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4 105 public sphere marketplace of ideas 17 1) John Stuart Mill John Milton Areopagitica A Speech of Mr John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to the Parliament of England London pp

5 106 Oskar Negt Alexander Kluge proletarian public sphere bourgeois public sphere 2) 2 Oskar Negt Alexander Kluge The Proletarian Public Sphere In Mattelart Armand Siegelaub Seth eds Communication and Class Struggle vol 2 Liberation Socialism New York International General 1972/1983 pp 92 94

Sphere In Mattelart Armand Siegelaub Seth eds Communication and Class

6 107 3) 4) Stanley Ingber 3 Philip M Napoli Foundations of Communications Policy Principles and Process in the Regulation of Electronic Media Creskill NJ Hampton Press 2001 pp Ibid pp

7 108 5) Stanley Ingber The Marketplace of Ideas A Legitimizing Myth Duke Law Journal February 1984 pp 1 91

8 109 diversity

9 110 the Truth 6) 7) 8) 6 Napoli op cit p 99 7 Ingber op cit p 25 8 Napoli op cit p 102

10 ) source diversity 1 a b outlet 2 content diversity exposure diversity Ibid p 129

11 112 Daniel Hallin Paolo Mancini Polarized Pluralist Democratic Corporatist Liberal Model 10) organized pluralism 10 Daniel C Hallin and Paolo Mancini Comparing Media Systems Three Models of Media and Politics Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2004 pp 66 76

Hallin and Paolo Mancini Comparing Media Systems Three Models of

12 113 external pluralism individualized pluralism internal pluralism 11) 11 Ibid p 76

13 114

14 115 Hallin Mancini op cit p 67

15 116 consensus professional dominant hegemonic 12) 13) Todd Gitlin Stuart Hall Encoding Decoding in S Hall et al eds Culture Media Language Working Papers in Cultural Studies London Hutchinson CCCS 1980 pp Eytan Gilboa ed Media and Conflict Framing Issues Making Policy Shaping Opinions Ardsley NY

in Cultural Studies 1972 1979 London Hutchinson CCCS 1980 pp 128 38 13 Eytan

16 117 14) Glasgow University Media Group 15) framing Iyengar Simon Transactional Publishers 2002 Glasgow University Media Group War and Peace News Milton Keynes Open University Press 1985 Gadi Wolfsfeld Media and Political Conflict News from the Middle East Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997 Philip Schlesinger Graham Murdock and Philip Elliott Televising Terrorism Political Violence in Popular Culture London Comedia Publishing Group 1983 Graham Murdock Political Deviance The Press Presentation of a Militant Mass Demonstration in Stanley Cohen and Jock Young eds The Manufacture of News rev ed London Constable 1981 Paul Hartmann and Charles Husband The Mass Media and Racial Conflict in Stanley Cohen and Jock Young eds The Manufacture of News rev ed London Constable Todd Gitlin The Whole World is Watching Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left Berkeley CA University of California Press Glasgow University Media Group Bad News London Routledge Kegan Paul 1976 Glasgow University Media Group More Bad News London Routledge Kegan Paul Glasgow University Media Group Really Bad News London Writers and Readers

in Popular Culture London Comedia Publishing Group 1983 Graham Murdock Political Deviance The Press Presentation of a Militant Mass Demonstration in Stanley Cohen and Jock Young eds The Manufacture

17 118 themativc frame episodic frame 16) alternative media alternative to 16 S Iyengar and A Simon News Coverage of the Gulf and Public Opinion A Study of Agenda Setting Priming and Framing Communication Research Vol 20 No pp

the Gulf and Public Opinion A Study of Agenda Setting

18 119 17) John Downing radical Media 18) 19) Raymond Williams skills capitalization 17 Tim O Sullivan et al Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies 2nd ed London Routledge 1994 p John Downing Radical Media The Political Experience of Alternative Communication Boston MA South End Press Royal Commission on the Press Periodicals and the Alternative Press London HMSO 1977 Chris Atton Alternative media London Sage 2002 p 12

The Political Experience of Alternative Communication Boston MA South End Press 1984 19 Royal Commission on the

19 120 control 20) Rodriguez citizens communication 21) Stephen Dunscombe assimilating 20 Raymond Williams Means of Communication as Means of Production in Problems in Materialism and Culture London Verso 1980 pp Clemencia Rodriguez The Bishop and His Star Citizens Communication in Southern Chile in Nick Couldry and James Curran eds Contesting Media Power Alternative Media in a Networked World Lanham MD Rowman Littlefield 2003

63 21 Clemencia Rodriguez The Bishop and His Star Citizens Communication in Southern Chile in Nick Couldry

20 121 22) communicative competence 22 Stephen Duscombe Notes from Underground Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture London Verso 1997 p 127 Atton op cit p 18

21 122

22 123 underground

23 124 zine agenda setting

24 )

25 126 TV )

26 ) 26) 27) ) p p op cit p pp

27 )

28 129 30)

29 130 31) ) pp

30 131 33)

31 132 34) 35) p Stuart Hall The Rediscovery of Ideology Return of the Repressed in Media Studies in Gurevitch et al eds Culture Society and the Media London Methuen 1982

32 133 36) )

33 134 a b 3 a a a b a a 38) pp 97 99

34 135

35 professionalism

36 137

37 Atton Chris Alternative Media London Sage Publications 2002 Downing John Radical Media The Political Experience of Alternative Communication Boston MA South End Press 1984 Gilboa Eytan ed Media and Conflict Framing Issues Making Policy Shaping Opinions Ardsley NY Transactional Publishers 2002 Gitlin Todd The Whole World is Watching Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left Berkeley CA University of California Press 1980

38 139 Glasgow University Media Group Bad News London Routledge Kegan Paul 1976 More Bad News London Routledge Kegan Paul Really Bad News London Writers and Readers War and Peace News Milton Keynes Open University Press 1985 Hall Stuart Encoding Decoding in Hall S et al eds Culture Media Language Working Papers in Cultural Studies London Hutchinson CCCS 1980 The Rediscovery of Ideology Return of the Repressed in Media Studies in Gurevitch et al eds Culture Society and the Media London Methuen 1982 Hallin Daniel C and Mancini Paolo Comparing Media Systems Three Models of Media and Politics Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2004 Hartmann Paul and Husband Charles The Mass Media and Racial Conflict in Cohen Stanley and Young Jock eds The Manufacture of News rev ed London Constable 1981 Ingber Stanley The Marketplace of Ideas A Legitimizing Myth Duke Law Journal February 1984 pp 1 91 Iyengar S and Simon A News Coverage of the Gulf and Public Opinion A Study of Agenda Setting Priming and Framing Communication Research Vol 20 No pp Milton John Areopagitica A Speech of Mr John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to the Parliament of England London

39 140 Mudock Graham Political Deviance The Press Presentation of a Militant Mass Demonstration in Cohen Stanley and Young Jock eds The Manufacture of News rev ed London Constable 1981 Napoli Philip M Foundations of Communications Policy Principles and Process in the Regulation of Electronic Media Creskill NJ Hampton Press 2001 Negt Oskar Kluge Alexander The Proletarian Public Sphere in Mattelart Armand Siegelaub Seth eds Communication and Class Struggle vol 2 Liberation Socialism New York International General pp O Sullivan Tim et al Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies 2nd ed London Routledge 1994 Rodriguez Clemencia The Bishop and His Star Citizens Communication in Southern Chile in Couldry Nick and Curran James eds Contesting Media Power Alternative Media in a Networked World Lanham MD Rowman Littlefield 2003 Schlesinger Philip Murdock Graham and Elliott Philip Televising Terrorism Political Violence in Popular Culture London Comedia Publishing Group 1983 Williams Raymond Means of Communication as Means of Production Problems in Materialism and Culture London Verso 1980 pp Wolfsfeld Gadi Media and Political Conflict News from the Middle East Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997

40 141 Abstract Mainstream Media, Alternative Media and Social Conflict Im, Yung-ho (Pusan National University) The notion of alternative media originates from the liberalist ideal of the marketplace of ideas. However, the distinction between the mainstream and laternative media itself testifies the insuperable cleavage between the ideal and reality of the market. Consequently, it is necessary to examine major issues regarding Milton s metaphor, such as the potential conflict between the marketplace of ideas and that of commodities, the multifarious nature of the notion of diversity, and the structural dependency of the media on social system. In view of those factors, it seems inevitable that the mainstream media has intrinsic limitations in the portrayal of social conflicts involving diverse social groups. As far as the media try to meet the needs of the majority to survive fierce competition, the market may function as a filtering mechanism by which the minority views are systematically disfavored. Subsequently, alternative media may seek to represent the voices of minorities, pursue less hierarchical and professional mode of production, or develop what Rodriquez called citizens media by which the audience finds opportunity for participation and formation of identity. In Korea, diverse forms of alternative media appeared since the 1990s, such as what I call the Hankyorae(progressive daily), the Ohmynews (citizens media), the labor-press, and the Blog types, respectively. Despite the overall prosperity of alternative

41 142 media movements, the labor-press type was especially the least visible, thus failing to reflect the politically minor views regarding social issues. Also, the current financial predicament of Hankyorae testifies how difficult it is for a progressive daily to survive in the market. Thus, I argue that we needs to deliberate ways to diversify alternative media of labor-press types, so that they may represent the interests and views of the concerned groups in issues of conflicts.

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 식민지 공공영역 으로서의 1910년대 每日申報 * 1) 윤상길** 2) (인천대학교 인천학연구원) 본고는 1910년대 당시의 시대상황과 합병직후의 문화상황 속에서 每日申報 가 가지는 사회적 역할 이 무엇인가라는 문제의식에서 출발하여, 이를 식민지 공공영역 개념을 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 강제 병합 직후 식민지 조선의 공론장 구성이 일본어를 근간으로