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. 30 1. 30 2. 31 33 ABST RACT 36 38 [ 1] 39 [ 2] 51 - v iii -
- 1. 7-2. 8-3. 9-1. 15-2. 17-3. 18-4. 19-1. 25-2. ANOVA 26-3. Bonferroni (i- j) 27 - ix -
- 1. 6-2. Pinker 10-2. Fisher 12-1. 16-2. 21-3. 22-1. 24 - x -
( )...,..., 39. - x i -
., x,. x y x.,. 2001 8. - x ii -
.. (, 1999)... 1..., (, 1998), (Mekcenzie et al., 1983)... Roth (1997),. (1997) - 1 -
.,. (Pinker, 1990; Fisher, 1992),.. Jones (T ver sky & Schiano, 1989; Lohse et al., 1991; W atson & Pereira- Mendoza, 1996)... 2.. (1)? (2)? - 2 -
3.,. (1),, y, x, y, x, 7.. (2) T SPS (T est of Science Process Skills ) (1994)..,,,,,,,,. 4.. - 3 -
(1). (2). (3). - 4 -
.,,. 1. 1 2,..,. (1) - 1..,, sine cosine.,, y, x, y, x, (Jones, 1999). - 5 -
- 1.. - 1 y, y,, x, x,.. (2) 8.,,,. - 1 (*),,,, - 6 -
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.,.,,. 2. Pinker Fisher. (1) Pinker Pinker - 1.,.,. - 10 -
- 2. Pinker (Pinker, 1994).,.,.,.,. (2) Fisher Fisher,,. - 2-11 -
- 3. Fisher (Fisher, 1992). 4.,.,.,.,. - 12 -
(3) (1999) Piaget.,.,.,.,.,,. 3. (, 1998)., (Shaw et al., 1983)., ( - 13 -
, 1999).., Roth Mcginn (1999)..... Lohse(1993) fisher.,. Jones & W arner (1997). 95 Visual Basic 4.0 (Microsoft Corporation, 1995) Graphing Components ' (W ar ner & Jones, 1997),.,. - 14 -
. T OGS. 1. (, 1998). - 1., C. T OGS, 0.85. - 1. 1 19 5 24 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 3 5 8 27 12 39-15 -
2.. - 1.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ANOVA - 1. - 16 -
3.. (1) 6 7, 8, 8. 1) 7, - 2 37.3% - 2. A B C D E F G 13 25 14 10 20 19 20 121 37.3 6 3 6 4 2 7 6 34 10.5 10 1 7 3 8 16 9 54 16.7 21 11 15 11 16 19 22 115 35.5 50 40 42 28 46 61 57 324 100.0-17 -
(35.5%), (16. 7%), (10.5%).,.. (, 1997), (, 1999). 2) 8-3. - 3. 22 29 9 22 24 17 19 22 164 67.0 5 5 6 3 4 7 5 7 42 17.0 7 3 4 5 5 2 7 6 39 16.0 34 37 19 30 33 26 31 35 245 100.00,. - 18 -
3) 8-4. - 4. a b c d e f g h 24 23 17 29 23 17 21 22 176 42.51 14 15 13 10 24 10 7 6 99 23.91 12 5 13 9 10 11 9 5 74 17.88 9 6 10 7 16 5 3 9 65 15.70 59 49 53 55 73 43 40 42 414 100.00.. ( ( ), 1994). - 19 -
(2) Windows 98 Visual Basic 6.0. 10 5 2 1..,, VDU (Visual Display Unit ).,..,.., VDU.., - 2, y, y, x, x,.. - 20 -
- 2.,. 7. VDU. - 3 7... - 21 -
- 3,. VDU.. - 22 -
. 39 T OGS (T he T est of Graphing in Science). 1., T OGS (McKenzie, 1984). T OGS 26 40. T OGS,,. T OGS 0.83(KR- 20). T OGS 0.85( : 0.72, : 0.76). - 1 (% ). - 23 -
- 1.. 2. 7-1. - 1 (n) (% ). 390 (10 39 ). - 1 87.9%,. (36.4% ) y (31.0% ), x (22.1% ). y (31.0% ), x (30.8% ), y (14.6% ). y x. - 24 -
- 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n % n % n % n % n % n % n % 10 2.6 7 1.8 20 5.1 10 2.6 38 9.7 58 14.9 247 63.3 Y- 9 2.3 9 2.3 57 14.6 88 22.6 152 39.0 53 13.6 23 5.9 X- 5 1.3 4 1.0 15 3.8 40 10.3 58 14.9 165 42.3 102 26.2 Y- 4 1.0 12 1 31.0 121 31.0 97 24.9 35 9.0 11 2.8 1.3 X- 14 3.6 86 22.1 120 30.8 82 2 1.0 64 16.4 23 5.9 1.3 343 87.9 21 5.4 13 3.3 5 1.3 4 1.0 4 1.0 0 0 5 1.3 142 36.4 44 11.3 68 17.4 39 10.0 76 19.5 16 4.1 390 100.0 390 100.0 390 100.0 390 100.0 390 100.0 390 100.0 390 100.0 y (24.9% ) y (22.6% ), y (21.0% )., y (39.0% ). x y., x (42.3% ), y. (63.3% )..,.,. y y. y x, y - 25 -
x... 3. 7. - 2. - 2. AN OVA (S S ) (df) (M S ) F 24927.50 6 4154.583 19.841 570180.1 2723 209.394 595107.6 2729 * p<.05 post hoc Bonferroni. post hoc Bonferroni 2. - 3 (i - j).. - 26 -
- 3. Bonferroni (i- j ) ( : m s ) i y x j e x 4726 * x - 1202-5928 * y 5788 * 1062 6990 * y x y 5194 * 468 6396 * - 594 7613 * 2887 8815 * 1825 2419 1742 2985 2943-4046 * - 3453 * - 5871 * * p<.05-4.. y 4726m s. x. x y, x. x y, x. x x y. x, y. x. - 27 -
4.,,.... (, 1997)..?.,,. (, ).,..,. - 28 -
. (Roth, 1999).., ANOVA. x,.,. x,, x.,.. - 29 -
..,. 1. 39, x,.,,....,. - 30 -
,, ANOVA. x,. x,, x... x. 2. 6..,.,. - 31 -
,... - 32 -
,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1995).,.,,, (1995)... (1992).. (1994). ( ).,, (1995)...,,, (1995)...,,,,,,, (1995).. ( ).,,,,, (1995)...,,,,, (1995)...,,,,,, (1995)...,,,,, (1995).. ( ).,,,,,,,,,, (1995)... (2000). SPSS 8. 21. (1998)... (1997)... - 33 -
(1998).., 16(2), 72-82.,,, (1995)... (1999)... (2000). ( )SPSS : DOS Windows 9.0.,, (1995).. ( ).,, (1995)...,, (1995)...,,, (1995).. ( ), (1997).., 17(1), 91-97.,,,,,,,,.,, (1995)...,, (1995).. ( ).,, (1995).. ( ).,,,,,,,,,,, (1995)...,,,, (1995).. ( ).,,,, (1995).. ( ).,,, (1995). ( ).,,,,,,,, (1995)... McKenzie D., & Padilla, M. (1986). T he construction and validation of the test of Graphing in Science(T OGS ). Journal of Research in - 34 -
Science T eaching, 23, 369-383. Lohse, G. L. (1993) A Cognitive Model for Under standing Graphical Perception, Human- Computer Interaction, 8(4), 353-88. Jones, R. W. et al. (1999). investigating student of understanding graphs: a successful methodology and results of a study, National Association for Research in Science T eaching. Pinker, S. (1990). A theory of graph comprehension. in R. Freedle(Ed.), Artificial Intelligence and the Future of T esting (73-126). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Fisher, M. A. (1992). Categorization, or schema selection in graph comp rehension. A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Am e rican Educational Research Association, SanFrancisco, CA (ERIC Docment Reproduction Service NO. ED 347 176). Roth, W. M. & McGinn, M. K. (1997). Graphing : Cognitive Ability or Practice? Science Education, 81(1), 91-106. Roth, W. M. et al. (1999). Differences in Graph- Related Practices between High School Biology T extbooks and Scientific Ecology Journals, Journal of Research in Science T eaching, 36(9), 977-1019. - 35 -
A BSTRA CT An Empirical Investigating in the Interpretation and Comprehension of Line Graphs Kim, Eun M i Major in Physics Ed ucation Gradu ate Sch ool of Korea N ation al University of Ed ucation. Chung-Buk, KOREA Su p erv ised by Professor Kim, Beom -Ki, Ph. D. A ccording t o a research, stu dent s feel difficulties to com prehen d a scientific concept becam e if a lack of th eir graphing abilities so m any studies about how stu dent perceiv e and comprehen d graph s h av e been b ein g proceeded an d m any m odels if graphing perception and cognition hav e b een bein g present ed. How ev er, still, there is no em pirical stu dy about how stu dent s read, and int erpret graph s in science edu cation of korea T hu s, this research is based on a em pirical inv estigation det erm in ed on the lin e graph w ith Grapin g Compon ent s dev eloped by Johnes. Specifically the purpose of this research is t o find a st atistically significant order in w hich the part s of a graph t end t o be view ed by readers. and t o m easure the am ount of specifically significant tim e reader s spen d view in g each com pon ent. In result, stu dent hav e a reading habit to view the dat a fir st, legend secon d an d title la st, and th ey spent significant tim e t o view x - label the m ost, title - 36 -
less an d leg end th e lea st. this result sh ow s that they spend m ost tim e t o int erpret in dependent v ariables. In con clu sion, student s has readin g habit s t o view rapidly x - ax is scale alm ost st th e som etim e and to find the an sw er throu gh legend and x - label. A thesis submitted to the Committee of the Graduate School of Korea N ational University of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Education in Au gu st, 2001. - 37 -
1. 39 2. 51-38 -
[ 1]. ' :, ' : 200 1 3-4 'form 1: Private Sub Cmd_Click() Dim check A s Byte ' 0 1. check = 0 If man.value = T rue T hen data.sex = "M" ElseIf woman.value = T rue T hen data.sex = "W " Else MsgBox " " check = 1 End If If Option1.Value = T rue T hen data.grd = "1" ElseIf Option2.Value = T rue T hen data.grd = "2" ElseIf Option3.Value = T rue T hen data.grd = "3" ElseIf Option4.Value = T rue T hen data.grd = "4" - 39 -
Else MsgBox " " check = 1 End If Open "data.txt" For Output A s #1 'data txt. temp = "start > > " + "," + data.sex + "," + data.grd Print #1, temp Close #1 If check = 0 T hen F orm2.show '. Unload Me End If End Sub 'form 2 : Private Sub Comm and1_click () Form4.Show '. Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() T xt.t ext = ".." End Sub 'form4 form - 40 -
Private Sub Comm and1_click () '. Form5.Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() T ext 1.T ext = ", y, y, x, x,... " End Sub 'form5 form Private Sub Comm and1_click () '. Form6.Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() T ext 1.T ext = " ' '.. - 41 -
." End Sub 'form6 form Private Sub Comm and1_click () '. Form3.Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() T ext 1.T ext = ". 3 a b?" End Sub 'form lable backsty le 1 0. Private Sub Label1_Click() If Label1.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label1.BackSty le = 0 Label1.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label2_Click() If Label2.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label2.BackSty le = 0 Label2.Caption = "" End If End Sub - 42 -
Private Sub Label3_Click() If Label3.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label3.BackSty le = 0 Label3.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label4_Click() If Label4.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label4.BackSty le = 0 Label4.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label5_Click() If Label5.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label5.BackSty le = 0 Label5.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label6_Click() If Label6.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label6.BackSty le = 0 Label6.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label7_Click() If Label7.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label7.BackSty le = 0 Label7.Caption = "" - 43 -
End If End Sub 'form3 form Option Explicit Dim temp1, temp2, temp3 ' temp temp1, temp2, temp3 Dim tempcount A s Integer ' Dim ttot As String ' Dim outtemp As String ' Private Sub Comm and1_click () ' lable. Dim sum, sumtot As String ' data.txt temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) InputBox " " '. tempcount = tempcount + 1 '. - 44 -
Open "data.txt" For Input As #1 ' data.txt. Line Input #1, sumtot Do Until EOF (1) Line Input #1, sum sumtot = sumtot + sum Loop Close #1 Open "data.txt" For Output As #1 ' data.txt data.txt. outtemp = sumtot + ttot + " ## " Print #1, outtemp Close #1 ttot = "" '. Call setup ' setup. Call reset 'lable reset. MsgBox T ext 1.T ext, vbokonly, " " '. temp1 = T imer '. End Sub Private Sub setup() ' tempcount. Select Case tempcount ' - 45 -
Case 1 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex 1.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 1. A B. A 40 m B 40 m?" Case 2 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex2.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 2. A, B, C?" Case 3 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex3.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 3. A, B 4?" Case 4 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex4.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 4. 1.4 1.4 m/ s A B?""" Case 5 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex5.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 5. A. A?" Case 6 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex6.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 6. V,?" Case 7 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex7.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 7. (Na) 4 100. (Zn)?" Case 8 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex8.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 8. 5-46 -
2, 6000 db?" Case 9 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex9.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 9. 2020?" Case 10 Picture1.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\ \ ex 10.bmp") T ext 1.T ext = " 10.,,?" Case Else '. MsgBox "." End End Select End Sub Private Sub reset () 'lable reset Label1.BackSty le = 1 Label2.BackSty le = 1 Label3.BackSty le = 1 Label4.BackSty le = 1 Label5.BackSty le = 1 Label6.BackSty le = 1 Label7.BackSty le = 1 Label1.Caption = " " Label2.Caption = "y " Label3.Caption = "X " - 47 -
Label4.Caption = "y " Label5.Caption = "X " Label6.Caption = " " Label7.Caption = " " End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() tempcount = 1 ' Call setup ' setup. ttot = "" '. temp1 = T imer ' MsgBox " 1. A B. A 40 m B 40 m?", vbokonly, " " End Sub 'form lable backstyle 1 0 ttot. Private Sub Label1_Click() If Label1.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label1.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 1" ' ttot Label1.Caption = "" End If End Sub - 48 -
Private Sub Label2_Click() If Label2.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label2.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 2" ' ttot Label2.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label3_Click() If Label3.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label3.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 3" ' ttot Label3.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label4_Click() If Label4.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label4.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 4" ' ttot Label4.Caption = "" End If End Sub - 49 -
Private Sub Label5_Click() If Label5.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label5.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 5" ' ttot Label5.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label6_Click() If Label6.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label6.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 6" ' ttot Label6.Caption = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Label7_Click() If Label7.BackStyle = 1 T hen Label7.BackSty le = 0 temp2 = T imer '. temp3 = temp2 temp2 = temp2 - temp1 temp1 = temp3 ttot = ttot + Str (temp2) + " 7" ' ttot Label7.Caption = "" End If End Sub - 50 -
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