- 1 -
- 1-2000 12
2000 12
1 1 1-1 2 2 3 4 2 6 1 6 1. 6 2. 7 2 9 1. 9 2. 10 3. 12 4. - 13 3 1 15 1. 15 2. 19 3. 21 2 22 1. 22 2. 24 - i -
4 1 26 1 : 26 1. 27 1.1. - 27 1.2. 28 1.3. 30 2. 31 2.1. 31 2.2. 33 3. 36 2 39 1. 1 39 1.1. 39 1.2. : 4 0 2. 41 2.1. 41 2.2. 43 5 46 1 1 46 1. 1 : 46 1.1. 46 1.2. - 48 2. 151 - ii -
2.1. 51 2.2. 53 2-55 1. 55 1.1. 55 1.2. 57 2. 58 2.1. 58 2.2. 59 3 61 1. 4 19 61 1.1. 1 61 1.2. 4 1962 2. 2 64 2.1. 64 2.2. 65 6 68 1. : 68 2. 69 72 A B S T RA CT 8 2 - iii -
< 2-1- 1> 10 < 3-2- 1> 23 < 3-2- 2> 25 < 5-3- 1> 4 19 62 < 2-1- 1> 7 < 2-1- 2> 8 < 3-1- 1> 17 < 3-1- 2> 1 18 < 3-1- 3> 20 < 4-1- 1> 27 < 4-1- 2> 29 < 4-1- 3> 32 < 4-1- 4> 34 < 4-1- 5> 35 < 4-1- 6> 5 16 37 < 4-2- 1> 1 44 < 4-2- 2> 44 < 5-1- 1> 47 < 5-1- 2> 194648 < 5-1- 3> 50 < 5-1- 4> 51 - iv -
< 5-1- 5> 52 < 5-1- 6> 53 < 5-2- 1> (1945 1961) 56 < 5-2- 2> 57 < 5-2- 3> 58 < 5-2- 4> 60 < 5-3- 1> 66 < 6-1- 1> 69 - v -
- 1 -., ( ).,..,.,.... ( ). -., - v i -
.,..,.,..,.,. :,,,,,,, 1,, - v ii -
1 1 -.,,.,.,,.,.... (, 1997;, 1997; Jacob s, 1985). - 1 -
1. (, 1997; M acfarquhar, 1980; M allaby, 1998).,.,., 1,. 2 1.,..,.,.. - 2 -
,.., -. 1,.,.., 1. 1,,...,.,,, 1,. - 3 -
3 1. 2...,.,. 3 1.,. 4... 5, 55 -, 4 19-4 -
1.,. - 5 -
2 1.,... 1.. (1964: 93) (T he Milit ary as Con stitutional Caret aker ) (T he Military as Spearhead of Reform of Rev olution ), (T h e Military as Backer of Civilian Gov erm ent )., (Caretaker ).,,,,.., (Spearhead ) - 6 -
,,.., (Backer ). <. 2-1- 1 > * :, 1993,,, p. 178 (1977: 21),,.,.,. 2. (1962: 87). 1) - 7 -
, 2), 3),,, 4. 4, 4.,.,.,.,.,. <. 2-1- 2 >,.,. 1, 2., 1-8 -
. 2,. (, 1994).. Jacob s. 1). 1. (1981),.,.,, 1) Jacobs. (, 1992). - 9 -
. 2) <. 2-2- 1 > / ( ) ( ) :, 1982,,,, p. 365,, (W eber, 1981)., (),.. 2. B.C. 211 2) Weber (, 1996: 199). - 10 -
(, 1993: 53). ( ),. (, 1992: 367)..,, (, 1996: 203). (, 1992: 381).. (Chen, 1999). ( ) ( ) (, 1996), () (, 1990: 16).,... 3) 3) 17. 16,.,, - 11 -
3. Mills (1979),.,. Mills.. - -., (, 1992: 343),. - - -. (T illy, 1990: 5). ( ).... (, 1989). - 12 -
. 4) 4. -, (, 1996).,., (, 1992: 384).,, (, 1991).., 4)....,,.. - 13 -
(W eber, 1981).,. -, - (W eber, 1981). - 14 -
3 1,.., (, 1993).,. 1. (Old - Professionalism ) (New - Profes sion alism ). 5), 5) (Huntington, 1960),. (Stepan, 1971). - 15 -
. 6) (1993: 68).,. 7) (, 1993).,. 1. 5 16. 1960 4 19 6)., 1950 1960,,,., (, 1995: 134). 7). (, 1991;, 1984)..,. - 16 -
,. (, 1993;, 1993;, 1994;, 1995).,. 60 4 19 61 5 16. 5 16 60 461 5 1,. <. 3-1- 1 >, 1. (1982). - 17 -
, 5 16. < 3-1- 2 > 1 1 * :, 1993,,, p. 259., (, 1992: 317)., 1. - 18 -
(, 1993). (1993) 1, 1. - W eber., (Crouch, 1986). 2. (Garcia, 1978)(Junt as ),. (Mills, 1979),. 8) 8),.., 1 1, ( ) - 19 -
,,, 9). (1991) ( ) 5 16,. (1968),, 5 16. <. 3-1- 3 > (% ) 64.3 36.3 32 15.9 8.9 4.6 * :, 1999,,, p. 43,,,.,,. (1998),. (1999) ( ) (Mills, 1979: 263). 9),, (Garcia, 1978: 47). - 20 -
. (1998: 127),. (Crouch, 1986 ;, 1992: 317).,. 3.,,. Py e (1985). H alpern (1963),,,..,. 10),,, 10) 10 (, 1963: 193). - 21 -
(, 1992).. 11). (1990)., (1992),.,.,, ( ), (1997). 2 1. T illy (1994),, 11) 1960 15,.,, (, 1992: 213). - 22 -
. (, 1993)..,, (, 1993). < 3-2- 1 >,,.,,. (, 1994). - 23 -
.,. 2. 1,. (Crou ch, 1986)., (W iliam e, 1972: 2). ( ). - (W eber, 1981),., 1 -,. 4 19 1 2.. (1992: 382), - 24 -
.,. < 3-2- 2 >.,,,,.. - 25 -
4 1 1.,,.,. 1, 1. 1: 1946..... 1.,,. - 26 -
. 1. 1. 1. - - 1789., (, 1996).. <. 4-1- 1 > (1824 1958) 1824 1872 1898 1911 1925 97 3 94 6 81 19 67 33 38 62 56 46 62 38 - - 35 65 33 67 - - - - - - 40 60 25 75 :, 1993,,, p. 222 1807 8 6. 19, 12) 12), - 27 -
(, 1993).. 13),. (Keiser, 1994).. (, 1994). 1. 2.., -. 1808,,.,.., (, 1996: 210). 13) Huntington (, 1993).,. - 28 -
., (Keiser, 1978).,. 36, (1993: 11).,. (1960: 257) ( ) ( ). <. 4-1- 2 >,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1993,,, p. 298. - 29 -
,., -. -.,. 1. 3..,., (, 1991: 278). (, 1988: 9). (, 1999: 20). (, 1998: 187), (, 1971: 42;, 1994: 210). - 30 -
, 1942 544. 42 10 1721 (, 1996),,. (, 1987: 149).,. 2. 2. 1. (Cum ing s, 1990) 10 15. 14) 14) 1945 11 15. (, 1991). 11 15 2 20,, - 31 -
, 1945 11 30., (, 1991). <. 4-1- 3> / 1945. 9. 16 1945.12.26 27,,, 1945. 9. 1 1946. 1 1945. 10, 1,000 12. 15 1946. 1. 11 * :, 1993,, p. 371., 6.,, 46 1 3, 1 20(,,,,, 5. - 32 -
, 1991: 202). (, 1991;, 1984). 1946 2 7 1946 4 18 8 1 8., 1946 5 (N ational Defen ce) (Intern al S ecurity ). 15), (, 1984). 1948 8 15, 1947 1948,,. (, 1991). 2. 2. 1946 1 20. 1945 12 5. 15) 31 1946 5 (Archer L. Lerch) (, 1991). - 33 -
(, 1991). ( ) 60 20, 20, 20,. <. 4-1- 4 > : 13 : 68 : 6 : 21 : 2 23 : 7 23 30 : 97 30 : 6 : 19 : 16 : 4 : 4 : 17, : 16 : 13 : 9 : 4 : 4 : 78 : 22 : 10 :, 1984,,, p. 82 1946 4 305 1. 1,254. 14,, 5 8., 58. 16),, 16) 1 (, 1995: 209). - 34 -
., 6 (, 1991). <. 4-1- 5 > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 45 80 3 4 6 3 6 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 8 8 ( 1) 8 ( 2) 8 ( 3) 8 ( 4) 8 4 6 3 5 12 5 :, 1984,,, pp. 82 83.. 17),. 18) 17) 1947 1948, 1948 101950 6 25 41,300 (, 1993).,,,, (, 1990). 18),,.,,, (, 1993: 241).., - 35 -
.., (, 1985). 3.,.. (1996) 1930 40., (, 1994;, 1991).,.. 19), 80 6 (, 1990). 19). Civilian ' (, 1991). - 36 -
(, 1991: 16;, 1980: 180). (, 1991).,. <. 4-1- 6 > 5 16 / / 62% 19.2% 11.8% 5.4% 1.6% - 100% 34.5% 13.8% 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 31% 100% 50% 20% 10% 10% 10% - 100% - - 37 -
. (1993: 429) 1960,,.,. <. 4-1- 6 > 5 16.., 5 16., 90%.,. 98.4%18.4%.., 5 16 31%. 57 6., 48.,.,. - 38 -
.,,.. 2 1. 1 1. 1. 1 (, 1996). (),. (, 1993; 37).,., 5 ()(, - 39 -
1993: 169). 5 8. 5 5 15 : 1 2/ 3, 6. 7, 8. 7, 8 3/ 4 10 : 1, (, 1984). (, 1993). 1. 2. : (1984),,,.,. - ( 1997: 364). - 40 -
, 1.,, 8 (1949, 6. 26) 5 10.,, (, 1997: 312).,, (, 1985). 2. (1997).,., (, 1993: 171). 2. 1., 1952 5 25-41 -
. 47 7. 2, (, 1993;, 1994;, 1993;, 1995)., 2, (, 1993). (, 1988;, 1986;, 1993), 7 4. 20) (, 1997)., (, 1986: 156).,,,. 20) 7 11, (, 1986: 94). - 42 -
,. 21). UN, UN (, 1988). 2. 2. 52 5 ( ) 51 10. 52 5 40, 45 UN (, 1987).,,, 2 2 2 (, 1993;, 1988).,..,, 21),., (, 1986). - 43 -
1 (, 1993).,. <. 4-2- 1 > 1 48 50 54 58-27.1% 56.2% 54.1% :, 1971,. 1946 48, 48 52,,., 1952, 3. <. 4-2- 2 > 3 1,2,4 2 7, 10-1 14 43% - 2 5, 8 - - 14% 2 6, 9-2 11, 13 1 12 36% 1 3 - - - 7% 43% 29% 14% 14% 100% - 1 4 - - 14% - 1 2 - - 14% 2 1, 3 - - 3 5,6,7 72% 29% 29% - 42% 100% :, 1991,/,, pp. 343 344.. - 44 -
., 115. (, 1993).,,. 53, UN.,., (, 1989: 134). - 45 -
5 3. 1.. 1,, 1 2. 1 1 1. 1 : 1. 1.,.. (Hut chcroft, 1998; Rem m er, 1989)., (, 1988)., (, 1999: 413). - 46 -
(, 1996: 67). ( ), (, 1991: 113)., (, 1993: 143). (, 1999:11),,,, (, 1960: 257)., 1 (, 1994). <. 5-1- 1 > ( ) ( ),,, ( ), :, 1993,,, p. 76 1392-47 -
( ) (, 1992),.,.,, 10 20, (, 1993). 1. 2. - ().. - (, 1996: 66; Hut ch croft, 1998). <. 5-1- 2 > 1946 1946 (% ) 1 1 100 8 5 63 10 8 80 30 25 83 139 104 75 969 806 83 :, 1990,,, p. 222. - 48 -
, 85% (, 2000: 143).,. - (, 1993,, 1995).,,.,,. 1945 9 140, 3,. 1946 1947, 1958 5080 (, 2000: 228). 60 (, 1994)., 1, 10 (, 1993).,., - 49 -
(, 1993). <. 5-1- 3 > / 1949 0.02 0.09 22.2 % 1950 0.1 0.2 50.0 % 1951 0.3 0.6 50.0 % 1952 0.9 2.2 41.8 % 1953 3.3 6.1 54.1 % 1954 6.0 14.2 42.2 % 1955 10.6 28.1 37.7 % 1956 19.0 ( : 10 ) / 1957 11.2 35.0 11.5 32 % 102.7 % 1958 12.7 41.1 14.4 30.9 % 113.3 % 1959 13.9 40.0 12.3 34.7 % 88.5 % 1960 14.7 42.0 11.4 35.0 % 77.5 % :, 1994,, p. 59., (, 1994).,. 51 1 52 (, 1988)., - 50 -
.,. 2. 1,.,,.,,.,. 2. 1. (H ender son, 1968),. <. 5-1- 4 > :, 1990,,, p. 187. - 51 -
, 1881 (, 1996).,.,. (, 1992: 239), ( )., (, 1990;, 1998). <. 5-1- 5 > ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) 2 - - - 1 1 :, 1995, (),, p. 176. ( 3-2) <. 5-1- 5 >. (, 1989)., - 52 -
., 2040 (, 1995).. (, 1998: 54). (, 1997). <. 5-1- 6 > 4 117 43 % 56 % 23.9 % 53 52.8 % 58.5 % 45.3 % :, 1996,, (1 )- (5),, p. 23,, 1998,,, p. 47, (, 1985: 264). 2. 2. 1), 2), 3), 4) - 53 -
, 5), 6) (, 1993: 10),. (1993: 38) 1952.,,. -.,. - 54 -
2-1. 1, 1.,, (, 1993: 148).., 53 (, 1985).. 1955 55 ICA, UNKRA. ICA UN KRA. (, 1985). 1956 KPA ( ), (, 1962: 126). 53-55 -
.,. <. 5-2- 1 > (1945 1961) ( : ) ( : ) ICA UN KRA () 1945 615 1,363 1946 110 5,355 1947 43 5,666 1948 326 4,944 1949 216 5,436 1950 524 3,630 13.2 1951 1,478 3,159 122-1952 2,664 2,379 1,960 306.9 1953 4,268 2,076 5,57 1 29,58 0 765.9 1954 3,431 1,750 82,437 21,291 4,470.4 1955 2,67 2 2,237 205,8 15 22,18 1 15,053.6 1956 2,634 2,318 271,049 22,370-1957 2,483 2,586 323,268 14,103 22,451.1 1958 2,368 2,559 265,629 7,747 24,581.1 1959 2,031 1,892 208,297 2,471 18,910 1960 1,812 2,625 225,236 244 1961 1,518 2,558 154,319 :, 1985, 40 I,, pp. 236 239, 55 (, 2000). - - 56 -
. 1. 2. 1946., 1948 4 3 (, 1991). 10 60. <. 5-2- 2 > 1953 11 0 28 32 1954 1 1 20 22 1955 3 0 12 15 1956 2 0 2 4 1957 50 1 9 60 1958 86 3 7 96 1959 208 0 1 209 361 5 79 445 :, 1993,,, p. 471, 50., (, 1993). - 57 -
.,. 55, (, 1993). 2. 2. 1., (, 2000: 496). <. 5-2- 3 > ( ) 5, 8 :, 1991,/,, pp. 343 344. - 58 -
( ), (, 1985: 165).,,,.,,., 55. 55, (, 1995: 201).,.,,, (, 1993: 174).. 2. 2. 60, - 59 -
., 60 (, 1994). <. 5-2- 4 > : 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 317 814 1,038 1,193 1,751 1,080 1,402 1,076 1,357 1,569 N.a 426 632 1,129 1,079 520 435 389 419 394 / - 1.91 1.64 1.05 1.62 2.07 3.26 2.77 3.24 3.98 :, 1994,,, p. 171 < 5-2- 4 > 50 60 2,.,,,.., (, 1960: 263).,,. - 60 -
3 1. 4 19 1 1. 1., (, 1988).,. (, 1989)., (, 1993: 148).,, 1959 (, 1985: 190).,,. (, 1982). 11.. - 61 -
1. 2. 4 19 3 15 4 19,. (1991: 141),. (, 1993;, 1993;, 1994:, 1995)., 3 15., (S.E. F in er ),,. <. 5-3- 1 > 4 19. - 62 -
4 19, 4 19. 4 19 4 19,. (, 1993).,.,.. 60 3 15, (, 1992: 221,, 1995: 208)., (1988: 151),,.,,. 4 19,.. - 63 -
2. 2 2. 1. 4 19, (, 1995: 201)... (), 1960.. (, 2000: 272)., 17 (, 1994: 213;, 1985: 258). (, 1993: 458)., (, 1985: 264).,, 10%. - 64 -
, 10 4 (, 1993). 2. 2. -.,., - (, 1996: 67).. 60 4 19. 1952,. (, 1995: 208), (, 1995: 202). <. 5-3- 2 > (, 1997: 218)., 2.,, - 65 -
(, 1992: 222;, 1996). <. 5-3- 1 > 1 2 / 5 16, 2 (, 1993). (, 2000: 6). 5 16 16 8 5, (, 1991: 348).,. 5 16 ( 1992: 241). - 66 -
,. - 67 -
6 1. : 1 4 19.., 1.,.,.,. 1,.,,.,. 4 19, 3 15-68 -
.,.,,.,.,. 1,,. <. 6-1- 1 > 4 19 3 15 5 16 : <. 6-1- 1 >. - 69 -
.,,. 2..,, (, 1993: 134)., (, 1993: 134;, 1996: 319;, 1990: 146;, 1989: 132)., 1.,,. 1.,.., - 70 -
. (, 1991: 113)., ( ).,.. 1. - 71 -
- - - - -, 1986,,, 1982,,, 1991, /,, 1981,,, 1980,,,, 1961, 3, 5, 1962, 13, 1995,,, 1996,,, 1993,, 2 4, 1994,,, 1994,,, 19,, 1995,,, 1978,,, 1995, (),, 1998,,, 1991,, 25 1, 1988,,, 1993,, 17, 1985,,, 1992,,,, 1995,,, 1997,, - 72 -
, 1992,,,,, 1981,,, 1990,,, 1994,,,, 1988, 1952, 22 2, 1986a,, 1:,, 1986b,, 2:,, 1981,,,, 1997,, 1,, 1991, : (1945 1948), 13,, 1996,,, 21, 1996, :, 1500 1900,, 1992,,,,, 1999,,, 1999,, 19, 1995,,, 1998,,, 1996, 2,, 1990,, 9, 1998,,, 1986,,,, 1985, 40 I,, 1993, 3, - 73 -
, 1990,,, 11, 1986,,, 1993, :, 27 2, 1996, :, 36 1, 1997,, 37 2, 1990,,,, 1996,, (1 ) - (3),, 1994,,, 1960,, 12, 1991,,,, 1992,,, 1997,,, 1997, :,, 1998,,,, 1999,, II,, 1987,,, 1993,,, 1992,, 17,, 1993,, 21, - 74 -
, 1998,,, 1971,:, 6, 1982,,, 1990,,, 1960, =,6, 1996,,, 1996,, (1 )- (5),, 1962,,, 2000a, 1,, 2000b, 2,, 1998,, 32, 1998,,,, 37, 1999,,, 1989, 6.25, 5, 1991,,, 1995,,, 1991,,,, 1992,,,,, 1996, :,, 1989,,, 1988,,, 1984,, - 75 -
, 1988,,, 1982,,, 1995,,, 1993,,., 1999,, 53, 1989,,,, 1971,, 1997, -, 1997,,, 1996,,, 1992,,, 1995,,, 1994, :, A., 1991,,,, 1995,, 1990,,,, 1993,,,, 1963, 1 ( ), 1996,,,, 65,, 1997,, 97, 1988, 1:, 5,, 1990, I: 1,,,, 1996, II: 3,,,, 1996,, 5-76 -
, 1984,,, 1993,,, 1993,,, 1993,, Coulborn, Ru sht on, 1956, F eu dalism In Hist ory, Prin cet on : Prin cet on Univ ersity P ress (, 1990,, ) Cum in g s, Bru ce, 1981, T h e Origin s of the Korean W ar Vol.1 : Lib eration and th e em erg ence of S eperate Regim e, 1945 1947, Princet on : Prin cet on Univ. Press (, 1990,, ) F red R. Von der M ehden,, 1981,, H en derson, Greg ory, 1968, Korea : T h e P olitics of the V ort ex, Harv ard Univ ersity Pres s, Cam bridge, M assachu sett s. (, 2000,, ) Mills, C. W right, 1956, T he P ow er Elite, Lon don : Oxford Univ er sity Press (, 1979,, ) Keijer. Nico, 1978, Milit ary Obedience, Sijth off & N oordh off Int ernational P ublisher s B.V., Alphen aan den Rijn, T he N etherlands (, 1994,, ) P arkin, F rank, 1982, M ax W eber, Elis Horw ood Lim it ed : Chich est er, Su s sex (, 1985,, ) Sm ith. Louis, 1951, Am erican dem ocracy and m ilitary pow er : a study of civil control of the m ilitary pow er in th e Unit ed St at es, Chicag o : Univ er sity of Chicago Press. (, 1955,,.) - 77 -
T illy, Charles, 1990, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990, Ba sil Blackw ell. (, 1994,, ) A zar, Edw ard E. & M oon, Chun g - in, 1988, National S ecurity in th e T hird W orld, Center for Intern ational Dev elopm ent and Conflict M anag em ent, Univ er sity of M arylan d Bayley, David H., 1975, T h e P olice and P olitical Dev elopm ent in Europe, Chrles T illy (ed ) Coercion, Capital, an d European St at es, AD 990-1990, Basil Blackw ell Ch en, H. Y. Albert., 1999, Ligit ation, M ediation an d Ju stice : Confu sian Reflection In a M odern Liberal S ociety, T he S econd Intern ational Conference On Lib er al, S ocial, and Confucian Dem ocracy Crouch, H arold, 1986, P atrim onialism an d Military Rule in Indon esia, Atul Kohli(ed ) T h e St ate and Dev elopm ent in T h e T hird W orld, Prin cet on : Princet on Univ er sity Press Don g - no, Kim, 1990, T he T ran sform ation of F amilism In M odern Korean S ociety : F orm Cooperation t o Com petition, Int ernation al S ociology Vol. 5 F in er, S am uel E., 1975, State- an d Nation - Buildin g in Europ : T h e Role of the Milit ary, Chrles T illy (ed ) Coercion, Capit al, and European St at es, AD 990-1990, Basil Blackw ell F ukuyama, Fransis. 1995, Social Capital & T he Global Economy, F oreign Affairs 74(5) Garcia, Jose Z., 1978, "Milit ary F ation s an d Military Int erv ention in Latin Am erica", in Sheldon W. Sim on (ed ) T he Milit ary and S ecurity in T he T hird W orld, W estview press. In c. Halpern, Manfred, 1963, "Middle- Eastern Armies and the New Middle- Class", in - 78 -
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A B S T RA CT Stu dy on the Trait of Koreaa Civil-Military Relations - With the Emphasis on the First Repub lic Kim In-Soo D ept. of Sociology The Graduate Shool Yonsei University It is believed that military intervention should not be allowed. But, the military was a device of governance in all over the premodern societies. What made our attitude be changed? If w e have not experienced this change, Why the military should not intervene in the politics? In the Korean traditional Society, T he ruler controled the military by weakening their capabilities. Military officer s could not be appointed for the commander but also they should serve his ruler only as an assistant. Consequently, T he military could not help being subordinated to ruler. On the other hand, in the western society military function was fostered as an independent function separated with politics. T he role of the military was limited to a response against military threat from the outside. M ost of stu dies on the Korean Civil- Milit ary relation s hav e focu sed on the reason w hy the m ilit ary int erv en e the politics. And they in sist ed that the Korean m ilit ary didn 't h av e stron g w ill t o keep political neutralization so they int erv ened politics. But, althou gh th ese argum ent s are based on th e presum ption th at the m ilitary function w as separat ed from political fun ction, they could n ot show u s th e proof th at ther e w as th e independent milit ary in the Korean society. T he fir st aim of this dissert ation is to point out the im portan ce of gov ern ance stru cture for the an aly sis relat ed t o Civil- Military relation s. T h e Gov ernan ce stru cture prescribe the relation bet w een ruler an d the m ilitary. Becau se the w estern and asian society couldn 't h av e th e sam e gov ernance structure, Different types of Civ il- Milit ary relation s hav e been dev eloped. Con sequ ently, th e trait of Korean Civil- Milit ary relation s can ' t help bein g - 81 -
sim ilar w ith n ot w est ern Civil- m ilit ary relation s but chin ese Civil- m ilit ary relation s. Durin g the fir st republic, T he president, bureau and the police com bin ed w ith patron - client relation s by ex chan ging protection of v est ed interest s w ith political support. It result ed in g ov ern ance stru ctur e ruled by only on e m an. Un der such an stru cture the president kept the control again st th e m ilit ary throu gh political m anipulation an d w at ch. Con sequ ently, a little of Generals dev ot ed him self for th e pr esident a s a m ean s of gov ern ance and it m ade th e m ilit ary th e object of political m obilization. T he military intervention to the domain of politics was only a means to keep close relation s w ith the president. S o alth ou gh th e president depen ded m uch on the m ilit ary, the m ilitary couldn ' t affect the president ' s decision. But, w hen ev er th e president ' s ruling capability ov er society, the milit ary could reject priv at e loy alty to th e president. It resulted in collapse of the first republic. T he m ilit ary elit e is n ot the subject w ho are w holly separat ed from the structural features of society. Becau se the stru ctural features of Korean pr em odern society still affect th e individual action s in the m odern society, the Korean Civil- m ilit ary relation s could not be an aly sed w ith theories confirm ed in th e w est ern society. S o the trait of Korean Civil- m ilit ary relation s can b e un der st ood m ore clearly n ot by political attitu de of the m ilitary but by structural feature of the Korean society. Key W ord : P atrim onialism, Civil- milit ary relation s, T h e F ir st Republic, P olitical Interv ention, New Professionalism, Old Professionalism, P atron - Client Relation s. P olitical Culture. - 82 -