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1 ISSN(print) (4): , December 2013 < 초청논문 > 발생중마우스망막에서방향특이성신경절세포의 NMDA R1 수용체의시냅스패턴 이지건 1, 권오주 2, 전창진 1, * 1 경북대학교생명과학부생물학과, 대구 부산과학기술대학교보건웰빙학부안경광학과, 부산 투고일 (2013 년 10 월 30 일 ), 수정일 (2013 년 11 월 21 일 ), 게재확정일 (2013 년 12 월 14 일 ) 목적 : 본연구에서는발생중 [ 태어난지 5 일 (P5), 10 일 (P10)] 마우스망막의 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포수상돌기상에서 NMDA R1 수용체의시냅스패턴을연구하고자하였다. 방법 : ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포는 Lucifer yellow 를주사하여형태학적특징으로동정하였다. 이극세포로부터의글루타메이트의흥분성유입을확인하기위해 membrane traffic motor 단백질마커인 kinesin 을이용하였다. 결과 : 본연구에서 P5, P10 의 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포를동정할수있었으며, NMDA R1 의면역반응반점은내망상층에서강하게나타났다. ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포의수상돌기상의수용체의분포패턴에서방향특이성을예측할수있는어떠한비대칭성도발견하지못하였다. 결론 : 이극세포로부터의글루타메이트성자극유입은 P5, P10 단계에서모두균형적으로유입되며, 방향특이성은 NMDA R1 수용체의특이적인패턴에있지않음을밝혔다. 주제어 : 방향특이성, NMDA 수용체, 시냅스패턴, 신경절세포, 단일세포주사기법, 면역조직화학법 서론시각정보의출발점인망막은중추신경계의일부이지만물리적으로접근하기쉬울뿐아니라신경화학적으로도중추신경계에존재하는다양한신경전달물질 (neurotransmitter) 들이존재하며, 여러가지신경세포들이존재하는것으로밝혀져신경기작을이해하기위해가장많이연구되어온연구재료라고할수있다. [1,2] 망막에서일어나는여러가지신경기작중에특히, 정방향 (preferred direction) 으로움직이는물체에대해서는강하게반응하지만, 반대방향 (null direction) 으로움직이는물체에대해서는거의반응하지않는특성을방향특이성 (direction selectivity) 이라부른다. 이러한특성때문에우리는움직이는모든사물에대한적절한신체반응을할수있다. [3] 방향특이성은약 50년전에토끼망막에서처음발견되었다. 그이후로방향특이성의신경기작을이해하기위한많은연구들이수행되고있지만현재까지방향특이성을일으키는원인에대한명확한대답은미지로남아있다. [4] Barlow와 Levick은방향특이성이두개의입력신호 (input) 즉, 첫째로이극세포 (bipolar cell) 로부터오는것과 두번째로공간적으로측면 (laterally displaced) 에서시간적으로지연되어입력되는억제성입력신호들에의해서이론적으로설명할수있다고가설을세웠다. [5] 이러한가설을기본으로현재까지방향특이성에대한다양한연구가활발히진행중에있다. [6-13] 방향특이성신경절세포 (direction-selective retinal ganglion cell, DS-RGC) 의형태적구조는세포내염료주입과생리적막전위기록을통해알려지게되었다. 현재까지마우스망막에서 3가지형태의방향특이성신경절세포가발견되었다. [14-16] 그중에서 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포는가장잘특징화된세포형태이다. 이세포는내망상층 (inner plexiform layer, IPL) 의 70% 깊이의층인 ON과 20% 깊이의층인 OFF의 2개의수상돌기층 (dendritic arbors) 을가지고뻗어있다. [14,17,18] 이러한방향특이성신경절세포는외형상벌집모양의수상돌기를가지며, 이수상돌기는세포체를향해서휘어져있다. [19,20] 방향특이성을일으키기위해서는방향특이성신경절세포에흥분성자극과억제성자극모두가필요하다. [5,20,21] 현재까지알려진바에의하면방향특이성에기여하는흥분성역할을하는신경전달물질에는아세틸콜린 (acetylcholine) 과글루타메이트 (glutamate) 등이있다. 각각의세포는이러 *Corresponding author: Chang-Jin Jeon, TEL: , cjjeon@knu.ac.kr 533

2 534 이지건, 권오주, 전창진 한신경전달물질을이용하여고유의정보들을다양한표적 (target) 으로전달한다. [22] 본연구에서는이극세포가글루타메이트를통해방향특이성신경절세포에흥분성자극을전달할때, 어떠한패턴을가지고전달하는지를연구하고자하였다. 또한, 방향특이성의연구에있어서유전학적으로연구가용이한마우스를이용하여태어난지 5일 (postnatal, P5), 그리고 10일 (postnatal, P10) 마우스망막을대상으로연구를수행하였다. 이는마우스망막의발달상태어난지 8일째되는시점에글루타메이트매개의망막활성 (retinal activity) 이활발하다고보고되어지며또한태어난지 12일째에마우스가눈을뜬다는점에착안하여시기를선택하였다. [23,24] 따라서본연구에서는아직까지많은논란이제기되고있는방향특이성의신경기작을이해하기위하여, 이극세포로부터글루타메이트성 (glutamatergic) 자극을받는 ON- OFF 방향특이성신경절세포수상돌기 (dendrite) 상의 N- methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) R1 수용체의시냅스패턴이어떠한지를, 망막의발달상중요한시기인태어난지 5 일 (P5), 10일 (P10) 마우스망막을대상으로실험을수행함으로써각발생단계별로어떠한시냅스분포패턴의차이가있는지를비교분석하였다. 최종적으로이러한결과를통해방향특이성신경절세포의메커니즘을더깊이이해하고나아가포유동물의시각중추계의기능을이해하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 망막의분리 (retina isolation) 실험모델로사용된 C57BL/6 마우스 (P5, 그리고 P10) 는 ketamine hydrochloride (30~40 mg/kg) 와 xylazine (3~6 mg/kg) 혼합물을이용하여마취하였다. 눈깜박반사를방지하기위해눈의각막에국부마취제인 proparacaine HCl (100~200 l) 을사용하였다. 또한막을보호하기위해소량의 calcium chloride도첨가하였다. 안구는적도 (equator) 부분에서절반으로자르고, 수정체와유리체를제거하였다. 망막을적출할때에는 ames' medium (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) 상에서시행하였는데, 분리된망막또한산소 95% 와이산화탄소 5% 로유지되는 ames' medium에담구어두었다. [25,26] 동물에관련된모든실험과정은 Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research의 ARVO Statement 가이드라인에따랐다. 2. 단일세포주사기법 (single cell injection) 분리된망막은망막의세포를표지하기위해핵염색물질인 DAPI를이용하여염색하였다. 단일세포주사기법을 위해망막을 millipore filter paper (0.45 mm, Black, HABP 47 mm) 에조심스럽게신경절세포를위쪽방향으로 mounting 한후특수하게제작한 superfusion chamber로옮겨실험을수행하였다. 준비된조직은 zeiss fixed stage fluorescence microscope에특수제작한 stage에 mounting 한후망막을살아있는상태로지속시키기위해서 ames' medium으로관류시켜주었다. Lucifer yellow를미세전극에채운후전류발생기를이용하여주사하였으며, 이방법은이기술을처음으로개발한 Dr. Masland의방법을따랐다. [27] 방향특이성신경절세포는그특징적인세포의모양에의해세포가 Lucifer yellow로채워지게되면다른신경절세포와구분이가능하게된다. 3. 형광면역조직화학법 (fluorescence immunocytochemistry) Lucifer yellow가주입된망막은고정액 (4% paraformalsdehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer ph 7.4) 에서 2시간동안고정하였다. 형광면역조직화학법의세부적인과정은이전실험논문에자세히소개되어있다. [28] ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포상의 NMDA R1 수용체를확인하기위해 1차항체로 anti NMDA R1 (1: , Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) 을이용하였으며, 2차항체로 cy5 anti rabbit goat IgG (1: , Jackson ImmunoResearch, USA) 를이용하였다. 또한, 이극세포로부터의 ribbon synapses를확인하기위하여 mouse anti kinesin II (1: , Covance, USA) 와 cy3-conjugated anti mouse IgG (1:100, Jackson Immuno- Research, USA) 를각각이용하였다. 형광면역조직화학법이끝난조직은 vectashield mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, USA) 을이용하여슬라이드를제작하였다. 음성대조군으로약간의조직을 1차항체없이처리하였으며대조군조직에서는어떠한면역반응도관찰되지않았다. 4. 망막수직절편준비 (vertical section of retina) 망막의수직절편상에서 NMDA R1의분포를살펴보기위해일부망막들은 Millipore filter paper에조심스럽게신경절세포층 (ganglion cell layer) 을위쪽방향으로 mounting 한후 2~3시간정도고정을하였다. 이후 4% agarose gel을이용하여포매 (embedding) 한후, vibratome (Vibratome 3000, The Vibratome Company, USA) 을이용해서 50 µm 두께로관상단면으로절단한뒤형광면역조직화학법을실시하였다. 5. 데이터분석 방향특이성신경절세포는공초점현미경 (LSM 700, Carl

3 발생중마우스망막에서방향특이성신경절세포의 NMDA R1 수용체의시냅스패턴 535 Zeiss Meditec Inc., Jena, Germany) 을이용하여분석하였다. 삼중표지 (triple-labeling) 된세포를관찰하기위해 Lucifer yellow (488 nm), kinesin II (568 nm), 그리고 NMDA R1 (647 nm) 의 emission filter를이용하였다. ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포의전체수상돌기를정확히관찰하기위해서 Z-stack으로이미지를획득하였다. 유효한면역반응반점 (immune reactive punctum) 에대한자세한분석법은앞서보고된연구에서상세히기술하였다. [29] 본연구에서는 8개의주요방향에있는 ON-OFF 수상돌기위의 NMDA R1 수용체면역반응반점을계산하였다 (Fig. 6A). 첫째, NMDA R1 수용체의밀도는 linear dendritic extent ( 면역반응반점수 /µm dendrite) 로표현되었다. 그래프에서볼수있듯이, 면역반응반점수 /µm dendrite로나타내어지는수용체의평균밀도를세포중앙으로부터바깥쪽방향으로 10 µm 간격으로계산하였다. 둘째, NMDA R1 수용체밀도는 8개주요방향의수상돌기상의면역반응반점수 /µm dendrite 전체길이의평균밀도로표현되었다. ON-OFF 수상돌기상에위치한수용체의정확한공간적대칭성을측정하는 SI (symmetry index) 값은앞의분포밀도로부터계산하였다. SI값은다음의식을사용하여각각의세포에서계산하였다 [SI=10(B/A)]. [30] A는방향특이성신경절세포의 8개방향중하나에있는 NMDA R1 수용체면역반응반점의공간적밀도이고, B는 A와대칭적위치의수상돌기에있는면역반응반점의공간적밀도이다. SI의범위를최소 0에서최대 10으로하기위해비율에 10 을곱하였다. 즉, SI 값이 10이면완전히대칭적임을의미하고반대로 0이면대칭성이없다는것을의미한다. 결과 Fig. 1. ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells injected with Lucifer yellow. In these micrographs, taken at low magnification, both dendritic arbors are visible. The cells in panels (A), and (B) were used to analyze the distribution of NMDA glutamate receptor subtype NMDA R1 immunoreactivity, respectively. Bar = 20 µm. Fig. 2. Fluorescence confocal micrographs of vertical vibratome sections through midperipheral mouse retina immunolabeled with antibodies against NMDA glutamate receptor subtype NMDA R1 in P5 (A), and NMDA R1 in P10 (B). OPL, outer plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer. Bar = 20 µm. 1. ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포의형태적특징 Fig. 1은본연구에서분석한방향특이성신경절세포의전체적인형태를보여준다. 수상돌기는내망상층의 70% 깊이의 ON층과, 20% 깊이의 OFF층의두층에걸쳐뻗어있는형태를지니고있다. 또한, 방향특이성신경절세포의수상돌기는벌집형태 (honeycomb) 로겹쳐져있다. 마우스의망막에서이러한특징을가진다른뉴런은보고된바가없으므로, 세포를식별하는명백한특징이될수있다. [19] Fig. 1A는 P5 마우스망막에서동정한방향특이성신경절세포이며, Fig. 1B는 P10 마우스망막에서동정한방향특이성신경절세포이다. 본연구에서는이두개의세포를대상으로 NMDA R1 의시냅스분포패턴을분석하였다. 2. 망막의수직절편상에서의 NMDA R1 분포마우스망막의수직절편에서 NMDA R1의분포를확인 하기위해서각각의마우스망막을수직방향으로절단하여특이적인항체로반응시켰다. Fig. 2A와 Fig. 2B는각각 P5와 P10 마우스망막의 NMDA R1의면역반응반점을나타낸그림이다. 면역반응반점은두발생단계모두에서내망상층에서강하게나타났다. 또한, 외망상층 (outer plexiform layer, OPL) 에서도약한면역반응반점을확인할수있었다. 이러한결과는면역조직화학법을이용하여마우스망막을분석한다른연구와동일한결과를보였다. [31] 또한, 발생중마우스망막에서의 NMDA 수용체의 mrna 분석결과와도유사한결과를보였다. [32] 3. ON-OFF 층에서의 NMDA R1 분포 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포는내망상층의 ON과 OFF 층에각각수상돌기를분지하고있다. Fig. 3은방향

4 536 이지건, 권오주, 전창진 4. 수상돌기, NMDA R1 그리고 kinesin II 의 삼중표지 본 연구에서는 이극세포로부터의 글루타메이트성 자극 유입과 그 자극을 받는 방향특이성 신경절세포의 NMDA R1을 직접 보여주기 위해, 수상돌기, NMDA R1, 그리고 kinesin II에 대해 망막을 삼중표지 하였다(Fig. 4). 일반적 으로 kinesin II는 외망상층과 내망상층 모두에서 synaptic ribbon들의 마커로 나타난다.[33] Fig. 4에서 확인할 수 있듯 이, kinesin II (blue)와 NMDA R1 (red)이 겹쳐져 있으며, 이것은 또한 수상돌기(green) 위에서 co-localization 됨을 확인할 수 있다. NMDA R1와 kinesin II에 대해 이중표지 (double labeling) 했을 때, NMDA R1에 대한 면역반응반 점들은 kinesin II-labeled ribbon들과 일치하였다. Fig. 4에 서 P5, 그리고 P10 각각에 대한 kinesin II (blue)는 패널 A, F에 나타나 있고, NMDA R1 (red)은 패널 B, G에 나 타나 있다. 패널 C, H에서 두 개의 이미지가 병합되어 나 타나 있다. 또한, D, I에서 볼 수 있듯이 겹쳐진 면역반응 Fig. 3. Fluorescence confocal micrographs of midperipheral mouse retinal whole mounts immunolabeled with antibodies against NMDA R1 in P5 (A, C), and NMDA R1 in P10 (B, D). Panels (A), and (B) were taken from ON layers, while panels (C), and (D) were taken from OFF layers. Strong punctate immunoreactivity is present in both the ON and OFF layers. Bar = 10 µm. 반점은 수상돌기와도 co-localization되어 있음을 확인할 수 가 있으며, 이 이미지에서 화살표로 나타내 보이고 있 다. E, J에서는 각 수상돌기 이미지만을 따로 나타내었으 며, 우리가 분석한 특정 시냅스는 점(purple)으로 표지하였 다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 방법으로 각 발생 단계별 방 향특이성 신경절세포의 ON과 OFF 층에 대하여 분석을 수행하였다. 특이성 신경절세포의 ON과 OFF 층에서 NMDA R1의 분 포를 확인하기 위해, 각 발생 단계에 따라 두 층에서의 면 5. 전체 세포 상에서의 NMDA R1 분포 역반응반점을 보여주고 있다. 그림에서 볼 수 있듯이, 모 Fig. 5는 각 발생 단계별 방향특이성 신경절세포의 든 발생 단계의 마우스 망막에서 면역반응반점들은 내망 NMDA R1의 분포를 도식화 한 것이다. 수상돌기(black)에 상층의 ON과 OFF sublamina 모두에서 현저하게 나타남 붉은 점은 ON층을 나타내며, 수상돌기(green)에 푸른 점 을 확인할 수 있었다. 은 OFF층을 나타낸다. 또한, 두 층의 수상돌기를 병합시 Fig. 4. Fluorescence confocal micrographs of retinal whole mounts immunolabeled with antibodies against kinesin II (A, F), and NMDA R1 (B, G) in developing stages. (C) Superimposed image of kinesin II and NMDA R1 in P5. (H) Superimposed image of kinesin II and NMDA R1 in P10. NMDA GluR immunoreactive puncta coincide with kinesin-labeled ribbons. The arrowheads indicate double labeled puncta of kinesin II and NMDA R1 overlapping upon the dendrites. (D, I) Merged images of dendrite, kinesin II immunoreactivity, and NMDA GluR immunoreactivity. (E, J) Tracing of dendrite and co-localized kinesin II and NMDA puncta. Bar = 5 µm.

5 발생중마우스망막에서방향특이성신경절세포의 NMDA R1 수용체의시냅스패턴 537 Fig. 5. Reconstructed figures from digital photomicrographs showing the distribution of P5 NMDA R1 (A, B), and P10 NMDA R1 (D, E) on the ON (left column, black line with red dots) and OFF (middle column, green line with blue dots) dendritic arbors of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. Merged images of ON and OFF (right column) dendritic arbors of direction-selective cells and NMDA receptor immunoreactivity. Fig. 7. The histogram of the symmetry index (SI) for a spatial density of NMDA immunopuncta on the ON and OFF dendritic arbors of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. A SI value of 10 indicates a complete symmetry, and a SI value of 0 indicates no symmetry. 을따라뻗은 8개의주요방향에대해 (Fig. 6A) 수상돌기위 NMDA R1의면역반응반점의수를계산했다. 막대그래프는면역반응반점수 / 중심으로부터의 µm의평균밀도를보여준다 ( 각주요방향에대해세포체의중앙으로부터수상돌기끝쪽으로 10 µm 간격 ). NMDA R1 면역반응반점의밀도는각주요방향에속한면역반응반점수 /µm dendrite 전체길이의평균밀도로나타내었다. Fig. 6. Densities of P5 NMDA R1 (B), and P10 NMDA R1 (C) subunit immunopuncta on the ON and OFF dendritic arbors of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. (A) Method for calculating separately the distribution of NMDA subunit immunopuncta for each of the eight cardinal directions along the possible preferred-null axes. The central graphs (B), and (C) show the average density of immunoreactive puncta/total length of dendrites (µm) within each cardinal direction. 킨이미지를확인할수있다. 그림에서볼수있듯이, NMDA R1은외관상매우고르게전체수상돌기에분포하고있다. Fig. 5A-C는각각 P5, 그리고그림 Fig. 5D-F 는각각 P10 마우스의방향특이성신경절세포를대상으로분포를재구성하였다. 6. NMDA R1의분포밀도이로부터각발생단계별방향특이성신경절세포상의 NMDA R1의분포를가능한정 (preferred)-반대(null) 방향 7. Symmetry Index (SI) 우리는최종적으로위의계산을통해서 Fig. 7에서보이는 SI 표를추출해내었는데, 보이는것과같이 NMDA R1의분포는분석한모든층에서 10에가까운값을보이며, 균일하게분포하고있음을관찰할수있었다. 즉, 각발생단계별로방향특이성신경절세포상에위치하는 NMDA R1 시냅스분포패턴은매우대칭적임을알수있었다. 고찰본연구에서는방향특이성의기작을이해하기위하여, 이극세포로부터글루타메이트성자극을받는 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포상의 NMDA R1 수용체의시냅스패턴을분석하고자발생중인마우스망막을대상으로실험을수행하였다. 그결과, P5, 그리고 P10 마우스망막모두에서어떠한비대칭적인시냅스패턴도발견하지못하였다. 사실, 정확한시냅스의분석을위해서는전자현미경 (electron microscopy) 의사용이필수적이다. 하지만본연구에서는세포수상돌기전체에분포한수용체의패턴을분석하는것이목표이므로고해상도의공초점현미경 (confocal microscopy) 을사용하였다. 지금까지방향특이성에대한연구는주로성체동물을

6 538 이지건, 권오주, 전창진 대상으로수행되었으며, 연구방법또한주로전기생리학적, 약리학적인방법으로수행되어왔다. 본연구에서는발생중인마우스망막에서방향특이성신경절세포의시냅스패턴을분석하였다. 마우스와토끼의경우, 방향특이성이처음으로발견되는시기는눈을뜨고난후부터이다. [11,34-38] 그러나마우스망막의경우눈을뜨기전부터이미거의완전한층화 (lamination) 를이루고있다. 본연구에서는세포의형태학적인특징을근거로 P5 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포를동정할수있었다. 이는, 태어난지 3일부터성체세포와유사한외형을가지고있다는이전연구결과와일치하였다. [39] 일반적으로원추세포 (cone cell) 의자극을받는이극세포는신경전달물질로글루타메이트를방출한다. [40-42] 이온성글루타메이트 (ionotropic glutamate) 수용체에는 N- methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), 그리고 kainate (KA) 가있다. [43-45] 이전의여러연구에서, 이러한글루타메이트수용체의작용을막았을경우방향특이성이사라짐을확인하였다. [46,47] 특히, Cohen and Miller는방향특이성신경절세포로의글루타메이트유입의대부분이 NMDA 수용체를매개로한다고보고하였다. [48] 이를종합하면, 글루타메이트를받는수용체가방향특이성을결정하는데아주중요한역할을한다는것을의미한다. 본연구진은이전연구에서마우스망막을대상으로글루타메이트수용체중 kainate 수용체의시냅스패턴을분석한결과어떠한비대칭적인패턴도발견하지못하였다. [49] 본연구에서도, 이전의결과와유사하게 NMDA R1의시냅스패턴은세발생단계에서거의대칭적이었다. 그러나앞으로많은다른종류의수용체아형에대한시냅스분포패턴에대한연구가필요할것으로보인다. NMDA 수용체는발생중시상 (thalamus) 과시각피질 (visual cortex) 의가소성 (plasticity) 에있어서도중요한역할을담당한다. [50-53] 그러나현재까지발생중망막에서일어나는변화와 NMDA 수용체와의관계성에대한연구는많이부족한실정이다. 최근연구결과에의하면, NMDA R1의발현은시각적경험 (visual experience) 과는독립적이며, 또한빛의박탈 (deprivation) 과도아무상관이없다고보고되었다. [54] 본연구에서도이와동일하게수상돌기의형태나시냅스유입은시각적경험이나빛의박탈과는무관하고, 모든발생단계에서균형적으로분포하고있음을알수있었다. 그럼에도불구하고, 특정방향에대한선호를가진방향특이성신경절세포들의분포는눈을뜬이후에더욱정교화 (refinement) 된다고한다. [23] 이러한점에서, 발생중망막에서일어나는방향특이성에대해앞으로꾸준한연구가필요할것으로보인다. 한편, 방향특이성에있어서아주중요한역할을한다고알려진성상형무축삭세포 (starburst amacrine cell) 는아세틸콜린 (acetylcholine) 과 γ-aminobutyric acid(gaba) 를동시에분비한다고알려져있다. [55] 최근의연구결과에서성상형무축삭세포로부터의비대칭적인억제성신호가방향특이성을일으키는데필수적인요소라보고되었다. [7,11,12] 이러한점을종합해볼때, 방향특이성을이해하기위해서글루타메이트수용체의다른아형에대한분석과함께망막의발생과정중일어나는성상형무축삭세포와방향특이성신경절세포간의상호작용에대한더깊은연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결 론 결론적으로, 본연구에서는방향특이성을이해하기위해망막의발생단계를따라 ON-OFF 방향특이성신경절세포상에있는 NMDA R1의시냅스패턴을분석하였다. 그결과, 두발생단계모두에서어떠한특징적인수용체의패턴이발견되지않았다. 즉, 글루타메이트성자극의유입은이른발생단계시절부터균형적으로유입이되며, 방향특이성은 NMDA 수용체의특이적인패턴에있지않았다. 이러한결과는방향특이성의신경기작을이해하는데도움이되리라생각한다. 감사의글 이논문은 2010년도정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업임 (NRF ). REFERENCES [1] Masland RH. Neuronal cell types. Curr Biol. 2004; 14(13): [2] Taylor WR, Vaney DI. Diverse synaptic mechanisms generate direction selectivity in the rabbit retina. J Neurosci. 2002;22(17): [3] Vaney DI, Sivyer B, Taylor WR. Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(3): [4] Barlow HB, Hill RM. Selective sensitivity to direction of movement in ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Science. 1963;139(3553): [5] Barlow HB, Levick WR. The mechanism of directionally selective units in rabbit's retina. J Physiol. 1965;178(3): [6] Borg-Graham LJ. The computation of directional selectivity in the retina occurs presynaptic to the ganglion cell.

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8 540 이지건, 권오주, 전창진 sion, San Diego: Academic Press, 1995; [42] Massey SC, Miller RF. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors of ganglion cells in rabbit retina. J Neurophysiol. 1990;63(1): [43] Hollmann M, Heinemann S. Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1994;17(1): [44] Ozawa S, Kamiya H, Tsuzuki K. Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;54(5): [45] Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW. The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989;29(1): [46] Kittila CA, Massey SC. Pharmacology of directionally selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. J Neurophysiol. 1997;77(2): [47] Tjepkes DS, Amthor FR. The role of NMDA channels in rabbit retinal directional selectivity. Vis Neurosci. 2000; 17(2): [48] Cohen ED, Miller RF. Quinoxalines block the mechanism of directional selectivity in ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;92(4): [49] Lee JG, Lee KP, Jeon CJ. Synaptic pattern of KA1 and KA2 upon the direction-selective ganglion cells in developing and adult mouse retina. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2012;45(1): [50] Catalano SM, Chang CK, Shatz CJ. Activity-dependent regulation of NMDAR1 immunoreactivity in the developing visual cortex. J Neurosci. 1997;17(21): [51] Guenther E, Schmid S, Wheeler-Schilling T, Albach G, Grnder T, Fauser S, Kohler K. Developmental plasticity of NMDA receptor function in the retina and the influence of light. FASEB J. 2004;18(12): [52] Kirkwood A, Rioult MC, Bear MF. Experience-dependent modification of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex. Nature. 1996;381(6582): [53] Xue J, Cooper NG. The modification of NMDA receptors by visual experience in the rat retina is age dependent. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001;91(1-2): [54] Chang YC, Chen CY, Chiao CC. Visual experience-independent functional expression of NMDA receptors in the developing rabbit retina. IOVS. 2010;51(5): [55] Lee S, Kim K, Zhou ZJ. Role of ACh-GABA cotransmission in detecting image motion and motion direction. Neuron. 2010;68(6): Synaptic Pattern of NMDA R1 upon the Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells in Developing Mouse Retina Jee-Geon Lee 1, Oh-Ju Kwon 2, and Chang-Jin Jeon 1, * 1 Dept. of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, , Korea 2 Dept. of Optometry, Busan Institute of Science and Technology, Busan, , Korea (Received October 30, 2013: Revised November 21, 2013: Accepted December 14, 2013) Purpose: To investigate the synaptic pattern of NMDA glutamate receptor subtype NMDA R1 on the dendritic arbors of ON-OFF direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (DS-RGSs) in developing [(5,10) days postnatal (PN)] mouse retina. Methods: ON-OFF DS-RGCs were injected with Lucifer yellow and the cells were identified by their characteristic morphology. To identify glutamatergic excitatory input from bipolar cell, we used a marker for the membrane traffic motor protein kinesin. Results: We identified DS-RGCs in P5, and P10 mouse retina. The immunofluorescence labeling of NMDA R1 was most prominent in the IPL. Our results showed that their presence upon the entire dendritic arbor of ON-OFF DS-RGCs is without any evidence of asymmetry, which would predict direction selectivity. Conclusions: The glutamatergic input from bipolar cell reveals symmetry pattern in all periods of P5, and P10. The results may suggest that direction selectivity not lies in the specific pattern of NMDA R1 receptors. Key words: Direction selectivity, NMDA receptor, Synaptic pattern, Retinal ganglion cell, Single cell injection, Immunocytochemstry

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