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16 ʻʼ ʻ ʼ Bilyeu, J. K., & Wann, D. L.(2002). An investigation of racial differences in sport fan motivation. International Sports Journal, 6(2), Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive and self concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 15, Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, Dietz-Uhler, B., Harrick, E. A., End, C., & Jacquemotte, L. (2000). Sex difference in sport fan behavior and reasons for being a sport fan. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, Druckman, J. N., Hennessy, C. L., St. Charles, K., & Webber, J. (2010). Competing rhetoric over time: Frames versus cues. Journal of Politics, 72, Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95, Gladden, J. M., Mahony, D. F., & Apostolopoulou, A. (2005). Toward a better understanding of college athletic donors:

17 What are the primary motives? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14, Holton, A. E., Farrell, L. C., & Fudge, J. L. (2014). A threatening space?: Stigmatization and the framing of autism in the news. Communication Studies. 65(2), James, J. D., & Ross, S. D. (2004). Comparing sport consumer motivations across multiple sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13(1), Kim, Y., & Trail, G. (2010). Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 24, Lecheler, S. & de Vreese, C. H. (2012). News framing and public opinion: A mediation analysis of framing effects on political attitudes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(2), Mahony, D. F., Gladden, J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2003). Examining athletic donors at NCAA division I institutions. International Sports Journal, 7(1), Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., Funk, D. C., James, J. D., & Gladden, J. M. (2002). Motivational factors influencing the behaviour of J. League spectators. Sport Management Review, 5, McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-Escobar, E., Rey, F. (1997). Candidate images in Spanish elections: Second-level agendasetting effects. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74, McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Milne, G. R., & McDonald, M. A. (1999). Sport marketing: managing the exchange process. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Nelson, M. (2005). Sports history as a vehicle for social and cultural understanding in American. The Social Studies, 96(3), Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw- Hill. Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to News discourse. Political Communication, 10, Robinson, M. J., Trail, G. T., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A., J. (2005). Fans vs. spectators: An analysis of those who attend intercollegiate football games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14, Sabine. G. H., & Thorson, T. L. (1996). A History of Political Theory( )., ( ), :. Scheufele, D. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(4), Sloan, L. R. (1989). The motives of sports fans. In J. D. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports games, and play: Social and psychosocial viewpoints (2nd ed., pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Snipes, R. L., & Ingram, R. (2007). Motivators of collegiate sport attendance: A comparison across demographic groups. Innovative Marketing, 3, Trail, G. T., & James, J. D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale s psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1), Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19, Wann, D. L. (2002). Preliminary validation of a measure for assessing identification as a sport fan: The sport fandom questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Management, 3, Wann, D. L., Grieve, F. G., Zapalac, R. K., & Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational profiles of sport fans of different sports. Sport Marking Quarterly, 17, Wann, D., & Waddill, P. (2003). Predicting sport fan motivation using anatomical sex and gender role orientation. North American Journal of Psychology, 5, Won, J., & Kitamura, K. (2007). Comparative analysis of sport consumer motivations between South Korea and Japan. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16, Yang, D. (2013). The communication effects of audience situation and message framing on smoking cessation. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(4),

18 Strategic Communications: An Investigation on Message Framing, Ideology, and Spectator Motivation for Professional Sport Consumers Han, Dongyoo Hannam University

Political Science& International Relations EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY

Political Science& International Relations EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY Public Administration EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY Economics EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY Library & Information Science EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY Sociology