운동학학술지제 19 권제 4 호 http://kak.co.kr http://e-ajk.org DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/jkak.2017.19.4.11 태권도수련과하지강화훈련이여대생들의각근력과균형능력에미치는영향 이원영 강현주 순천향대학교 ABSTRACT Won-Young Lee Hyun-Joo Kang. Effects of TaeKwonDo with Lower Limb Strengthening Exercises on Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Balance in Female University Students. The Journal of Kinesiology, 2017, 19(4): 11-17. [PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of TaeKwonDo(TKD) training with additional lower limb strengthening exercises on quadriceps muscle strength and Y-Balance in female university students. [METHODS] 30 healthy female university students participated in two trials: (1) TKD training and lower limb strengthening training and (2) a control group. Experimental group was composed of 15 students training for ten weeks, two hours a days, two days a week. Upon completing, students were measured on quadriceps muscle strength, static and dynamic balance. The data were analyzed utilizing two-way repeated ANOVA. [RESULTS] The results showed that there were no significant differences in weight, body fat, and BMI between groups. The result showed a significant interaction in left knee muscular power between groups(p<.05), and the training group showed a significant improvement(p<.05). The result showed a significant interaction in the static balance(p<.05) and the Y-balance(p<.001), the results showed a significant differences between groups in the static balance(p<.05) and the Y-balance(p<.001). [CONCLUSIONS] TaeKwonDo and lower limb strengthening training gives positive effects on left quadriceps muscle strength and improves the overall of balance of female university students. The combined training program can be an effective way to enhance balance and can be used for patients who have balance problems in their lower bodies. Key words : taekwondo, lower limb strengthening training, quadriceps muscle strength, Y-Balance test 주요어 : 태권도, 하지강화훈련, 각근력, Y-Balance 검사 서론 운동은체중조절과체력증진에긍정적인영향을미치며, 불안이나우울증감소뿐만아니라자기효능감향상에효과적이다 (Yoo, 1997; Yoon & Yoon, 2011; Changg, 2013). Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(2013) 에따르면 20대여성은일주일동안전혀운동을하지않는다는응답이 55.3% 로과반수이상이규칙적인신체활동을하지않는것으로조사되었다. Nam & Oh(1998) 는여성에게운동량의부족은신체조성이나질병을유발하는위험인자로작용하기때문에삶의질을높이기위해서매우중요한요건이라고강조하였다. 특히근력의약화는근육의불균형과외부 스트레스에대한저항력을감소시키기때문에근력강화를위한운동은매우중요하다 (Yu et al., 2008). 여성에게손상의위험을낮추고건강한일상생활을영유하기위해하지근력과신체안정성이중요한역할을한다 (Franklin et al., 1995; Park & Yoon, 2015). 여성의하이힐착용, 다리를꼬고앉는습관, 가방을한쪽으로매는습관등은좌우근력의불균형을유발하고신체의총체적인균형을무너뜨릴수있다 (Schulmann et al., 1987; Lee, 2008). 대한민국의국기인태권도는전신을사용하는운동으로써뼈, 관절, 근육조직의발달과전반적인체력을향상시키는것으로알려져있다 (Jeong, 1999; Bae, 2004; Cho, 2007). 하지만주로빠른스피드를요하는 이논문은 2017년도순천향대학교학술지원비의지원을받아수행됨. 교신저자 : violethjk@hanmail.net
12 태권도수련과하지강화훈련이여대생들의각근력과균형능력에미치는영향 민첩성과순발력을요구하기때문에하지의근력을강화시키는정도는상대적으로떨어지는것으로확인되었다 (Jo & Yoo, 1995). Kim et al.(2003) 에따르면장기간태권도수련은여대생의골밀도및관련호르몬조절에긍정적인영향을미치며, Yang(2011) 의연구에서도여대생의태권도수련은골밀도발달에긍정적인영향을미치는것으로나타났다. Khil & Son(2012) 은태권도수련이균형능력과보행에긍정적인영향을준다고보고하였다. 하지만태권도는주로남성수련자로상당히편중되는경향을보이고있으며, 성인여성을대상으로실시한선행연구의골밀도와균형감각에긍정적인결과에도불구하고여성이태권도수련을기피하는경향이나타나고있다 (Hyun, 2012). 다양한체력을향상시키기위해서는단일운동보다복합운동에참여하는것이체력요인의향상과신체적자기개념의심리적변인에긍정적효과가있다고하였다 (Hong & Heo, 2003). 태권도에대한연구는지속적으로이루어져왔으나대상이청소년과남성으로편중되어여성의태권도수련에따른영향에대한연구는아직부족한실정이며, 태권도수련만으로는부족해질수있는근력은복합운동으로보완할필요가있을것이다. 따라서본연구는태권도수련에서부족한하지강화훈련을추가적으로실시하여여대생들의각근력과균형능력에미치는영향을분석하여하지강화훈련이근력과균형능력향상에미치는영향을확인하고자하였다. 하였으며, 신체적특성은 <Table 1> 과같다. Table 1. Physical characteristic of subjects (n) Training (15) Control (15) Height (cm) 162.60 ±4.61 162.33 ±4.90 Weight 53.93 ±5.84 52.73 ±6.51 실험설계및절차 Age (yr) 20.60 ±0.91 20.46 ±0.83 Body fat 21.32 ±2.76 20.32 ±1.98 Body Muscle mass 13.90 ±3.62 14.92 ±4.59 (M±SD) BMI (kg/m 2 ) 20.12 ±1.97 20.16 ±2.22 체성분검사, 각근력검사, 균형능력검사에서동적평형성검사로는 Y-Balance Test, 정적평형성검사로는눈감고외발서기를실시하고 10주간의훈련후동일한방법으로사후검사를실시하였다. 실험군은주 2일정해진시간에 2시간씩태권도수련과하지근력과균형능력강화를위해 Lym(2014) 의연구에서실시한하지근력강화훈련을복합적으로실시하였다. 선행연구에서실시된하지강화훈련은여성의균형능력향상에유의한결과가보고되어본연구의태권도와추가복합운동으로실시하였다. 태권도와하지강화운동의세부내용은 <Table 2>, <Table 3> 과같다. Table 2. Taekwondo Training Program 연구방법 Movement Training (minute) Frequency Intensity 연구대상 Front Snap Kick 10 Round House Kick 10 본연구는 S 대학교에재학중인여대생중태권도를수련한경험이없는 20명을대상으로실험에대한충분한설명과참여동의를얻은후훈련을실시하였다. 10주간의실험기간동안 4명은실험참여불성실로제외하고, 1명은과정중운동손상으로낙오되어 15명의자료를분석의대상으로삼았다. 대조군은일반여 Kicking Skill Training PumSae Training Jumping Front Snap Kick 10 Side Kick 10 Back Kick 10 Combination Kick 10 PumSae 50 2hours/day, 2days/week RPE 12-15 대생 15 명으로하였다. 의학적으로이상이없고근골 격계손상이없는전반적으로건강한대상자들로구성
이원영 강현주 13 Table 3. Lower Limb Strengthening Training Program Program (sec) /Repetition Set Warm-Up Stretching 10 Squat 5/10 Lunge 5/10 Lower Extremity Hip Bridge 10/10 Muscle Hip Extension 5/10 2 Strengthening Hip abduction 5/10 Hip adduction 5/10 Cool- Down 체성분검사 Ankle & Knee stability exercise 20 Intensity RPE 12-15 피험자의신체조성은 Inbody 720(Inbody, Korea) 을통해측정하였다. 대상자가소지한귀금속및장신구를제거한후간편한차림의복장으로시선을정면을바라보게하고, 발모양에맞추어서서체중과 BMI, 체지방및골격근량을측정하였다. 있는시간을측정하였으며들고있는다리의무릎관절을 90도로굴곡시킨상태를유지하도록하였으며, 이과정을 3회반복하여그합의평균을기록하였다. Y-Balance 검사는동적자세조절과발목관절의안정화를동시에검사할수있는방법이다 (Phillip et al, 2009). 바닥에 Y-Balance 검사양식대로테이프를사용하여장치해두고피험자에게플랫폼위에서발이유지되지못하거나발이떨어지지않도록측정방법및주의사항을설명한후양쪽발모두각각 3회실시하였다 <Figure 2>. Y-Balance 검사에서는앞쪽 (anterior), 뒤-안쪽 (posteriomedial), 뒤- 바깥쪽 (posteriolateral) 의수치를모두더한값을피험자의다리길이 (limb length) 를 3배수곱한값으로나누고 100을곱하여총합점수 (composite score) 로분석하였다. 피험자의다리길이는위앞엉덩뼈가시 (anterior superior iliac spine: ASIS) 에서안쪽복사뼈 (medial malleolus) 까지의거리로하였다. 각근력검사 피험자의각근력검사는 Inbody u-town(inbody, Korea) 을통해서실시하였다 <Figure 2>. 대상자는기구의등받이에허리와등을밀착시키고고정된사이드바를잡은뒤대퇴부고정벨트를적절한강도로당겨고정시킨후좌 우측무릎관절각근력측정을실시하였으며 2회측정하여그합의평균을기록하였다. Figure 2. Y-Balance Test 자료처리 Figure 1. Inbody u-town System 균형능력검사정적균형검사를위한눈감고외발서기는눈을감고양팔을좌, 우로벌린상태에서한쪽발을들고서 본연구의자료는 SPSS PC for Windows(version 21.0) 을이용하여각종속변인의기술통계량을평균 (mean) 과표준편차 (standard deviation, SD) 로제시하였다. 반복이원변량분석 (two-way ANOVA with repeated measures) 를실시하여훈련사전 사후의체구성성분, 각근력및균형능력의차이와집단간차이를검증하였으며, 유의수준은 p<.05로하였다.
14 태권도수련과하지강화훈련이여대생들의각근력과균형능력에미치는영향 결과 훈련에따른체성분의차이 <Table 4> 와같이체중, 체지방, 근육량, 신체질량지수에대한분석결과, 근육량에서만훈련전 후 (p<.05) 와그룹간에유의한차이가나타났다 (p<.05). Table 4. Changes of Body Composition (M±SD) Variables Pre Post F p 53.93 54.39 TG Weight ±5.84 ±6.29.227.636.284.596 52.73 54.02.064.801 ±6.51 ±6.77 21.32 21.54 Body TG ±2.76 ±2.42 2.638.110 fat.110.742 20.32 20.52.000.992 ±1.98 ±2.41 13.90 14.85 Muscle TG ±3.62 ±2.95.044.834 mass.021.885 14.92 14.27.599.442 ±4.59 ±4.54 20.12 20.53 TG BMI ±1.97 ±1.81.016.900 (kg/m 2.690.410 ) 20.16 20.62.003.960 ±2.22 ±2.16 TG: Training ; : Countrol ; 훈련에따른각근력의차이 <Table 5> 에서보는바와같이좌 우측각근력측정결과, 좌측각근력은훈련전 후유의한차이가나타났으며 (p<.05), 그룹간상호작용효과가나타났다 (p<.05). 그룹간에유의한차이는나타나지않았다. 우측각근력은운동군에서증가하는경향을보였으나훈련전 후와그룹간상호작용효과및그룹간유의한차이는나타나지않았다. Table 5. Changes of Lower Extremity Muscle Strengthening (M±SD) Variables Pre Post F p Left 32.20 45.13 TG Muscle ±9.12 ±12.23 2.765.102 5.188.027 Strength T 34.79 33.81 7.029.010 ime ±9.58 ±9.39 Right 41.22 46.32 TG Muscle ±9.87 ±11.60 2.025.160.541.465 Strength 40.30 39.30 T 1.191.280 ±10.83 ±10.67 ime TG: Training ; : Countrol ; p<.05 훈련에따른정적균형능력의차이 정적균형능력의차이를비교한결과는 <Table 7> 에서보는바와같이, 훈련전 후유의한차이가나타났으며 (p<.05), 그룹간상호작용효과가나타났다 (p<.05). 그룹간에도유의한차이가나타났다 (p<.05). Table 6. Changes of Static Balances (M±SD) Variables Pre Post F p 28.14 77.78 Static TG ±25.39 ±64.64 6.254.015 Balance 6.232.016 (sec) 27.86 28.09 6.118.016 ±26.56 ±21.38 TG: Training ; : Countrol ; p<.05 훈련에따른동적균형능력의차이 훈련에따른동적균형능력의차이를비교한결과는아래의 <Table 6> 에서보는바와같다. 좌 우측 Y-Balance 측정결과는훈련전 후유의한차이가나타났으며 (p<.001), 그룹간상호작용효과가나타났다 (p<.001). 또한, 그룹간에유의한차이가나타났다 (p<.001). Table 7. Changes of Dynamic Balance (M±SD) Variables Pre Post F p 64.46 81.97 Left TG ±11.19 ±6.98 17.403.000 Dynamic 14.740.000 Balance 64.85 63.75 18.957.000 ±6.91 ±7.22 64.45 81.40 Right TG ±9.73 ±6.83 23.753.000 Dynamic 19.766.000 Balance 64.39 63.67 23.440.000 ±5.24 ±5.55 TG: Training ; : Countrol ; p<.001 논의 본연구는여대생의태권도수련시하지강화훈련을추가로실시하여각근력과균형능력에미치는영향
이원영 강현주 15 을분석하고보조트레이닝으로서하지강화훈련이근력과균형능력에미치는효과를검증하고자하였다. 12주간태권도수련을실시하여신체조성과기초체력에미치는영향을연구한 Jang et al.(2006) 은본연구에서실시한태권도훈련과유사한운동프로그램을실시하였으며, 근질량을제외하고체중과체지방량, BMI 등신체구성에는유의한변화가나타나지않았다. 이러한결과는신체구성이정상인여대생으로체중과체지방의변화보다는태권도수련을통해여대생의근육량이증가되는데는효과적인방법으로제시할수있을것으로여겨진다. 본연구를통해태권도수련이평소에근력운동을실시하지않은여대생들에게근육량을증가시키는데효과적인방법으로제시할수있을것으로여겨진다. 근육량을제외한신체구성에서는비만이아닌정상수준에있어하지강화훈련으로체지방의변화에는영향을미치지않는것으로사료된다. 또한 Moon et al.(2009) 의연구결과에서는일반적인태권도수련이신체구성변인에유의한변화가나타났다고하였는데, 이는대상자가 11-13 세인성장기에있는연령대로운동을통해성장과신체조성에충분히영향을미칠수있으며성장이끝난여대생과는차이가있을것으로여겨진다. 향후태권도를통한체중감량을목적으로실시할경우에는신체구성성분을변화시키기위한훈련방법이개발되어야할것으로판단된다. 본연구에서실시한여대생의태권도수련과하지강화훈련이좌측각근력에유의한향상을가져왔다. 태권도수련과접목시켜연구를진행한 Kim & Khil(2010) 은태권도를통한성인여성의근력과도상관이높은파워향상을보고하였으며, 태권도기본동작과품새, 발차기등의동작들이하체의파워를향상시키는것이라고하였다. 실험전실험군에서양측각근력의불균형이 10주훈련후좌측각근력의상당한증가로좌 우측각근력이불균형이비슷한수준으로향상되는결과가나타났다. 이는태권도수련과하지훈련을복합적으로실시함으로서좌 우측각근력의불균형까지해소할수있는하나의방안으로접근할수있을것으로사료된다. 일상생활에서균형을유지하는것은낙상과부상을예방하고기능적인활동을위해 필수적인요소이다 (Kim et al., 1998). Byeon et al. (2008) 은기본동작에서주로중심 ( 重心 ) 과중심 ( 中心 ) 이이동하는태권도서기동작은지속적으로수행되기때문에평형성의향상에도움이된다고보고하였다. 본연구결과에서도선행연구와마찬가지로동적 정적균형능력향상이나타났다. 이는태권도수련이평형능력의향상과밀접한관련이있다고생각할수있으며하지강화훈련이이를더욱효과적인결과를가져올수있도록한것으로여겨진다. 또한, Khil & Son(2012) 의연구에따르면장기간의태권도품새수련집단은시각정보가차단된상태에서의정적균형능력이유의하게높다고하였고, 동적균형능력역시유의한결과를보고하였다. 즉, 태권도수련이균형능력과관련이있을것이라는선행연구의보고와태권도수련이균형능력에긍정적인영향을미친다는본연구의결과를뒷받침하는내용이라고할수있다. 리듬태권도훈련프로그램을실시한 Oh & Kim(2007) 의연구에서는여성을대상으로비교적단기간훈련으로평형능력의향상을보고한연구처럼균형능력향상에목적을둔트레이닝을실시할때에는전통적인태권도수련을개량하거나태권도수련프로그램구성을강화할수있는프로그램이추가될필요가있을것으로생각된다. 또한, 성인여성의체력요인을향상시키기위한적절한수준의운동강도및기간을검증하는시도도필요할것으로사료된다. 결론 여대생을대상으로 10주간태권도수련과하지강화훈련을실시한결과, 좌측각근력과정적 동적균형능력에긍정적인결과가나타났다. 운동부족과신체불균형을겪고있는여대생들에게태권도와하지강화훈련이근력개선과균형능력향상을위한효과적인방법으로제시될수있을것으로사료된다. 태권도수련에대한접근성및훈련프로그램개량을통해여대생들에게건강한생활을위한방안으로서제시되기위한근거연구가지속적으로진행되어야할것으로사료된다.
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