였다. 또한연구대상이실어증환자가아닌연구 2편을제외하였고, 연구설계에따라리뷰연구 6편, 단일대상연구 5편을제외하였다. 그룹내사전-사후비교연구와그룹간비교연구중 CILT를적용한집단내사전-사후를비교한연구는선정에포함하였다. 연구의출판형태가학위논문, 단행본에해당하는 27편을제외하였으며, 연구전문확인이불가능한 5편도선정에서제외하였다. 연구전문확인결과실어증환자를대상으로 CILT 를적용하기전과적용후를비교하였지만측정방법이표준화된언어검사도구를사용하지않은경우와측정결괏값을제시하지않은경우에해당되는 16편의연구를선정에서제외하였다. 결론적으로실어증환자의 CILT 중재효과측정을위해한가지이상의언어검사를사용하고, 사전-사후검사결괏값을제공한 9편의연구가선정되었다. 논문의선정기준및선정과정은 Figure 1과같다. 연구의질평가연구의질적평가를위해 Gersten 등 (2005) 의필수질적지표를참고하여 1점 부적절 에서부터 3점 적절 까지 3점척도로평가하였다. 연구대상에대한정보, CILT 중재방법, 중재의목적과관련된결과의측정등을분석한결과 9개의논문이모든항목에서적절한것으로평가되어평균 3점으로평가되었다. 자료의코딩메타분석을위해선정한연구들을연구자, 출판연도, 연구대상 Records identified through database search (N=148) PubMed (N=59) ProQuest (N=50) EBSCOhost (N=31) RISS (N=8) DBPIA (N=0) Duplicated records removed (N=139) Records screened on basis of title and abstract (N=30) Records excluded Non-relevant CILT (N=69) Non-relevant Aphasia (N=2) Single subject design (N=5) Review research (N=6) Abstract, poster, theses, conference paper (N=27) Inclusion criteria Subject: Aphasia Intervention: CILT Design: Pre-post comparison Outcomes: Provided language test scores Full-text available (N=25) Studies included in meta analysis (N=9) Records excluded Language test scores not provided (N=16) Figure 1. Flowchart of studies included from database search. CILT= Constraint-Induced Language Therapy
4 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 Standard error Figure 2. Funnel plot of standard error by Hedges s g. 의유형, 연구대상의수, 독립변인 (CILT), 종속변인 ( 언어평가결과 ) 의통계값 (M, SD, r값, p값 ) 으로분류하여코딩을하였다. 신뢰도평가언어병리학박사학위과정중인 3명의연구자가전체연구에해당되는 9편의연구를다시코딩후효과크기를산출하여각항목별로일치한수의비율을측정한결과, 일치율은 100% 였다. 통계분석메타분석을위한통계프로그램인 CMA2 (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2) 를사용하여코딩한자료에대한메타분석을실시하였다. 메타분석을위해서는 Hedges s g로평균효과크기를산출하였다. 출판편향검증출판편향 (publication bias) 을살펴보기위해 Funnel plot을확인한결과 Funnel plot의형태가대칭적이었으며 (Figure 2), Egger의회귀분석을확인한결과출판편향이없는것을확인할수있었다 (p>.05). 연구결과질적분석본연구에포함된논문은총 9편이었다. 연구대상은총 105명의실어증환자였으며, 한연구에참여한대상자는최소 3명부터최대 50명까지였고, 2편을제외한연구들의대상자는모두 10명미만이었다. 대상연령분포는 48세-72.67세였고, 실어증발병기간은최소 1.5개월부터최대 88.88개월까지였으며, 3편의연구는급성실어증환자를대상으로, 6편의연구는만성실어증환자를대상으로하였 다. 연구대상의실어증유형은연구마다실어증을구분한방법에차이가있었다. 일부연구들은실어증유형을비유창성실어증과유창성실어증으로만구분한반면, 일부연구들은뇌의기능적인부분에따라유형을세분화한보스턴학파의기준에따라나누기도하였다. 한연구는실어증유형을구분하지않고연구대상을좌반구손상의뇌졸중으로기인한중도실어증환자라고만명시하기도하였다. 실어증중증도는경도부터고도까지다양하였으며, 중증도를언급하지않은연구들도있었다. CILT 중재를실시한횟수는평균 10회 ( 범위 : 8-12회 ) 였고, 한회기당시간은평균 165.5분 ( 범위 : 분-240분 ) 이었다. 중재기간은평균 13.88일 ( 범위 : 10-21일 ) 이었다. CILT 중재의효과를측정하기위해사전-사후검사에사용된표준화된검사도구는언어의전반적인능력을측정하는도구와언어의각하위영역을측정하는도구가있었다. 전반적인언어능력을측정하는도구에는 AAT (Graetz, De Bleser, & Willmes, 1992; Huber et al., 1983), Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Battery (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972), Norwegian Basic Aphasia Assessment (Reinvang & Engvik, 1980; Reinvang, 1985), Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (Kay, Lesser, & Coltheart, 2009), Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 1982; Kim & Na, 2001) 등이있었다. 특정언어영역만을측정하는도구에는청각적이해력을측정하는 Test for Reception of Grammar (Bishop, 2009), Token Test (De Renzi & Vignolo, 1962), 이름대기를측정하는 Action Naming Test (Nicholas, Obler, Albert, & Goodglass, 1985), Boston Naming Test (Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983, 2001; Kim & Na, 1997; Marien, Mampaey, Vervaet, Saerens, & De Deyn, 1998) 등이있었다. 일부연구들은언어전반을측정하는도구를사용하여언어의특정하위영역만을측정한경우도있었다. 개별연구의특성은 Appendix 1에요약하여제시하였다. 메타분석 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력에미치는효과 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력향상에미치는효과에대한메타분석결과는 Figure 3과같다. 효과크기 g =.193, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [0.133, 0.253] 으로 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력향상에유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다 (Table 1). CILT 중재가실어증환자의언어하위영역에미치는효과 CILT 중재가실어증환자의언어하위영역인청각적이해력, 따
5 Sae Mi Hong, et al. Meta-Analysis of the CILT in Aphasia Figure 3. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Constraint-Induced Language Therapy on overall language ability. Table 1. The effectiveness of CILT on overall language ability for patients with aphasia Type Hedges s g 95% CI [LL, UL] p Overall.193 [.133,.253] CILT = Constraint-Induced Language Therapy; CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL= upper limit. 라말하기, 이름대기에미치는효과에대한메타분석결과는 Table 2 와같다. 청각적이해력에서 g =.089, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.047,.130], 따라말하기에서 g =.260, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.188,.332], 이름대기영역에서 g =.226, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.186,.265] 로 Table 2. The effectiveness of CILT on sub-language abilities for patients with aphasia Type Hedges s g 95% CI [LL, UL] p Auditory comprehension.089 [.047,.130] Repetition.260 [.188,.332] Naming.226 [.186,.265] CILT = Constraint-Induced Language Therapy; CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL= upper limit. CILT 중재가실어증환자의모든언어하위영역향상에유의한효 과가있는것으로나타났다
6 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 발병기간에따라 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력및 언어하위능력에미치는효과 발병기간에따라 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력 및언어하위능력에미치는효과에대한메타분석결과는 Table 3 과같다. 급성실어증환자의전반적인언어능력에서 g =.137, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.099,.174] 로유의하였으며 (Figure 4), 청각적이해력에서 g =.051, p<.05, 95% 신뢰구간 [.002,.099], 따라말하기에서 g =.197, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.096,.298], 이름대기영역에서 g =.289, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.218,.360] 으로 CILT 중재가급성실어증환자의 모든언어하위영역향상에유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. Table 3. The effectiveness of CILT on overall language ability for patients with aphasia by post onset time Acute aphasia group (N= 3) Overall Auditory comprehension Repetition Naming Chronic aphasia group (N= 6) Overall Auditory comprehension Repetition Naming Hedges s g 95% CI [LL, UL] p [.090,.168] [.002,.099] [.096,.298] [.218,.360] [.187,.264] [.108,.264] [.222,.428] [.149,.245].042 CILT = Constraint-Induced Language Therapy; CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL= upper limit. 만성실어증환자의전반적인언어능력에서 g =.201, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.168,.234] 로유의하였으며 (Figure 5), 청각적이해력에서 g =.186, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.108,.264], 따라말하기에서 g =.325, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.222,.428], 이름대기영역에서 g =.197, p<.01, 95% 신뢰구간 [.149,.245] 로 CILT 중재가만성실어증환자의모든언어하위영역향상에유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. 논의및결론본연구는메타분석을통해실어증환자를대상으로실시한 CILT 중재가실어증환자들의전반적인언어능력을비롯하여언어의하위영역인청각적이해력, 따라말하기, 이름대기에서모두유의한효과가있다는결과를도출함으로써기존의개별적으로보고된상이한연구결과를통합할수있었다. 또한 CILT 중재의유의한효과성은실어증발병기간과무관하며, 급성실어증과만성실어증집단모두에서유의한것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 CILT 중재가실어증환자에게효과적이라고보고한연구들의결과와일치하며 (Cherney, Patterson, Raymer, Frymark, & Schooling, 2010; Meinzer et al., 2012), 집중적인중재일정동안보상전략을제한하고구어를극대화하여사용할수있게구조화한방법이실어증환자들의학습된비사용 (learned non-use) 을예방하고언어능력을향상시키는데유용하다는것을뒷받침한다. 하지만 CILT 중재가실어증환자들의언어능력향상에효과적 Pre Post Figure 4. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Constraint-Induced Language Therapy on overall language ability for patients with acute aphasia
7 Sae Mi Hong, et al. Meta-Analysis of the CILT in Aphasia Pre Post Figure 5. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Constraint-Induced Language Therapy on overall language ability for patients with chronic aphasia. 이지않다는연구들과는상반된결과를나타낸다. 이는연구대상자의특성과 CILT 중재효과를측정하는방법의차이에서기인한것으로추측된다. 본연구는급성실어증환자 56명과만성실어증환자 51명을대상으로실시되었으며, 실어증유형은다양하였다. CILT 중재가효과적이지않았다는기존연구들 (Goral & Kempler, 2009; Naeser et al., 2010) 의특성을살펴보면대상자수가대부분 1-2명으로개별대상자의변수가미치는영향을배제하지못했다는제한점이있다. 또한담화능력에대한질적인분석을포함하였는데본연구에서는 CILT 중재의효과를측정하기위해서신뢰롭고타당한표준화된검사도구만을사용하였다는데차이가있다. 본연구에서는 CILT 중재가실어증환자의전반적인언어능력뿐만아니라, 청각적이해력, 따라말하기, 이름대기에서모두유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. CILT 중재는구어산출에중점을둔중재방법이라는점에서표현언어에비해수용언어에서는상대적으로낮은효과크기를나타내거나, 효과가유의하지않았다는보고들이있었다 (Han et al., 2012; Kirmess & Maher, 2010; Richter et al., 2008). 하지만본연구에서는청각적이해력에서도유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는 CILT 중재방법에의한것으로추측된다. 일반적으로 CILT 중재는소그룹을구성하여장벽게임 (barrier game) 형태로진행되며, 상대방에게원하는카드를요청하는구어산출에중점을두게된다. 하지만상대방이요구한카드를정확하게선택하고제공하기위해서는청각적이해력이함께요구된다. 따라서말주고-받기 (turn-taking) 를통해이루어지는 CILT 중재방법이표현언어뿐만아니라, 자연스럽게수용언어촉진에도영향을미치게되는것이다. 또한언어의하위영역별중재효과는실어증유형과도밀접한관련이있을수있다. 이는실어증유형에따라각각의언어하위영역에서다른기초선 (base line) 을나타내기때문이다. 따라서실어증유형에따라언어하위영역별로효과를검증하는것이필요하다. 하지만본연구에서분석한 9편의문헌들모두실어증을분류하는기준이동일하지않고, 연구대상자의개별데이터를제공하지않았기때문에추가적인분석및논의에는제한이따른다
8 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 본연구에서 CILT 중재의효과성은발병기간과상관없이급성실어증과만성실어증환자모두에게효과적인것으로나타났다. 지금까지 CILT 중재의효과를검증한연구들은대부분만성실어증환자들을대상으로하였고, 실제로본연구에서분석한 9개의문헌중급성실어증환자들을대상으로한문헌은 3편에불과하였으며, 모두최근몇년사이에이루어진연구들이었다. Meinzer 등 (2012) 에의하면 2001년부터 2010년간급성실어증환자를대상으로 CILT를적용한연구는 Kirmess와 Maher (2010) 의연구 1편뿐이었고, 대상자의수역시 3명으로통제집단과의비교없이사전-사후검사로만연구가진행되었다는제한점때문에결과를일반화할수없었다. 이러한이유로 CILT 중재효과와발병기간에따른연구의필요성은지속적으로제기되어왔다. 본연구에서는 Kirmess와 Maher (2010) 의연구외에두편을추가로분석하였으며, 대상자의수또한총 56명으로 CILT 중재가급성실어증환자들에게미치는영향을살펴보기위한통계적인검정력을높일수있었다. 이와같이본연구에서는발병기간에따라실어증집단을구분하여 CILT 중재의효과성을검증하였다는데의의가있다. 하지만본연구의급성실어증집단의평균발병기간은 2개월이내로실어증의자연회복이활발하게이루어지는시기이다. 따라서 CILT 중재효과의유의성을해석할때자연회복의가능성을온전히배제하는것에는주의가요구된다. 일반적으로급성실어증환자들을대상으로특정중재효과를검증하는것에는자연회복에의한영향력을배제하지못한다는점에서제약이따른다. 하지만중재를통한언어능력의향상이모든언어하위영역에서동일하게나타나지않는다는점에서중재의효과를자연회복에의한것이라단정짓기도어렵다. 따라서자연회복의영향성을살펴보기위해서는환자가결함을보이는모든영역에대한관찰이필요하다 (Poeck, Huber, & Willmes, 1989). 본연구에서는발병기간에따른집단간청각적이해력, 따라말하기, 이름대기와같이다양한언어하위영역에서의효과를검증하였고, 두집단모두모든영역에서유의한효과가있다는결과를나타냈다. 회복에영향을미치는주요한요인으로는병변의크기와실어증의중증도가있다 (Holland, 1989; Kertesz & McCabe, 1977). 따라서이에대한통제가이루어져야하지만본연구에서분석한 9편에서는개별대상자의중증도를모두언급하지않았기때문에중증도에따른 CILT 중재의효과검증은제한이따른다. 본연구는메타분석을통해 CILT 중재가실어증환자들에게효과적이라는통합된결론을도출하였다는데의의가있다. 하지만통계적인유의성에대한임상적유효성을고려해야한다. 본연구에포함한 9편의문헌에대한질적분석을통해살펴본 CILT 중재는약 2주간주 5회씩이루어졌으며, 한회기당평균시간이 3시간가까이였다. 이러한집중적인일정의중재는인력부족및치료기관의지원등의이유로실제임상에서적용되기에는제한적일것으로보인다. CILT 중재연구들의대상자수가대부분소수인것도이러한이유때문일것이다. CILT 중재에대한치료제공자의의견을조사한 Page와 Wallace (2014) 는연구에참여한 167명중 60% 이상이 CILT 중재의강도높은일정에대해부정적이었으며, 회기당시간을축소하거나일정을변형하는등의조정이불가피하다고하였다. 이처럼 CILT 중재의효율성에대한추가적인연구가필요하다. 이를위해서는첫번째로 CILT 중재효과에대한유지를확인할필요가있다. 본연구에포함된문헌중에서사후평가를실시한연구는 1편에불과하였다. CILT 중재가실어증환자들의언어능력향상에효과적이었다는공통된결과와는다르게사후평가에서효과의유지여부는연구에따라다른결과를나타냈다 (Faroqi Shah & Virion, 2009; Kirmess & Maher 2010). 따라서이에대해통합된결론을도출하는것이필요하다. 두번째로는 CILT 중재와전통적인치료기법에대한비교분석이이루어져야할것이다. 본연구에서는 CILT 중재의효과성을집단내사전-사후검사를통해독립적으로측정하였지만, 집단간비교에서다중양식체계의사용이 CILT 중재와효과가동등하거나더높다는연구결과들도있기때문이다 (Attard, Rose, & Lanyon, 2013; Barthel, Meinzer, Djundja, & Rockstroh, 2008; Meinzer, Streiftau, & Rockstroh, 2007). 끝으로기능적의사소통에대한측정이고려되어야할것이다. CILT 중재후표준화된검사상에서의유의한차이는나타나지않지만일상생활에서환자스스로느끼는질적인변화는분명존재할가능성이있다. 따라서추후 CILT 중재의효과검증은넓은범위에서이루어져야할것이다. REFERENCES Attard, M. C., Rose, M. L., & Lanyon, L. (2013). The comparative effects of Multi-Modality Aphasia Therapy and Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy-Plus for severe chronic Broca s aphasia: an in-depth pilot study. Aphasiology, 27, Barthel, G., Meinzer, M., Djundja, D., & Rockstroh, B. (2008). Intensive language therapy in chronic aphasia: which aspects contribute most? Aphasiology, 22,
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10 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 McNeil, M. R., & Pratt, S. R. (2001). Defining aphasia: some theoretical and clinical implications of operating from a formal definition. Aphasiology, 15, Meinzer, M., Rodriguez, A. D., & Rothi, L. J. G. (2012). First decade of research on constrained-induced treatment approaches for aphasia rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(1 Suppl), S35-S45. Meinzer, M., Streiftau, S., & Rockstroh, B. (2007). Intensive language training in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia: efficient training by laypersons. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, Mohr, B., Difrancesco, S., Harrington, K., Evans, S., & Pulvermu ller, F. (2014). Changes of right-hemispheric activation after constraint-induced, intensive language action therapy in chronic aphasia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Naeser, M. A., Martin, P. I., Treglia, E., Ho, M., Kaplan, E., Bashir, S.,... & Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). Research with rtms in the treatment of aphasia. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 28, Nicholas, M., Obler, L., Albert, M., & Goodglass, H. (1985). Lexical retrieval in healthy aging. Cortex, 21, Page, S. J., & Wallace, S. E. (2014). Speech language pathologists opinions of constraint-induced language therapy. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 21, Poeck, K., Huber, W., & Willmes, K. (1989). Outcome of intensive language treatment in aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, Pulvermu ller, F., Hauk, O., Zohsel, K., Neininger, B., & Mohr, B. (2005). Therapy-related reorganization of language in both hemispheres of patients with chronic aphasia. Neuroimage, 28, Pulvermu ller, F., Neininger, B., Elbert, T., Mohr, B., Rockstroh, B., Koebbel, P.,... & Taub, E. (2001). Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke, 32, Raymer, A. (2009). Constraint-induced language therapy: a systematic review. ASHA Leader, 14, Reinvang, I. (1985). Aphasia and brain organization. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Reinvang, I., & Engvik, H. (1980). Norsk grunntest for afasi - håndbok. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Richter, M., Miltner, W. H., & Straube, T. (2008). Association between therapy outcome and right-hemispheric activation in chronic aphasia. Brain, 131, Rose, M. L. (2013). Releasing the constraints on aphasia therapy: the positive impact of gesture and multimodality treatments. American Journal of Speech- Language Pathology, 22, S227-S239. Sickert, A., Anders, L. C., Mu nte, T. F., & Sailer, M. (2014). Constraint-induced aphasia therapy following sub-acute stroke: a single-blind, randomised clinical trial of a modified therapy schedule. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 85, Szaflarski, J. P., Ball, A. L., Grether, S., Al-fwaress, F., Griffith, N. M., Neils- Strunjas, J.,... & Reichhardt, R. (2008). Constraint-induced aphasia therapy stimulates language recovery in patients with chronic aphasia after ischemic stroke. Medical Science Monitor, 14, CR243-CR250. Visintin, M., Barbeau, H., Korner-Bitensky, N., & Mayo, N. E. (1998). A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke, 29, Wilssens, I., Vandenborre, D., van Dun, K., Verhoeven, J., Visch-Brink, E., & Mariën, P. (2015). Constraint-induced aphasia therapy versus intensive semantic treatment in fluent aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24,
11 Sae Mi Hong, et al. Meta-Analysis of the CILT in Aphasia Appendix 1. Study characteristics Study Subject characteristics Program characteristics Case data POT Time Duration Pre Post N Age (yr) Language Aphasia type Severity Session Outcome measurement (mo) (min) (day) M SD M SD Breier et al. (2006) 6 62 English > 12 Broca 5 Conduction 1 Han et al. (2012) Korean > 12 Broca 4 TCMA 2 Moderate to severe WAB_AQ WAB_auditory com WAB_repetition BNT WAB_AQ WAB_auditory com WAB_repetition WAB_naming BNT Kirmess & Maher (2010) Norwegian 1.5 Non-fluent 3 Severe NGA_auditory com TROG-2 NGA_repetition NGA_naming Kirmess & Lind (2011) Norwegian 2 Non-fluent 3, Fluent 1 Mild to moderate NGA_auditory com TROG-2 NGA_repetition NGA_naming PALPA_naming Maher et al. (2006) 4 48 English 38 Moderate WAB_AQ BNT ANT Meinzer et al. (2007) German 30.7 Broca 11 Wernicke s 3 Global 3 Amnestic 2 Not classified 1 Mild to severe Mohr et al. (2014) English Non-fluent 8 Mild to moderate Sickert et al. (2014) German 1.5 Broca 5 Wernicke s 19 Global 11 Amnesic 12 Not classified 3 Wilssens et al. (2015) 5 63 Dutch 61 Wernicke s 3 TCSA AAT_profile AAT_auditory com AAT_TT AAT_repetition AAT_naming BNT BDAE_auditory com TT AAT_auditory com AAT_TT AAT_repetition AAT_naming Moderate AAT_auditory com AAT_TT AAT_repetition AAT_naming BNT r p POT = post onset time; WAB = Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 1982; Kim & Na, 2001); BNT = Boston Naming Test (Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983, 2001; Kim & Na, 1997; Marien, Mampaey, Vervaet, Saerens, & De Deyn, 1998); NGA= Norwegian Basic Aphasia Assessment (Reinvang & Engvik, 1980; Reinvang, 1985); TROG= Test for Reception of Grammar (Bishop, 2009); PALPA= Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (Kay, Lesser, & Coltheart, 2009); ANT = Action Naming Test (Nicholas, Obler, Albert, & Goodglass, 1985); AAT = Aachen Aphasia Test (Graetz, De Bleser, & Willmes, 1992; Huber, Poeck, Weniger, & Willmes, 1983); BDAE= Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Battery (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972); TT= Token Test (De Renzi & Vignolo, 1962)
12 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미외 국문초록 실어증환자들을위한 CILT 중재효과에대한메타분석 홍새미 1,2 강진경 2 엄보라 2 김영태 2 성지은 2 심현섭 2 정필연 2 1 서울아산병원재활의학과, 2 이화여자대학교언어병리학과 배경및목적 : Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT) 중재는집중적인일정동안구어를극대화하여사용할수있게구조화한실어증중재방법이다. 여러연구들이 CILT 중재의효과를검증하였지만상이한연구결과가혼재하였다. 이에본연구에서는메타분석을통해실어증환자대상으로 CILT 중재의효과성을보고한개별연구들의결과를종합하여증거기반실제를구축하고자하였다. 방법 : 총 5개의국내외데이터베이스를이용하여실어증환자를대상으로 CILT 중재를실시한연구들중선정기준에부합한총 9편의문헌을수집하였다. 그리고중재에따른언어검사결과를종합하여언어의하위영역및실어증발병기간에따른효과크기를각각살펴보았다. 결과 : CILT 중재는실어증환자의전반적인언어능력을비롯하여청각적이해력, 따라말하기, 이름대기능력향상에유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. 또한 CILT 중재는급성실어증과만성실어증환자의전반적인언어능력및모든언어하위영역향상에서도유의한효과가있는것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구는 CILT 중재의종합적인효과검증을통해 CILT 중재가발병기간과무관하게실어증환자의전반적인언어능력과언어의각하위영역을향상시키는데효과적이라는결과를도출하였다. 이를통해 CILT 중재에대한기존연구들의상반된결과들을통일하여임상적유용성을제고하는근거를마련하였다. 핵심어 : 실어증, CILT, 메타분석본연구는 2016년도이화여자대학교 BK21 PLUS 사업의지원을받은연구임. 참고문헌 김향희, 나덕렬 (1997). 한국판보스톤이름대기검사. 서울 : 학지사. 김향희, 나덕렬 (2001). 한국판웨스턴실어증검사 (K-WAB). 서울 : 파라다이스복지재단. 한윤진, 성지은, 김연희, 전희정 (2012). CILT 중재가비유창성실어증환자의구어의사소통능력과정보전달능력에미치는효과. 언어청각장애연구, 17,
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