절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 Despairing, Resisting and Hoping again: Caring the Economically Vulnerable People 김수영 (Kim, Soo-Young Sue) [ 평택대학교조교수, 목회상담학 ] 1997 IMF resilience 40
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 41 I. 서론 : 불안정한사회, 불안정한대중 vulnerability globalization economic vulnerability 10 50 2 10 40 50 65
42 목회와상담 제 28 호 20
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 43 resilience II. 경제와인간심리그리고경제적불안정 economy 1) 1 2009
44 목회와상담 제 28 호 unfair trade 2) 3) 4) 2 Ed Diener, J. Horwitz, and R. A. Emmons, Happiness of the Very Wealthy, Social Indicators Research 6 1985 270 271. 3 Jonathan L. Freedman, Happy People What Happiness Is, Who Has It, and Why New York Russell Sage Foundation, 1999 4 Ed Diener and Richard L. Lucas, Personality and Subjective Well being, in Well being The Foundation of Hedonic Psychology, eds., Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz New York Russell Sage Foundation, 1999 213 229 Hart r 40 Peter M. Hart, Predicting Employee Life Satisfaction A Coherent Model of Personality, Work and Non Work Experiences, and Domain Satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology 84 4 1999 564 584 E Kevin Kelloway and Julian Barling, Job Characteristics, Role Stress and Mental Health, Journal of Occupational Psychology 64 1991, 291 304.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 45 vulnerable vulnerable vulnerable powerless defenseless impotent James N. Polling 5) economic vulnerability Jose Luis Rocha 6) vulnerability 5 James N. Polling, Render to God Economic Vulnerability, Family Violence, and Pastoral Theology St. Louis, MO Chalice Press, 2002, 13. 6 14
46 목회와상담 제 28 호 III. 경제적으로불안정한사람들, 그들은누구인가? 1980 1997 2000 IMF 20 7) 8) 40 50 7 20 67.8 20.7 20 68%, 2014.12.31. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/ society_general/671737.html. 2017.02.07. 8 1997 OECD IMF 1998 42 3 2000 2003 2004 OECD 1 40 50 IMF 42 2003 27 2007.02.15. http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200702150049. 2016.10.17.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 47 9) 10) 10 45 100 11) 12) 13) 50 2 09 1 40 50 2013.09.10. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/medialabs/special/ suicide/index.html. 2016.11.17. 10 65 2014 49 OECD 4 5 2016 2016.10.11. http://www.kyeonggi.com/?mod=news&act=articleview&idxno=1249876. 2017.02.06. 11 2015 383 12 26 OECD 125 127 13 406 407
48 목회와상담 제 28 호 20 30 88 14) 15) 16) IV. 목회신학적이해 : 거짓희망과하나님의희망 Barbara Ehrenreich 17) 18) 14 2007 8 88 2007 2007 119 20 74% 88 20 15 16 3 NG 978 2015.03.09 40 41. http://weekly.donga.com/list/3/all/11/98970/1. 2016.11.10. 17 Barbara Ehrenreich
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 49 19) 1. 구별되어야할거짓희망 Barbara Ehrenreich Bright Sided How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America New York Metropolitan Books 2009 18 2012 8 19 393
50 목회와상담 제 28 호 2007 20) 21) 22) 20 2010 477 478 21 2013 22 478
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 51 2. 저항을살도록하는기독교의희망 transformation 23) 12 3 23 Jurgen Moltmann, Theology as Eschatology, in The Future of Hope Theology as Eschatology, ed., Frederick Herzog New York Herder and Herder, 1970, 8.
52 목회와상담 제 28 호 24) 25) 11 6 9 I have a dream 26) 27) 24 Michale Taylor, Poverty and Christianity London Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2000, 126 127. 25 Katharine D. Sakenfeld, Ruth 4, an Image of Eschatological Hope Journeying with a Test, in Liberating Eschatology, ed., Margaret A. Farley and Serene Jones Louisville, KY Westminster, 1999, 56. 26 27 Jurgen Moltmann, Liberating and Anticipating the Future, in Liberating Eschatology, eds., Margaret A. Farley and Serene Jones Louisville, KY Westminster, 1999, 197.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 53 28) V. 심리상담학적이해 : 한 ( ) 과회복탄성력 (resilience) 1. 깨어진희망, 한 ( ) 28 2014 28
54 목회와상담 제 28 호 29) Andrew Sung Park 30) 31) 1970 29 Andrew Sung Park, The Wounded Heart of God The Asian Concept of Han and the Christian Doctrine of Sin Nashville, TN Abingdon Press, 1993, 10. 30 Andrew Sung Park, The Bible and Han, in The Other Side of Sin Woundedness from the Perspective of the Sinned Against, eds., Andres Sung Park and L. Nelson Albany, NY State University of New York Press, 2001, 47 48. 31 Park, The Wounded Heart of God, 18.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 55 32) 33) 2. 포기하지않는희망 : 회복탄성력 (resilience) 50 90 34) 32 1983 87 33 Park, The Wounded Heart of God, 16. 34 Fran H. Norris and Laurie. B. Slone 1995 2005 50 90 DSM III DSM IV Fran H. Norris and Laurie. B. Slone, The Epidemiology of Trauma and PTSD, in Handbook of PTSD, eds., M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, and P. A. Resick New York Guilford Press, 2007, 78 87.
56 목회와상담 제 28 호 PTSD resilience 35) recovery 36) 35 M. Rutter, Resilience in the Face of Adversity Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder, British Journal of Psychiatry vol.147 1985, 598 611. 36 George Bonanno, Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? American Psychologist 59 1 2004, 20.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 57 37) VI. 돌봄과치유를위한제안 1. 거짓희망을경계하라 37 a shared quality Michael Ungar, Social Ecologies and Their Contribution to Resilience, ed., M. Ungar, The Social Ecology of Resilience A Handbook of Theory and Practice New York Springer Science + Business Media, 2012 17.
58 목회와상담 제 28 호 38) 38 27 2016, 139 171 Soo Young Sue Kim, An Understanding of God of Sufferers and Suggestions for Caring, The Korean Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling 26 2016, 427 457 26 2016, 330 360
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 59 2. 희망을실천하는신앙공동체를일구라 Michael Frost the exiled 39) 40) 39 SFC 415 40 433
60 목회와상담 제 28 호 3. 회복탄성력의신앙공동체를일구라 resilient factors 41) 41 realistic optimism facing fear moral compass religion and spirituality social support resilient role models physical fitness brain fitness cognitive and emotional flexibility meaning and purpose Steven M Southwick and Dennis S. Charney, Resilience The Science of Mastering Life s Greatest Challenges Cambridge Cambridge University Pres, 2012, 16.
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 61 VII. 나오는말 2010 20 30 30
62 목회와상담 제 28 호 Economic Vulnerability, Han, Hope, Resilience, Faith Community
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 63 NG 978 2015 3 9 40 41. http://weekly.donga.com/list/3/all/ 11/98970/1. 2016.11.10. 2014 2010 477 478 1983 2012 2016 2016 10 11 http://www.kyeonggi.com/? mod=news&act=articleview&idxno=1249876. 2017.02.06. 40 50 2013 9 10 http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/medialabs/special/ suicide/index.html. 2016.11.17. 88 2007 27 2016 139 171 20 68 2014 12 31 http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_ general/671737.html. 2016.09.07. IMF 42 2003 27 2007 2 15 http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=2007021500 49/9. 2016.10.17. 2013 2015 26 2016 330 360. SFC, 2009. 2009 Bonanno, George. Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely
64 목회와상담 제 28 호 Aversive Events. American Psychologist 59 1 2004, 20 28. Diener, Ed. and Richard L. Lucas. Personality and Subjective Well being. In Well being The Foundation of Hedonic Psychology. Edited by Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999, 213 229. J. Horwitz, and R. A. Emmons. Happiness of the Very Wealthy Social Indicators Research 16 1985 263 274 Ehrenreich Barbara Bright Sided How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America New York Metropolitan Books 2009 Freedman Jonathan L Happy People What Happiness Is Who Has It and Why New York Russell Sage Foundation 1999 Hart Peter M Predicting Employee Life Satisfaction A Coherent Model of Personality, Work and Non Work Experiences, and Domain Satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology 84 4 1999 564 584. Kelloway E Kevin and Julian Barling Job Characteristics Role Stress and Mental Health Journal of Occupational Psychology 64 1991 291 304 Kim Soo Young Sue An Understanding of God of Sufferers and Suggestions for Caring The Korean Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling 25 2016 427 457 Mortmann, Jurgen. Liberating and Anticipating the Future. In Liberating Eschatology. Edited by Margaret A. Farley and Serene Jones. Louisville, KY Westminster, 1999, 189 208 Theology as Eschatology InThe Future of Hope Theology as Eschatology Edited by Frederick Herzog New York Herder and Herder, 1970. Norris, Fran H. and Laurie. B. Slone. The Epidemiology of Trauma and PTSD. In Handbook of PTSD. Edited by M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, and P. A. Resick. New York Guilford Press, 2007, 78 87. Park, Andrew Sung. The Bible and Han. In The Other Side of Sin
김수영 절망하고저항하며, 다시희망하기 : 경제적으로불안정한사람들을위한돌봄의목회연구 65 Woundedness from the Perspective of the Sinned Against. Edited by Andres Sung Park and L. Nelson. Albany, NY State University of New York Press, 2001, 45 60. The Wounded Heart of God The Asian Concept of Han and the Christian Doctrine of Sin. Nashville, TN Abingdon Press, 1993. Poling, James N. Render to God Economic Vulnerability, Family Violence, and Pastoral Theology. St. Louis, MO Chalice Press, 2002. Rutter, M. Resilience in the Face of Adversity Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 147 1985, 598 611. Sakenfeld, Katharine D. Ruth 4, an Image of Eschatological Hope Journeying with a Test. In Liberating Eschatology. Edited by Margaret A. Farley and Serene Jones. Louisville, KY Westminster, 1999, 55 67. Southwick, Steven M. and Dennis S. Charney. Resilience The Science of Mastering Life s Greatest Challenges. Cambridge Cambridge University Pres, 2012. Taylor, Michale. Poverty and Christianity. London: Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2000. Ungar, Michael. Social Ecologies and Their Contribution to Resilience. In The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice. Edited by M. Ungar. New York Springer Science Business Media, 2012, 13 32.
66 목회와상담 제 28 호 Despairing, Resisting and Hoping again: Caring the Economically Vulnerable People Kim, Soo-Young Sue Assistant Professor Pyeongtaek University Pyeongtaek, Korea This study examines pastoral response for caring for economically vulnerable people in the Christian community of current Korean society. It is a macro approach to pastoral care and counseling, not limited to the human inner world. With a broad perspective, this study proposes one of the ways to create a Christian community that cares for and nurtures economically vulnerable people. Thus, this paper tries to identify the economically vulnerable people; examines their social, political, and cultural experiences; reviews theological aspects; and represents a type of the Christian community that takes care of those people. Economic status affects human emotions. Practical economic issues need a careful approach together with psychological and counselling efforts. In current Korean society, the young adult generation and nonregular workers, which constitute one third of the total workforce, struggle with the increased inequality and instability of the labor market. In the face of financial instability, individuals and communities are less able to cope with crises, thus creating conditions conducive to social unrest., This paper proposes that, in the midst of hopeless social conditions, a resilient faith community can be strengthened by the pursuit of God s hope. A resilient community becomes a buffer zone that helps individuals and families to bear desperate life conditions and consistently pursue resources for overcoming harshness.