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1 The Krean Jurnal f Micrbilgy, Vl. 45, N. 3, September 2009, p Cpyright 2009, The Micrbilgical Sciety f Krea š x w³ w l sƒ ½ 1,2 Á½ 4 *Á 3 Á ³ 5 t t w w w w y yw ü w³ x x BacT/Alert, Ogawa Löwenstein-Jensen w. l» Egg-based media (Ogawa, Löwenstein-Jensen ) w wy» x. N-Acetyl-L-cystine 4% NaOH w z BacT/Alert l Ogawa wš w w. wy š, Ogawa y 89 (65.9%), BacT/Alert 97 (71.9%)ƒ y. w³ s³ Ogawa 22.4, BacT/Alert 11.3 y w. x 32 w³ w, isniazid ƒw BacT/Alert Löwenstein-Jensen x e 87.5% š, rifampicin e 90.6% ùkû. Key wrds ý acid fast bacilli (AFB), BacT/alert prcess system, isniazid (INH), M. tubercilsis, rifampicin (RIF), sputum culture, drug susceptibility test (DST)» d w 61 1/3 20 w³ š, 1%ƒ w³ ƒ k š w. w 8 y ƒ š, 2 y ƒ w w š (6). ù ƒ tw w Õ (30 ) w 3, (5 ) w 18 ù š, w Õ (4 ) 2.5, (1 ) w 100 t. ù OECD ƒ (30 ) w 1 w. ƒ w w, w w e ƒ v w. w,, š w ³(Acid-Fast Bacilli, w AFB) w q ù, w³ w. m w 6 ƒ w» w y 24 ü wš ü w³ w, 15 ü 30 ü w w ü x w» x (10). ƒ w x š *T whm crrespndence shuld be addressed. Tel: , Fax: hisckim@naver.cm AFB w» w x Ÿ (auramine rhdamin), w ³ ³ w IS6110 fingerprinting w w š (5, 7, 8). w³ w» š y z w y w w w. l BacT/Alert prcess system w wy l w³ wš ü w³ x w w³ ü w l 9 ¾ w wy š y 135 w. w³ w x ³ w w ³ H 37 Rv (ATCC 27294) w w w ATCC w ³ œ w. wy w 50 ml Falcn plyprpylene tube w 2~3 ü w. 281
2 282 Jin-Sk Kim et al. Fig. 1. The detectin f acid fast bacilli in stained smears. N-Acetyl-L-cystine (이하 NALC)를 넣어 객담을 용해시킨 후, 객 담과 동량으로 4% NaOH를 첨가하고 객담이 충분히 풀어지도록 15분간 vrtexing하였다. 혼합액에 멸균된 M phsphate buffer (ph 6.8, 이하 PBS)를 2.5배 첨가하여 혼합한 후 4,300 rpm, 4 C, 20분간 원침하였다. 상층액은 폐기하고 남은 침 사에 멸균된 PBS를 첨가한 후 BacT/Alert 배양병 및 Ogawa 배 지에 접종하였다. 항산균염색 유리슬라이드에 침사를 직경 약 1~2 cm로 도말 한 후 15분 동 안 건조시키고 Ziehl-Neelsen법으로 항산균 염색을 실시하였으며, 현미경 1,000배 시야에서 전시야를 검경하였다(Fig. 1). 검경기준 은 국제항결핵연맹에서 제시된 기준표를 사용하였다(Table 1). 액체 및 고체배지를 이용한 결핵균 배양시험 액체배지를 이용한 배양시험 침사를 BacT/Alert 배양병(Bimerieux, Inc. Durham, NC 접종한 후 BacT/Alert prcess system에서 배양하였다. 액체배지인 BacT/Alert 배양병 구성성분은 10 ml의 mdified Middlebrk 7H9 brth에 pancreatic digest f casein, bvine serum albumin, catalase, leic acid, glycerl, 및 bvine serum albumin 등에 결핵균만 선택적으로 자라고 다른 미생물은 생육을 저지할 수 있도록 제조된 항생제 혼합물인 amphtericin B, 27704)에 azlcilin, nalidixic acid, plymyxin B, trimethprime, vancmycin 성분을 포함한 supplement를 접종하기 전에 첨가하였다(3). BacT/Alert prcess system은 PC에 연결하였고, 각각의 BacT/ Table 1. Acid-fast smear evaluatin and reprting Numbers f AFB bserved Fuchsin stain 1,000 0 Negative fr AFB (-) 1-2/300 Fields Number seen (±) 1-9/100 Fields Average n./100 Fields (1+) 1-9/10 Fields Average n./10 Fields (2+) 1-9/Field Average n./fields (3+) >9/Field Greater than 9/Field (4+) Surce : KENT, P.T. and G.P. Kubica Public Health Mycbaterilgy : a Guide fr the Level III Labratny. U.S. Department f Health and Human Services, Centers fr Disease Cntrl, Atlanta, Ga Kr. J. Micrbil Fig. 2. Löwenstein-Jensen media including anti-tuberculsis drugs. Alert 배양병은 bar cde로 등록하여 system에서 37 C로 배양하 였다. 결핵균이 배양되면서 방출되는 CO 는 gas-permeable sensr가 각 BacT/Alert 배양병 바닥에 있는 clrimetric indicatr를 통해 탐지함으로써 배양병 내의 균 배양 상태를 확인 하였다(Fig. 3). 자동으로 24시간 mnitring하여 균수가 clny frming unit 정도 배양되어지면 양성으로 확인하며 만약 정해진 기간(42일)이내에 양성으로 탐지되지 않으면 음성으로 인식된다 (8). BacT/Alert prcess system을 이용한 결핵균 배양의 장점은 이 2 6 미 제조된 배지를 사용하는 정확함과 편리함이 있고 검출시간이 빠르다는 점에서 큰 장점이 있으며 배양정보가 자동 저장됨으로 24시간 모니터가 가능하고 비방사선 배양검출 방법이므로 안전 하게 검사할 수 있다. 고체배지를 이용한 배양시험 전처리된 검체를 Ogawa 배지에 접종하여 37 C 배양기에서 배 양하였다. 배양상태 점검은 1주에 2번씩 8주 동안 균 집락 형태 및 색깔을 통해 충분히 판단하였다. 인형 결핵균만이 양성을 나 타내는 niacin 시험은 Ogawa 배지에서 8주까지 배양한 후 1 ml 의 멸균된 증류수에 0.5 ml의 10% cyangen brmide와 0.5 ml의 4% aniline alchl을 넣고, 5분후 액체가 황색으로 변하면 양성 으로 판단하였으며, 실시할 때마다 양성 및 음성균주로 대조시험 하였다. 배양에 이용한 배지는 Ogawa 배지이며 객담 내 결핵균 의 배양에 사용하였다. 결핵균군(Mycbacterium tuberculsis cmplex)은 크게 사람에 게 폐결핵을 일으키는 Mycbacterium tuberculsis와 우형결핵을 일으키는 Nntuberculus mycbacterial (이하 NTM)로 분류할 수 있다. M. tuberculsis와 NTM과의 구별은 1차적으로 균집락 및 색깔 을 통하여 실시 되어왔다. 고체배지상에서 M. tuberculsis의 집 락모양은 무광택의 거친 표면의 부서지기 쉬운 모양을 하며 고 형치즈 조직과 유사한 모양을 보이고, NTM 집락 모양은 오렌지 색깔이나 광택을 가지며 둥글고 미끈한 모양을 보인다. 액체 및 고체배지를 이용한 수성 시험 isniazid/rifampicin 약제 감 약제 감수성 시험에 사용된 약제는 isniazid와 rifampicin이며 이들 약제는 결핵치료의 기본적이면서도 중요한 일차약제로 사
3 고위험병원체 결핵균의 신속진단을 위한 액체배양시스템 평가 Vl. 45, N Table 3. Duratin f cultivatin fr M. tuberculsis frm sputum samples Micrscpy Smear (-) (n=40) Smear (+) (n=95) Fig. 3. Liquid culture system (BacT/Alert prcess system). 용되어진다. 두 약제에 내성이 있는 결핵균 multi-drug resistance tuberculsis (이하 MDR-TB)를 갖고 있는 환자의 경우 치료의 상당한 어려움이 있어 이 두가지 약제에 대한 감수성 시험 결과 는 초기 치료에 매우 중요하다(5). 약제 감수성 시험에서는 32개의 배양균주를 사용하였으며 BacT/Alert 배양병에 supplement 0.5 ml을 첨가하고 항결핵 약제 isniazid (Sigma )를 최종 농도 1 µg/ml, rifampicin (Sigma ) 최종농도 1 µg/ml 되도록 하여 사용하였다. 비교군에 는 supplement는 첨가하지만 약제는 첨가하지 않았다. 배양 양성으로 탐지된 배양 균액 100 µl를 isniazid와 rifampicin을 각각 첨가한 BacT/Alert 배양병에 syringe을 이용하 여 접종한 후에 BacT/Alert prcess system에서 배양하고 24시간 동안 배양상태를 모니터하였다. 대조군과 동일하거나 빠르게 양성으로 검출되면 내성이라고 판정하였고, 대조군보다 늦게 양성으로 검출되거나 음성으로 검 출되면 그 해당약제에 감수성이 있는 것으로 판정하였다. 약제 감수성 시험의 대조군으로 사용하기 위해서 약제 isniazid와 rifampicin을 각각 함유한 Löwenstein-Jensen 배지에 결핵균액 50 µl를 접종하여 37 C 배양기에 배양하였다. 4주(28일) 이내에 집락과 배양상태를 확인하여 자라게 되면 그 해당약제에 내성이 있다고 판단하였고 배양되지 않았으면 감수성이 있는 것 으로 판단하였다(Fig. 2). 결핵균에 대한 약제 감수성 시험에서 비교균주로서 모든 항결 핵제 감수성균주인 H Rv (ATCC 27294)를 이용하였고, 비교 약 제는 isniazid, rifampicin이 함유된 Löwenstein-Jensen 배지를 사 37 Table 2. Cmparative f culture methds fr M. tuberculsis frm sputum samples Micrscpy (1000 ) Smear (-) (n=40) Smear (+) (n=95) Ttal (n=135) Ogawa medium N (%) f psitive islates 5/135 (3.7%) 84/135 (62.2%) 89/135 (65.9%) BacT/Alert prcess system N (%) f psitive islates 9/135 (6.7%) 88/135 (65.2%) 97/135 (71.9%) Ogawa medium Duratin (mean time: days) (24.4 days) (22.4 days) BacT/Alert prcess system Duratin (mean time: days) (21.3 days) 8-34 (11.3 days) 용하였다(4). 결 과 도말검사 및 액체 고체배지 배양시험 결과 / 전체 135개의 객담 검체 중 객담도말검사결과에서 도말양성으 로 관찰된 검체는 95개였다. 동일 검체를 Ogawa 배지에서 배양 하여 niacin 시험을 실시하여 확인한 결과 양성으로 검출된 수는 89개로서 65.9%였다. BacT/Alert prcess system에서는 솔젠트사 의 Mycbacterium tuberculsis detectin kit를 사용하여 결핵균 을 탐지하였다. 보조적으로 PCR을 추가 실시하였으며 결핵균에 특이적으로 존재하는 IS6110 부위를 증폭하여 확인한 양성 결과 는 97개(71.9%)였다. 객담도말검사결과에서 도말검사 음성으로 관찰된 객담 40개중 Ogawa 배지에서는 5개, BacT/Alert prcess system에서 9개가 배양양성으로 검출되어 도말검사결과 음성 검 체를 대상으로 배양검출율을 비교하면 BacT/Alert prcess system이 Ogawa 배지를 이용한 배양보다 약 2배 정도 배양검출 률이 높음을 보여주었다(Table 2). 그리고 95개 도말검사결과 도 말양성인 검체의 결핵균 배양 평균일이 Ogawa 배지에서는 22.4 일이었으며, BacT/Alert prcess system에서의 평균 배양일은 11.3일로서 배양기간도 고체배지보다 액체배지인 BacT/Alert prcess system에서 약 1/2로 단축되었다(Table 3). 액체 및 고체배지를 이용한 성 시험 결과 isniazid/rifampicin 약제 감수 BacT/Alert prcess system에서 배양 양성으로 검출된 균액을 즉시 항결핵제가 첨가된 BacT/Alert 배양병에 접종하여 isniazid 또는 rifampicin의 약제 감수성 시험을 실시하였으며, 약제 감수 성 시험 결과의 비교 및 판정은 isniazid 또는 rifampicin이 함 유된 Löwenstein-Jensen 배지에서의 감수성 시험결과와 비교하였 다(Table 4). 약제감수성 시험에 사용된 결핵균주는 32개로서, 일차약제인 Table 4. Antituberculus drugs and their cncentratins used fr drug susceptibility testing Löwenstein-Jensen Drugs media (µg/ml) Isniazid 0.2 Rifampicin 40 BacT/Alert prcess system (µg/ml) 1 1
4 284 Jin-Sk Kim et al. Kr. J. Micrbil Table 5. Cncrdant rate between the BacT/Alert prcess system and Löwenstein-Jensen media fr DST cncrdant rate isniazid rifampicin w BacT/Alert prcess system m Löwenstein-Jensen e w. Isniazid x BacT/Alert prcess system Löwenstein-Jensen e 87.5% (28/32) š, rifampicin x e 90.6% (29/32) ùkû (Table 5). Drugs Sensitivity Isniazid 87.5% (28/32) Rifampicin 90.6% (29/32) š e y w, 135 w 95 ƒ. BacT/Alert prcess system 97/135 (71.9%) ùkþš Ogawa 89/135 (65.9%). s³» BacT/Alert prcess system 11.3, Ogawa 22.4 w, s³» BacT/Alert prcess system w ƒ Ogawa w 2 w. ƒ 135 7~11 ùkû, wy e w e y ³ sw ù, ƒ». ³ 32 w³ ³ x w, w w ƒ» w isniazid rifampicin w. Isniazid yw isnictinic acid hydrazide» w³ s myclic acid w w w w w. rifampicin Streptmyces mediterrani w w rifamycin B w» DNA dependent RNA plymerase β- subunit e w w» RNA w w w w ùkü š (1). w w isniazid ƒw BacT/Alert prcess system ü w w isniazidƒ w Löwenstein-Jensen ü e 87.5% (28/32) rifampicin ƒw BacT/Alert prcess system ü rifampicin w w Löwenstein-Jensen ü e 90.6% (29/32), š w.» Löwenstein-Jensen ƒ¾ e s³» s BacT/Alert prcess system y w y z q. wy e e ƒ ƒ š w³ ü y w w³ w š w. š x w³ w BacT/Alert prcess system š Ogawa w ü w³ w w w ü» w. w w³» w w ü x, š w 2 4 y w. š x 1. ½, y t. w( 4q) m m. 3. Benjamin, Jr., W.H., K.B. Waites, A. Beverly, L. Gibbs, M. Waller, S. Nix, S.A. Mser, and M. Willert Cmparisn f the MB/ BacT system with a revised antibitic supplement kit t the BACTEC 460 system fr detectin f Mycbacteria in clinical specimens. J. Clin. Micrbil. 36, Daz-Infantes, M.S., M.J. Ruiz-Serran, L. Martnez-Snchez, A. Ortega, and E. Buza Evaluatin f the MB/BacT mycbacterium detectin system fr susceptibility testing f Mycbacterium tuberculsis. J. Clin. Micrbil. 38, Diel, R., S. Schneider, K. Meywald-Walter, C.M. Ruf, S. Rsch- Gerdes, and S. Niemann Epidemilgy f tuberculsis in Hamburg, Germany: Lng-term ppulatin-based analysis applying classical and mlecular epidemilgical Techniques. J. Clin. Micrbil. 40, Dye, C., S. Scheele, P. Dlin, V. Pathania, and M.C. Ravigline Glbal burden f tuberculsis : estimated incidence, prevalence, and mrtality by cuntry. JAMA 282, McCarter, Y.S. and A. Rbinsn Detectin f acid-fast bacilli in cncentrated primary specimen smears stained with rhdamine-auramine at rm temperature and at 37 degrees C. J. Clin. Micrbil. 32, Piersimni, C., C. Scarpar, A. Callegar, C.P. Tsi, D. Nista, S. Brnigia, M. Scagnelli, A. Rign, G. Ruggier, and A. Ggli Cmparisn f MB/BacT ALERT 3D system with radimetric BACTEC system and Lwenstein-Jensen medium fr recvery and identificatin f mycbacteria frm clinical specimens: a Multicenter study. J. Clin. Micrbil. 39, Syre, H., S. Phyu, P. Sandven, B. Bjrvatn, and H.M.S. Grewal Rapid clrimetric methd fr testing susceptibility f Mycbacterium tuberculsis t isniazid and rifampin in liquid cultures. J. Clin. Micrbil. 41, Tenver, F.C., J.T. Crawfrd, R.E. Huebner, L.J. Geiter, C.R. Hrsburgh, Jr., and R.C. Gd The resurgence f tuberculsis : Is yur labratry ready. J. Clin. Micrbil. 31, WHO reprt Glbal Tuberculsis Cntrl. surveilance, planning, financing. Wrld Health Organizatin. (Received July 27, 2009/Accepted August 24, 2009)
5 Vl. 45, N. 3 š x w³ w l sƒ 285 ABSTRACT : Evaluatin f Liquid Culture System in Sputum Culture and Drug Susceptibility f Mycbacterium tuberculsis Jin-Sk Kim 1,2, Seung-Chel Kim 4 *, B-Yung Jen 3, and Seung-Kyu Park 5 ( 1 Krea Fd & Drug Administratin, Seul , Republic f Krea, 2 Department f Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seul , Republic f Krea, 3 Institute fr Immunlgy and Immunlgical Disease, Ynsei University Cllege f Medicine, Seul , Republic f Krea, 4 Chemical Defence Research Institute, Seul , Republic f Krea, 5 Natinal Masan Hspital, Masan , Republic f Krea) In this study, we cmpared the BacT/Alert liquid culture system with Ogawa and Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) media fr sputum culture and drug susceptibility test (DST) f Mycbacterium tuberculsis. Rapid liquid culture systems have been widely emplyed bth fr primary cultures f M. tuberculsis frm clinical specimens and fr drug susceptibility test because f its greater sensitivity and faster turn-arund time than the cnventinal egg-based culture methds (Ogawa, Löwenstein-Jensen media). Sputum specimens were decntaminated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC)-4% NaOH and inculated int the BacT/Alert culture bttles and Ogawa media. 95 frm amng 135 sputa were smear-psitive, 97 (71.9%) were culture-psitive by the BacT/Alert culture system, while 89 (65.9%) were psitive by Ogawa media. The mean time t culture-psitive by the BacT/Alert prcess system was abut 11.3 days, which was significantly shrter than that by Ogawa media (22.4 days). Of 32 M. tuberculsis cultures examined fr drug sensitivity, the cncrdant rate between the tw methds (BacT/ Alert liquid culture system, Löwenstein-Jensen media) ranged frm 87.5% fr isniazid and 90.6% fr rifampicin.
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