Table 1. Ranking at the 2016/2017 BMW IBSF World Cup Rank Athlete Discipline 2 A Skl 3 B Bob 14 C Bob 26 D Skl 31 E Skl Table 2. Subjects characterist

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1 A comparative study on change ratio of lactic acid, heart rate & VAS according to recovery pattern after field training in Korea national bobsleigh & skeleton players Seok-ki Min, Kyeong-jin Kim, & Kwang-kyu Lee* Korea Institute of Sports Science [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusion] Key words:

2 Table 1. Ranking at the 2016/2017 BMW IBSF World Cup Rank Athlete Discipline 2 A Skl 3 B Bob 14 C Bob 26 D Skl 31 E Skl Table 2. Subjects characteristic Variables Weight(kg) Height(cm) BMI Fat(%) Subjects (n=9) (Mean ± SD) 96.29± ± ± ±4.00

3 Table 3. Dynamic warm-up protocol Program Exercise Heel toe walks Russian walk High knee pull Walking quad stretch Butt Kicks Carioca with high knee drive Walking lunge Rear leg swing Shuffle Acceleration Duration Repetitions 5 per leg over 10m 5 per leg over 10m 5 per leg over 10m 5 per leg over 10m 10m 10m 5 per leg over 10m 5 per leg over 10m 10m 10m Total 20 min Fig. 1. Procedure of study

4 Table 4. High intensity field training program Plyometric training program Exercise Set x Rep Squat jump 3 x 6 Double leg ankle bounce 3 x 6 Lateral cone hop 3 x 8 Double-leg hop 3 x 8 Running bound 2 x 8 Recovery time between sets 2 min Session Sprint interval training program Distance x rep % Maximum effort 1 30m x 10 90~ m x m x 2 80~ m x 2 70~80 Recovery time between sessions 5~10 min max

5 ) α 현재피로가어느정도인지표시하세요. Fig. 2. Visual Analogue Scale Fig. 3. Changes of blood lactate

6 Table 5. Changes of variables at immediately post training and post cool down (Mean±SD) Variables Method Post-training Test Post-cool down p post hoc Blood lactate (mmol/l) Cold water immersion ± ± 1.50 Method Active recovery ± ± 1.47 Vibration ± ± 1.46 Time Method x Time ** ** a < b, c Heart rate (beast min -1 ) Cold water immersion ± ± 2.67 Method Active recovery ± ± 2.67 Whole body vibration ± ± 2.69 Time Method x Time ** VAS (cm) Cold water immersion 9.11 ± ± 0.64 Method Active recovery 9.40 ± ± 0.49 Whole body vibration 9.23 ± ± 1.13 Time Method x Time **

7 mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l

8

9

10 Aguilar, A. J., DiStefano, L. J., Brown, C. N., Herman, D. C., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Padua, D. A. (2012). A dynamic warm-up model increases quadriceps strength and hamstring flexibility. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(4), Allen, D. G., & Westerblad, H. (2001). Role of phosphate and calcium stores in muscle fatigue. The Journal of Physiology, 536(3) Aminian-Far, A., Hadian, M. R., Olyaei, G., Talebian, S., & Bakhtiary, A. H. (2011). Whole-body vibration and the prevention and treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(1), Bailey, D. M., Erith, S. J., Griffin, P. J., Dowson, A., Brewer, D. S., Gant, N., & Williams, C. (2007). Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), Bergman, B. C., Horning, M. A., Casazza, G. A., Wolfel, E. E., Butterfield, G. E., & Brooks. G. A. (2000). Endurance training increases gluconeogenesis during rest and exercise in men, American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278(2), E Bishop, P. A., Jones, E., & Woods, A. K. (2008). Recovery from training: A brief review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), Blomstrand, E. (2001). Amino acids and central fatigue. Amino Acids, 20(1), Bompa, T., & Buzzichelli, C. (2014). Periodization training (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics. Carrasco, L., Sanudo, B., de Hoyo, M., Pradas, F., & Da Silva, M. E. (2011). Effectiveness of low-frequency vibration recovery method on blood lactate removal, muscle contractile properties and on time to exhaustion during cycling at VO 2 max power output. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(9), Cheng, C. F., Hsu, W. C., Lee, C. L., & Chung, P. K. (2010). Effects of the different frequencies of whole-body vibration during the recovery phase after exhaustive exercise. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50(4), Choi, S. J., Park, S. Y., & Kwak, Y. S. (2015). The Clinical Evaluation between Overtraining Syndrome and Exercise-related Immunity. Journal of Life Science, 25(11), Dahl, S., Cotrel, C., & Leleu, C. (2006). Optimal active recovery intensity in Standardbreds after submaximal work. Equine Veterinary Journal. 38(S36) Davis, J. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1997). Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(1), Devlin, J., Paton, B., Poole, L., Sun, W., Ferguson, C., Wilson, J., & Kemi, O. J. (2004). Blood lactate clearance after maximal exercise depends on active recovery intensity. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 54(3), Dintiman, G. B., & Ward, R. D. (2003). Sports speed (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics. Fernstrom, J. D. (2005). Branched-chain amino acids and brain function. The Journal of Nutrition, 135(6), 1539S-1546S. Getto, C. N., & Golden, G. (2013). Comparison of active recovery in water and cold-water immersion after exhaustive exercise. Athletic Training and Sports Health Care, 5(4), Gould, A. D., & Dye, J. A. (1932). Exercise and Its physiology (Vol. 193). NY: A. S. Barnes and Co. Gregson,.W., Allan, R., Holden, S., Phibbs, P., Doran, D., Campbell, I., Waldron, S., Joo, C. H., & Morton, J. (2013). Postexercise cold water immersion does not attenuate muscle glycogen resynthesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(6) Han, J. K. (2012). An investigation of the effect of cool down protocols after resistance training on body composition and lactic acid levels. Journal of Korean Society for the Study of Physical Education, 17(3) Han, J. K., & Park, S. B. (2013). Acute effects of different stretching protocols on sergent jump and lower limb isokinetic strength in collegiate tennis players. Journal of Korean Society for the Study of Physical Education. 18(1), Han, S. C., & Sin, Y. (2007). The influence of recovery exercise by intensity the after on blood lactate maximum exercise. Journal of Korea Sports Research, 18(5), Heyman, E., De Geus, B., Mertens, I., & Meeusen, R. (2009). Effects of four recovery methods on repeated maximal

11 rock climbing performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(6), Jakeman, J. R., Macrae, R., & Eston, R. (2009). A single 10-min bout of cold-water immersion therapy after strenuous plyometric exercise has no beneficial effect on recovery from the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Ergonomics, 52(4) Jeon, Y. K., & Lee, K. H. (2014). ATCN-3 R577X Gene genotype distribution of the difference between aerobic and anaerobic capacity in cross-country ski athletes. The Korean Journal of Sports Science, 23(3), Kang, S. R., & Kwon, T. K. (2015). The effect of reduction of lactate level and heart rate recovery in whole body vibration after high intensity exercise. Rehabilitation Engineering And Assistive Technology Society of Korea, 11, Kang, S. R., Min, J. Y., Hong, C. U., & Kwon, T. K. (2016). The effect of muscle fatigue reduction and heart rate recovery according to whole body vibration after gait exercise in the young female. Korean Journal of the science of Emotion & sensibility, 19(1), Kang, S. R., Min, J. Y., Yu, C., & Kwon, T. K. (2017). Effect of whole body vibration on lactate level recovery and heart rate recovery in rest after intense exercise. Technology and Health Care. 25(S1) Kim, J. M., Lee, W. J., & Lee, S. J. (2014). The effects of vibration on inflammatory and muscular damage markers during resistance training of various intensities. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 23(6), Kim, S. S., Lee, W. J., & Ju, S. B. (2007). Effects of half-immersion in hot water or cold water on physiological variable and blood fatigue variable after submaximal exercise. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 46(5), Kosar, A. C., Candow, D. G., & Putland, J. T. (2012). Potential beneficial effects of whole-body vibration for muscle recovery after exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), Kraemer, W. J., & Bradley, C. N. (1997). Factors involved with overtraining for strength and power. Human Kinetics, Larivière, C., Gravel, D., Arsenault, A. B., Gagnon, D., & Loisel, P. (2003). Muscle recovery from a short fatigue test and consequence on the reliability of EMG indices of fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(2), Lee, D. B., Lee, Y. S., & Lee, Y. J. (2002). The effects of cryotherapy after exercise-induced muscle fatigue on lactate acid. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 11(2), Lee, J. H. (2010). The effects of the 100m record on the composition training for improve of the speed. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 21(1), Lee, S. J. (2014). Response of heart rate and blood variable related to fatigue to various recovery methods during a bouldering game. Master Dissertation, Kyung Hee University. Lee, W. J., Park, G. D., & Choi, K. S. (2001). The changes of blood pressure, heart rate and blood lactic acidconcentration in short distance athletes as 100m, 200m, 300m, and 400m separate and sectional running. The Korean Journal of Education, 40(1), Leonardi, L. M., Komor, A., & Dal Monte, A. (1987). An interactive computer simulation of bobsled push-off phase with a multimember crew. Biomechanics X, Human Kinetics Lim, I. S. (2000). Analysis of multiple evaluation to marker of overtraining syndrome. The Korean Journal of Education, 40(1), Lohman III, E. B., Petrofsky, J. S., Maloney-Hinds, C., Betts-Schwab, H., & Thorpe, D. (2007). The effect of whole body vibration on lower extremity skin blood flow in normal subjects. Medical Science Monitor, 13(2), CR71-CR76. Lorist, M. M., Kernell, D., Meijman, T. F., & Zijdewind, I. (2002). Motor fatigue and cognitive task performance in humans. The journal of Physiology, 545(1) Machado, A. F., Ferreira, P. H., Micheletti, J. K., de Almeida, A. C., Lemes, Í. R., Vanderlei, F. M., Netto Junior, J., & Pastre, C. M. (2016). Can water temperature and immersion time influence the effect of cold water immersion on muscle soreness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or. (2004). Growth, Maturation and physical activity, Champaign, Human Kinetics. Mang, H. J. (2002). The change of cortisol, testosterone after cryotherapy following exercise-induced muscle fatigue.

12 The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 41(3), Mawhinney, C., Jones H., Joo, C. H., Low, D. A., Green, D. J., & Gregson, W. (2013). Influence of cold-water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow after exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(12), Melzack, R. (1987). The short-form McGill pain quesionnaire. Pain, 30(2), Menzies, P., Menzies, C., McIntyre, L., Paterson, P., Wilson, J., & Kemi, O. J. (2010). Blood lactate clearance during active recovery after an intense running bout depends on the intensity of the active recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), Min, S. K. (2016). Special issue- The heritages from Rio olympic/ Sprinter ability of the start section affect the ability to play of Bobsleigh & skeleton. Sports Science, 136, Morlock, M. M., & Zatsiorsky, V. M. (1989). Factors influencing performance in bobsledding: I: Influences of the bobsled crew and the environment. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 5(2), Osbeck, J. S., Maiorca, S. N., & Rundell, K. W. (1996). Validity of field testing to bobsled start performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 10(4), Park, C. H., & Kwak, Y. S. (2013). Diagnosis and prevention of the overtraining syndrome. Journal of Coaching Development, 15(1), Park, E. J. (2003). Setting of Proper Recovery Exercise Intensity to Recover from Lactate Fatigue. Master Dissertation, Dongduk Womens University. Richardson, R. S., Noyszewski, E. A., Leigh, J. S., & Wagner, P. D. (1998). Lactate efflux from exercising human skeletal muscle: role of intracellular PO2. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(2), Riganas, C. S., Papadopoulou, Z., Psichas, N., Skoufas, D., Gissis, I., Sampanis, M., Paschalis, V., & Vrabas, I. S. (2015). The rate of lactate removal after maximal exercise: the effect of intensity during active recovery. The Journal of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 55(10), Romanovsky, A. A., Almeida, M. C., Aronoff, D. M., Ivanov, A. I., Kosman, J. P., Steiner, A. A., & Turek, V. F. (2005). Fever and hypothemia in systemic inflammation: recent discoveries and revisions. Frontiers in Bioscience, 10(1), Sahlin, E. H. K. (1980). Acid-base balance during exercise. Exercise sport Science Review, 8(1), Serban, M. (1979). Psychological aspect of peaking. Education Fitness of Sports, 6, Shetler, K., Marcus, R., Froelicher, V. F., Vora, S., Kalisetti, D., Prakash, M., Do, D., & Myers, J.,(2001). Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 38(7): Smith, M. (2005). High performance sprinting. Crowood. Song, H. H. (2010). Effect of local vibration treatment on recovery from delayed onset of muscle soreness. Master Dissertation, School of Sports Industry Kook min University. Song, H. H., Kim, J. Y., Lee, C. H., & Lee, J. H. (2011). The effect of local vibration treatment on muscle damage parameters following exercise-induced Muscle Damage. Journal of Coaching Development, 13(1), Song, J. K., Chai, J. G., & Kim, H. B. (2007). Effect of intensive exercise training on aerobic capacity, bone mineral density and hematological parameters in female collegiate athletes. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 30, Song, Y. K., Jeon, J. Y., & Suh, S. H.(2017). Understanding of Lactate. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 28(1), Spencer, M., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Dascombe, B., & Bishop, D. (2008). Performance and metabolism in repeated sprint exercise: effect of recovery intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(5), Stamford, B. A., Weltman, A., Moffatt, R., & Sady, S. (1981). Exercise recovery above and below anaerobic threshold following maximal work. Journal of Applied Physiology, 51(4), Sung, B. J., & Kim, J, T.,(2017). Respiratory and Circulatory Function & Removal of Lactate During Exercise and after Exercise in Elite Male Middle Distance Runners. Sport Science, 34(2): Swain, D. P., Abernathy, K. S., Smith, C. S., Lee, S. J., & Bunn, S. A. (1994). Target heart rates for the development of cardiorespiratory fitness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(1), Takahashi, T., & Miyamoto, Y. (1998). Influence of light physical activity on cardiac responses during recovery from exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied

13 Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 77(4), Takahashi, J., Ishihara, K., & Aoki, J. (2006). Effect of aqua exercise on recovery of lower limb muscles after downhill running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(8), Wigernæs, I., Høstmark, A. T., Strømme, S. B., Kierulf, P., & Birkeland, K. (2001). Active recovery and post-exercise white blood cell count, free fatty acids, and hormones in endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 84(4), Wilk, K. E., Voight, M. L., Keirns, M. A., Gambetta, V., Andrews, J. R., & Dillman, C. J. (1993). Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: theory and clinical application. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 17(5), Yang, D. J., & Jeong, Y. S. (2013). The acute effects of dynamic and static stretching on jump height and muscle activity. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management. 11(8), Yang, Y. K., & Park, E. H. (2016). The effect of cold and hot water immersion on the blood fatigue markers in Taekwondo athletes. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 25(4), Yoo, S. H., Jee, Y. S., Jee, C. H., Yu, J. H., Lee, W. H., & Park, D. S. (2009). Effects of Three Recovery Methods on Blood Lactate and Median Frequency After Wingate test. The Journal of Korean Alliance of Martial Arts. 11(3): Yoon, S. W., Kim, K. J., Kim, C. K., & Kim, H. D. (2002). Strength training and conditioning. Seoul: Daehanmedia Millard-Stafford, M., Warren, G. L., Thomas, L. M., Doyle, J. A., Snow, T., Hitchcock, K.,(2005). Recovery from run training: efficacy of a carbohydrate-protein beverage? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 15(6):

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