Clinical Article The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 2013;31(2):69-77 http://dx.doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.69 골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와정확성이시각탐색에미치는영향 한국과학기술원 김석희 Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting Seok Hee Kim Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement depending on putting distance and accuracy in golf putting. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers. Golfers had performed golf putting on 2 m and 15 m distances. Visual search had used in order to examine the eye movement in success and failure of putting by eye tracker (Dikablis 2.0). During golf putting, eye movement analysis had analyzed on the ball and the hole of putting distance and accuracy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS ver. 15.0 program. Visual search to distance and accuracy on ball were as followed. Duration was significant differences in putting distance. Number of glances was significant differences in accuracy. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance. Glance frequency was significant differences in putting distance. Visual search to distance and accuracy on hole were followed. Total glance time and number of glances were significant differences in putting distance. Mean glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance and between interaction. Maximal glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Minimal glance duration was significant differences in accuracy, and between interaction. Glance frequency was significant differences in between interaction. This study will be expected to be utilized for putting performance improvement as a basis for developing an exercise program. Keywords: Eye camera, Visual research, Putting distance, Accuracy Received: September 5, 2013 Revised: November 21, 2013 Accepted: November 21, 2013 Correspondence: Seok Hee Kim Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea Tel: +82-42-350-4821, Fax: +82-42-350-4689 E-mail: ksma@kaist.ac.kr Copyright 2013 The Korean Society of Sports Medicine CC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론스포츠는매순간변화하는다양한경기상황속에서가능한한가장빠르고정확하게반응하기위해스포츠지식 (sport knowledge) 을필요로하는분야이다. 스포츠지식은인지적인요소로정보를받아들이는지각과받아들인정보를상황에따라적절히반응하도록하는의사결정과정을포함한다. 최상의수행을위해서는효과적인인지적방법의수립과이를수행할수있는운동기술을습득하는것이필요하며, 이두가지가서로상호작용하는과정이매우중요하다 1). 제 31 권제 2 호 2013 69
SH Kim. Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting 스포츠경기수행력과직접적으로관련된운동기술, 지각기술, 그리고의사결정등을규명하고, 그획득과정을다루는학문적영역을운동숙련연구이다. 이와관련된운동숙련연구들은운동숙련성을발달시키는데어떤연습유형이도움을줄수있는지에대한기본적원리를파악하여숙련자와초보자에게더많은정보를제공할수있게될것이다 2). 따라서운동기술과더불어지각능력을결정하는요인에대한연구들이필요하게되었고스포츠에서경쟁은고도의집중력을요구하고이러한상황이골프퍼팅의과정이해당될것이다. 골프샷의 64% 가 100 yd 이내에서이루어짐에도불구하고골퍼들은대부분퍼팅보다드라이버연습을더선호한다. 하지만라운딩과정에서드라이버는최대로사용한다하여도 18번에불과하다. 결국골프의스코어를향상시킬수있는방법은 100 yd 이내에서의플레이능력이좌우할것이다 3). 골프선수들도마찬가지로퍼팅이모든골프스트로크의 38% 를차지하며매우중요하게생각한다고보고하였지만 4) 대부분일반골퍼들은퍼팅을소홀이다루고연습을하지않는것이현실이다 5). 골프퍼팅중적절한정보를지각하는과정은거의시각을통해서이루어지고퍼팅동작을준비하는과정뿐만아니라특정한상황에요구되는운동수행에대한적절한단서도시각을통하여선택하기도한다 6). 이는곧골프를수행할때시선을어떻게조절하는가하는문제와관련이있다는것이다 7). 일반적으로골프지도자들은퍼팅시볼을끝까지응시하며스트로크를수행하고임팩트후에헤드업방지를위해볼이놓여있던위치에시선을고정하라고지도하는데이러한이유는눈과머리의위치에따라변화하는시선을스스로제어하는방법을강조하는것이라할수있다 6). 퍼팅을할때시선을공에고정하는것은거리와방향또는공의이동궤적등을정확하게판단하는것뿐만아니라정확한임팩트를위해서도매우중요하다 7). 이때빠른움직임의운동정확성을설명하기위해볼의거리에영향을미치는요소로는임펄스가변성 (Impulse variability) 을제시하고, 방향에영향을미치는요소는클럽헤드의스윙궤도와임팩트시클럽페이스의위치를제시한다 8). 다시말해서, 스포츠환경에대한단서를획득하는데있어시각은매우중요한감각체계로과거경험을바탕으로한수행자의지식이스포츠환경에대한단서에주의를기울일수있도록유도한다 9). 따라서시각정보를통한정보처리는다양하고빠르게변화하는운동상황에적절하게반응하기위한운동기술과스포츠기술수행에필요한정보를받아들여효율적으로주어진상황에적절하게반응하도록하는의사결정과정에매우중요하게작용할수있을것이다 10). 운동과관련한시각탐색에대한대부분의선행연구들은테니스, 골프, 당구등의과제에서높은기술수준과수행의정확성에대한결과를인지적특성으로간주할수있는변인임을제시하거나시각정보를획득하여처리하는과정을밝히고자하는연구들이있다 11,12). 하지만숙련도나종목에따른경기환경에서운동수행의차이를제시하는데부족한것이현실이다. 또한특정한상황에서요구되는수행에대한적절한단서를시각을통하여환경으로부터선택할수있는연구가필요하게되었다 7). 골프퍼팅과같은운동기능수행의정확성은볼과홀의관계에대한상황판단, 목표달성을위해요구되는퍼팅의방향과거리를생성할수있는운동명령의계획그리고계획된운동명령의실행과관련된정보의처리능력에의해결정된다 13). 수행된동작의정확성은목표물이특정한공간적위치에도달하는것과일치되게사지를그지점으로이동시켜는정도에의해결정되고수행자는공간적목표의이동행로나속도, 방향등에관한정보에근거를두고목표의달성을위해동작의개시시점과요구되는운동수행의유형을결정하게된다 14). 그리고수행된동작의정확성은동작기간동안입수된시각적정보의이용능력에의존하게되고 15) 실제골프퍼팅시초보자는물론숙련자들조차도퍼팅스트로크중무의식적으로시선을움직이게되어볼에대한집중력약화뿐만아니라타신체분절과의협응성이감소하여퍼팅의정확성이떨어질수있다 16,17). 시각적심상은유사지각적기억코드로서실제눈앞에존재하지않는상이나움직임에대해시각적으로생생하게떠올리는것이며, 운동감각적심상은과제수행시실제상황을수행하듯이모든근육의감각을동원하여자극과반응에대한몸이과제에자각증세를가지게하고 18) 경기력에영향을미치게될것이다. 따라서동일한종목이라도수행해야하는상황조건에따라시각탐색전략이다르게나타난다는사실과경기상황의복잡성수준이달라짐에따라서의사결정과정이달라진다는것을고려해야할것이다 19). 본연구는골프숙련자를대상으로골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와퍼팅의정확성에따른수행력차이를시각적처리과정을통해규명하고자하였으며, 시각탐색을통한퍼팅연습이고유감각정보에영향을주어보다나은운동지각기술훈련프로그램에기초정보를제공하고자하는데그목적이있다. 70 대한스포츠의학회지
김석희. 골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와정확성이시각탐색에미치는영향 연구방법 1. 연구대상 본연구의대상자는 2011 년도현재한국프로골프협회 (Korea Professional Golfer's Association) 프로나티칭프로로활동하고있는남성골퍼 5명을선정하였다. 연구대상자들의특성은 Table 1과같다. Table 1. Physical characteristics of subjects Subjects Height (cm) Weight (kg) Career (y) Handicap A 186 95 15 0 B 175 72 15 0 C 170 67 6 0 D 176 87 7 3 E 175 67 15 3 2. 연구방법본연구는경기도소재골프연습장에서실시하였으며, 연구대상자들에게연구목적및취지를충분히설명하였고경력및핸디캡등은질문을통해얻었다. 측정에앞서각대상자들의아이카메라를착용하고안구의움직임과시선의위치를일치시키기위해보정과정을실시하였다. 실험도구를설치한후시작점으로부터 2 m와 15 m의거리에서각각 5회의성공데이터가수집될때까지퍼팅실시하였고각대상자가퍼팅수행시개인의성향을배제하기위해수행한퍼팅중가장빠르게진행된성공한 1회와실패한 1회의퍼팅을선택하여분석하였다. 안구움직임을측정하기위한환경은 The Eye Tracking System (Dikablis 2.0, Ergoneers, Germany) 을사용하였다. Dikablis 2.0 는눈의수직과수평적움직임을측정할수있으며, 시선고정시간, 시선이동유형등을관찰할수있고얼굴에직접착용할수있다. 본연구에서사용한 Eye tracker의좌표해상도는 768 512 px이었으며, 샘플링주파수는 25 Hz로시선의 Fig. 1. The Eye Tracking System (Dikablis 2.0). 제 31 권제 2 호 2013 71
SH Kim. Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting 움직임에대한좌표를측정하였다. 데이터의측정과추출, 분석을하기위하여같은회사의 Dikablis Recorder, Dikablis Analysis와 D-Lad Analysis 소프트웨어를사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 대상자는퍼팅을위한어드레스자세에서백스트로크후임팩트까지볼에대한시선과임팩트후팔로우과정의홀까지주시하도록하였다. 본연구에서측정된시각탐색은좌표에대한응시시간과횟수를알아내기위하여계산이가능하도록데이터를변환하였으며, 장비에서측정된자료는측정도중에몸이나머리를움직였을경우를대비하여볼의위치와목표지점에표식 (maker) 을두고연구대상자가 Eye camera를착용한후시선의범위를좌표로인식시킨후보정 (calibration) 하였다. 마지막으로측정된자료를분석소프트웨어에서위치값을재계산하여적용하였다. 1) 측정구간설정본연구에서퍼팅거리의구분은골프경기에서퍼팅수행시꼭넣어야할숏퍼팅과투퍼팅으로마무리할수있는롱퍼팅으로구분하였다. 일반적으로숏퍼팅은한번에마무 리할수있는 2 m 내의거리를말하고롱퍼팅의경우홀에근접시켜 2타로마무리하는것으로구분할수있다 20). 또한숏퍼팅은퍼팅시헤드를 12 20 cm정도를백스윙하여퍼터헤드를밀어주게되면 1.30 1.50 m의퍼팅이가능한거리이고롱퍼팅의경우 1퍼트에홀컵직경의 2 m 이내로붙이고 2퍼트에성공을가져올수있는거리 10 13 m 이상으로구분할수있다 21,22). 따라서경기상황의복잡성수준에따른의사결정과정의차이를밝히기위해 23) 본연구의퍼팅거리는 2 m와 15 m에서실시하였다. 시각탐색은임팩트전볼과임팩트후각목표지점인홀에대한좌표를설정하고해당범위에대한과정을분석하였으며 (Fig. 1), 연구대상자들의퍼팅과정을동일한조건으로구성하기위해골프퍼팅의과정을구분하여실시하였다. (1) 볼에대한시각탐색은퍼팅전어드레스준비자세에서백스트로크후임팩트까지볼에대한시각탐색과정을분석하였고, (2) 홀에대한시각탐색은임팩트후팔로우과정에서분석하였다. 볼과홀에대한분석변인은시간과비율에변인으로제시하였다. Table 2. Visual search of ball to putting distance and accuracy Variable Distance Success Fail Effects F Duration (s) 2 m 2.77±0.22 2.93±0.64 Distance 65.230*** 15 m 6.96±1.87 6.77±1.74 Accuracy 0.002 Distance accuracy 0.123 Total glance time (s) 2 m 0.84±0.42 1.02±0.34 Distance 0.933 15 m 0.99±0.47 1.17±0.46 Accuracy 1.290 Distance accuracy 0.000 No. of glances (repetition) 2 m 1.00±0.00 1.25±0.50 Distance 0.215 15 m 1.00±0.00 1.16±0.38 Accuracy 5.385* Distance accuracy 0.215 Mean glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.67±0.55 Distance 0.587 15 m 0.60±0.43 0.65±0.36 Accuracy 0.108 Distance accuracy 0.435 Percentaged glance proportion (%) 2 m 28.60±17.78 37.07±15.65 Distance 13.070*** 15 m 16.28±10.07 17.36±4.60 Accuracy 1.163 Distance accuracy 0.696 Maximal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.73±0.49 Distance 0.108 15 m 0.67±0.38 0.79±0.29 Accuracy 0.008 Distance accuracy 0.554 Minimal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.61±0.61 Distance 1.176 15 m 0.53±0.49 0.51±0.47 Accuracy 0.445 Distance accuracy 0.306 Glance frequency (1/s) 2 m 0.39±0.11 0.50±0.13 Distance 20.604*** 15 m 0.24±0.13 0.26±0.10 Accuracy 2.420 Distance accuracy 1.255 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001. 72 대한스포츠의학회지
김석희. 골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와정확성이시각탐색에미치는영향 3. 자료처리본연구의측정된모든자료는평균과표준편차로제시하였으며, 퍼팅거리와성공여부에따른퍼팅시볼과홀에대한시각처리의차이를분석하기위해 two-way repeated analysis of variance를이용하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 통계프로그램을이용하였으며, 모든자료는통계적수준은 5% 수준에서분석하였다. 결과 1. 퍼팅거리와정확성에따른볼에대한시각탐색골프퍼팅시볼에대한시각탐색은 Table 2와같다. 어드레스에서퍼팅임팩트를실시할때까지시각탐색의전체수행시간을나타내는 duration은퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 어드레스상황에서대상자들이볼을바라보는횟수를나타내는응시횟수 (number of glances) 는정확성에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.05). 시각탐색의전체수행시간중볼을탐색하는비율을나타내는응시비율 (percentaged glance proportion) 은퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 그리고운동수행조건내범위를초당응시한횟수를나타내는초당응시횟수 (glance frequency) 는퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 2. 퍼팅거리와정확성에따른홀에대한시각탐색골프퍼팅시홀에대한시각탐색은 Table 3과같다. 어드레스상황부터목표에서시선이종료되는지점까지의시간을나타내는총수행시간 (total glance time) 은퍼팅거리에서유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 어드레스상황에서대상자들이볼을바라보는횟수를나타내는응시횟수 (number of glances) 는퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 응시하는어드레스상황에서볼을탐색하는응시평균시간 (mean glance duration) 은퍼팅거리, 정확성, 그리고상호관계에따라각각유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 시각탐색의전체수행시간중볼을탐색하는비율을나타내는응시비율 (percentaged glance proportion) 은퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났으며 (p<0.001), 상호관계에따라유의한차이가나타났다 (p <0.05). 어드레스에서퍼팅까지중볼을가장오래동안탐색한시간을나타내는최대응시시간 (maximal glance duration) 은 Table 3. Visual search of hole to putting distance and accuracy Variable Distance Success Fail Effects F Total glance time (s) 2 m 0.58±0.19 0.44±0.21 Distance 43.028*** 15 m 2.37±1.15 3.11±1.33 Accuracy 0.741 Distance accuracy 1.689 No. of glances (repetition) 2 m 1.00±0.00 1.00±0.00 Distance 13.993*** 15 m 2.58±1.37 1.75±0.86 Accuracy 1.785 Distance accuracy 1.785 Mean glance duration (s) 2 m 0.39±0.26 0.38±0.16 Distance 15.799*** 15 m 0.57±0.34 2.00±1.09 Accuracy 9.670*** Distance accuracy 10.182*** Percentaged glance proportion (%) 2 m 21.36±7.16 14.78±6.73 Distance 29.414*** 15 m 32.85±13.02 44.40±12.38 Accuracy 0.430 Distance accuracy 5.722* Maximal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.42±0.26 0.38±0.16 Distance 31.331*** 15 m 1.27±0.69 2.62±1.22 Accuracy 5.569* Distance accuracy 6.415* Minimal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.36±0.28 0.38±0.16 Distance 2.755 15 m 0.08±0.06 1.53±1.32 Accuracy 7.885** Distance accuracy 7.656*** Glance frequency (1/s) 2 m 0.44±0.14 0.35±0.08 Distance 0.105 15 m 0.50±0.18 0.25±0.08 Accuracy 11.350 Distance accuracy 2.708** Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. 제 31 권제 2 호 2013 73
SH Kim. Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting 퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났고 (p<0.001) 정확성과상호관계에서유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.5). 볼을가장짧게탐색한시간을나타내는최소응시시간 (minimal glance duration) 은정확성에서유의한차이가나타났으며 (p<0.01), 상호관계에서유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.001). 운동수행조건내범위를초당응시한횟수 (glance frequency) 는상호관계에서유의한차이가나타났다 (p<0.01). 고찰본연구는골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와퍼팅의정확성에따른수행력차이를시각적처리과정으로규명할수있으며, 시각탐색을통한퍼팅연습이고유감각정보에영향을미쳐운동수행력향상을가져올수있는지에서시작되었다. 인간은외부로부터입력되는감각정보의약 80% 90% 를시각에의존하고있으며, 일상생활의신체활동뿐만아니라다양한스포츠의움직임은매우다양하고복잡한과정을거쳐이루어진다. 따라서스포츠기술을수행하는데있어서시각을통해수많은정보를획득하는과정과기술움직임간의관계를밝히는것이중요한과제중하나이다 22). 운동기능의수행은다양한감각정보의처리와이용을포함하고그중목표의위치나크기, 목표의이동방향이나속도등과같은과제상황에대한정보와동작에참여하는시각체계와고유감각체계는운동제어의중요한부분을구성하는것으로설명할수있다 23). 더욱이골프의퍼팅기술은개인의신체적특성에맞는스트로크동작을항상일정하게유지할수있는능력뿐만아니라그린의상태에따른홀의방향이나거리에대한정보를정확하게지각할수있는능력의여부에따라서절대적영향을받기때문이다. 본연구의퍼팅거리와정확성에따른볼에대한시각탐색의결과에서전체수행시간을나타내는총시간은퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타났다. 선행연구중거리와숙련도와소요시간은유의한차이가나타나지않은연구도있지만 24) 본연구에서숙련자들은긴거리에서퍼팅성공시더많은소요시간이요구되고어드레스상황에서대상자들이볼을바라보는횟수인응시횟수는퍼팅실패시보다높은것을제시하고있다. 거리에따라시간적변인과응시횟수는차이가날수있지만정확성에영향을미치는지는미지수였는데본연구에서는성공여부에따라차이가있는것으로나타났다. 퍼팅거리에따라비숙련자는거리가멀수록공에대한시선고정이많이 이루어지는반면에퍼팅성공시거리가멀어질수록공과퍼터사이의영역에시선을가장많이고정시키는것으로나타났다 24). 또한기술숙련정도와상관없이퍼팅을성공하였을경우백스윙과포워드스윙을할때공을바라보는시간이길었으며, 임팩트이후에도공이있던자리에안정적인시선의고정현상을보이는것으로나타났다 25). 전체수행시간중볼을탐색하는응시비율은짧은거리퍼팅에서퍼팅실패시높은것으로나타났고운동수행조건내범위를초당응시한횟수는거리가짧고퍼팅실패시빈도가높은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 1 m의퍼팅에서소요시간은숙련자가비숙련자와유의한차이가없었고 5 m 퍼팅거리에서더많은시간을소요하는것으로긴거리퍼팅상황의전체적환경과수행에대한계획을세우는데더많은정보를받아들이며신중하게진행하는것으로해석할수있다 5,26). 또한숙련자가비숙련자보다운동수행에필요한적절위치를적은횟수로시선을두지만, 한번주시할때오랜시간시선을고정한다는것을밝혀냈다. 이러한차이는지각전략에있어서숙련자가지니고있는특성으로설명할수있지만 2) 퍼팅거리가시선고정비율의차이에영향을미치지않는것으로제시한연구들도있다 24). 다양한거리에따라결과가다르게나타날수있음을의미한다. 퍼팅의성공여부와기술숙련수준의정도에따라안구의움직임유형을비교분석하여시선을조절하는방법의차이를나타내는연구가있는데, 기술정도가낮은골퍼는공, 홀, 클럽헤드에시선을고정시키는시간이약 1초로항상일정한타이밍을유지하고있는반면에, 기술정도가높은골퍼는적절한단서가되는위치사이를매우빠른눈의움직임으로이동하면서, 홀, 공또는클럽헤드와같은주요위치에오랜시간시선을고정시키는것으로나타나본연구와유사하게나타났다 25). 숙련자는거리가멀어질수록탐색을통한정보에많은비중을두고있으며, 이전의경험을바탕으로환경에대한정보를지각하는반면에비숙련자는경험이부족하여환경정보수집의정밀성이떨어지기때문에이와같은결과가나타난것으로생각된다. 그외퍼팅시지면반력을이용하여성공여부의차이를제시한연구를살펴보면, 전후방향은리드미컬한힘의변화가나타나는동작이필요하고안정된자세에서힘의좌우이동폭이큰동작보다는작은동작이퍼팅을잘할수있으며, 공의방향으로체중이이동하는것이바람직한것으로제시하고있어 3) 시각탐색뿐만아니라골프퍼팅수행시퍼팅거리에따라운동수행의차이가나타났고고유감각적정보처리의 74 대한스포츠의학회지
김석희. 골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와정확성이시각탐색에미치는영향 효율성의차이에영향을미치는것을시사할수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서퍼팅거리와정확성에따른홀에대한시각탐색의결과는어드레스상황부터목표에서시선이종료되는지점까지수행시간과어드레스상황에서대상자들이볼을바라보는횟수인응시횟수는긴거리퍼팅에서응시시간과응시횟수가많은것으로나타났고응시하는어드레스상황에서볼을탐색하는응시평균시간은퍼팅거리, 정확성, 그리고상호관계에따라각각유의한차이가나타나긴거리에서퍼팅성공시시간적으로짧은것이유리하고영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 하지만본연구와달리평균시선고정이거리에따른유의한차이가없는것으로제시한연구도있다 24). 시각탐색의전체수행시간중볼을탐색하는비율은긴거리퍼팅에서성공시높은비율을나타내고어드레스에서퍼팅까지중볼을가장오래동안탐색한최대응시시간은긴퍼팅거리에따라유의한차이가나타나고정확성과상호관계에서유의한차이가나타났다. 따라서본연구의골프숙련자들은긴거리퍼팅과성공시시간은짧은것으로나타났다. 하지만숙련자가초보자에비해공에시선을고정하고있는시간이길게나타났다는연구와는상반된결과를제시한연구가있다 7). 이러한결과는골프에있어헤드업에서숙련자들은수행에방해가되지않도록시선을고정시킨채시선을제외한다른감각을통해수행결과에대한정보를받아들이는것으로생각된다 23). 볼을가장짧게탐색한최소응시시간은정확성에서유의한차이가나타나성공시에보다짧은것으로나타났다. 또한운동수행조건내범위를초당응시한횟수는상호관계에서유의한차이가나타나퍼팅거리는길고퍼팅성공시높은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는비숙련자는골프에서말하는헤드업을하지않기위해공에대한시선고정을신경쓰는반면에숙련자는이미동작에대한자동화로인해헤드업보다는공과퍼터를통해방향과목표에대한방향에신경을집중하기때문으로생각된다. 숙련성과거리에따라시선과주의집중의정도를비교한연구에서탐색단계를제외한연습단계, 준비단계, 스윙단계모두숙련자는협의내적주의집중을하며비숙련자는시선에주의를두고집중하는것으로나타났다 26). 또한숙련자가초보자에비해접근구간과임팩트구간에서평균시선고정시간비율이높은것으로나타나본연구의결과와유사한경향을제시한연구도있다 27). 결과적으로임팩트후목표지점의홀보다볼이놓여있는자리를보고있는고정시간이기술숙련정도에따라차이가나타났고숙련자가초보자보 다임팩트후공에시선을고정하고있는시간이길게나타나정확성에미칠수있는것으로생각된다 24). 백스윙의개시이후에시각체계는볼의위치, 요구되는동작행로와실제동작행로의차이등에대한정보를제공해주지만 28,29), 임팩트시점이후시각체계는더이상홀의위치나홀까지의거리등과같은과제상황에대한정보원으로작용하지않기때문에 26) 거리와성공여부에따라차이가나타날수있을것으로생각된다. 골프퍼팅과같이시각정보와운동수행이동시에이루어져고유감각체계를통해정확성을향상시켜야되는환경에서는더욱그러할것이다. 특히, 전통적인퍼팅의연습과정에서는시각정보에대한의존성으로인해고육감각정보의처리가방해를받게되며, 고유감각체계의민감성향상을저해하는요인으로작용하게될수있다 30). 따라서인간의움직임의제어과정은몇단계의위계적구조를이루고있으며, 전략의수립, 운동명령의계획, 실행의단계를거쳐이루어져야할것이다 31). 결론적으로퍼팅동작의수행에앞서수행자는시각정보에근거를두고과제상황의공간적변수들, 즉홀의크기와위치, 볼이놓인지점으로부터홀까지의거리를결정하기위한운동명령의사전계획과정에서이용되고 32), 과제상황의공간적특성파악은시각정보에근거를두고이루어진다. 따라서골프퍼팅에서공의이동궤적을보다정확하게측정하기위하여공과홀사이에가상의중간목표를두고퍼팅하면수행력이향상되고 33) 이러한연구는롱퍼팅에서적용이보다효과적일것으로생각된다. 숙련자가비숙련자와다르게공과퍼터사이와퍼터를통해퍼팅에대한정보를얻고숙련자가비숙련자보다정보를획득하는시선의움직임외의불필요한시선움직임이적다는것을의미한다 23). 아울러어드레스에서볼의위치에대한정보는수행자가달성해야할기준으로작용할수있지만, 임팩트이후홀에대한시각정보의처리는볼에대한시선의고정과집중력을방해하는요인으로작용할수있는것을시사한다 34). 퍼팅시수행할퍼팅패턴을최종적으로결정한후에는안정적인퍼팅동작의수행을위해볼에시선을고정시키게되고이시점이후에도시각정보의처리가허용될경우에는다른감각체계에대한시각우월성 35-37) 으로인해홀에대한시각탐색은상관없이고유감각정보의이용에영향을받는것으로숙련자의정확성을높이는데도움이될것이다. 골프퍼팅시퍼팅거리와정확성에따른볼과홀에대한시각탐색과정은볼과홀에따라영향을미치는것으로나타나 제 31 권제 2 호 2013 75
SH Kim. Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting 운동수행력에영향을미칠수있다. 거리에따른목표에대한응시비율과시간을조절하여퍼팅수행력향상을위한프로그램을개발하는데시각탐색훈련이활용될수있을것으로기대할수있다. 하지만본연구에서적용한대상자가숙련자 5명으로한정되어있어유의성을제시하는데한계가있어진행될연구에서는대상자수를확대할필요가있을것이다. References 1. Thomas KT. The development of sport espertise: from leeds to MVP legend. Quest 1994;46:199-210. 2. Williams AM, Davids K. Visual search strategy, selective attention, and expertise in soccer. Res Q Exerc Sport 1998;69:111-28. 3. Adams M, Thomashi TJ. The academy of golf PGA National play better golf. London: Calton; 1996. 4. Wiren G. Golf, building a solid game. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1992. 5. Choi SJ, Park JJ. Biomechanics analysis by success and failure during golf putting swing. Korean J Sport Biomech 2002;12:279-93. 6. Woo BH, Kim CW, Park YS, Lee KC, Lim YT. The effects of accuracy on skill level and eye-tracking typein golf putting. Korean J Sport Biomech 2009;19:729-38. 7. Kim SJ. Motor learning and control. Seoul: Daehan Media; 2000. 8. Mann R. Grand cypress academy of golf, grand cypress report. Orlando, FL: Grand cypress academy of golf; 1989. 9. Abernethy B. Visual search strategies and decision-making in spot. Int J Sport Psychol 1991;22:217-22. 10. Elliott B, Mester J. Training in sport: applying sport science. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1998. 11. Park SH. The change of gaze behavior, eye-head coordination, and temporal characteristics of swing by task constraints in tennis volley stroke. Korean J Sport Sci 2004;15:22-40. 12. Williams AM, Singer RN, Frehlich SG. Quiet eye duration, expertise, and task complexity in near and far aiming tasks. J Mot Behav 2002;34:197-207. 13. Poolton JM, Masters RS, Maxwell JP. The relationship between initial errorless learning conditions and subsequent performance. Hum Mov Sci 2005;24:362-78. 14. Amazeen EL, Amazeen PG, Post AA, Beek PJ. Timing the selection of information during rhythmic catching. J Mot Behav 1999;31:279-89. 15. Ha JH. The effects of changes in horizontal gaze angle on the accuracy of coincident timing and eye movement pattern. Korea Sports Res 2007;18:363-74. 16. Cochran AJ, Stobbs J; Golf Society of Great Britain. The search for the perfect swing. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1968. 17. Park SB. A compensatory process for unexpectedly altered external loads during goal-directed movement. Korean J Sport Psychol 1998;9:3-18. 18. Kim J, Singer RN, Tennant LK. Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, irrelebant imagery and corresponding EEG. J Hum Mov Stud 2001;40:391-403. 19. French KE, Nevett ME, Spurgeon JH, Graham KC, Rink JE, McPherson SL. Knowledge representation and problem solution in expert and novice youth baseball players. Res Q Exerc Sport 1996;67:386-95. 20. Korea Professional Golfer's Association. KPGA golf teaching manual. Seoul: Doosan Dong-a; 2001. 21. Takauji I. Power approach & putting book. Seoul: Samhwa Media; 1996. 22. Park SH. Gaze behavior and movement control in golf putting. Korean J Sprot Sci 2006;17:72-83. 23. Cordo PJ, Flanders M. Time-dependent effects of kinesthetic input. J Mot Behav 1990;22:45-65. 24. Park IJ, Hong JH, Roh SY. The analysis for factor of attention and visual search in expertise and distance of golf putting. Korean J Sport Psychol 2010;21:49-70. 25. Vickers JN. Gaze control in putting. Perception 1992;21:117-32. 26. Park IJ. The analysis for factor of attention and visual search in expertise and distance of golf putting [dissertation]. Seoul: Kookmin University Graduate School; 2009. 27. Kim SJ, Lee SM, Park SH. Utilizing advanced visual cue, anticipation, and expertise of goalkeeper in soccer penalty kick. Korea J Physic Educ 2005;44:91-101. 28. Lee SC, Park SB. Effects of spatial accuracy demands on visual processing time. Korea J Physic Educ 1998;37:257-74. 29. Bard C, Hay L, Fleury M. Timing and accuracy of visually directed movements in children: control of direction and amplitude components. J Exp Child Psychol 1990;50:102-18. 30. Ha JH, Park SB, Kim TH. The effects of practice with visual occlusion on the learning of golf putting. Korea J Physic Educ 2009;22:217-22. 31. Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neuroscience: exploring the brain. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. 32. Park S, Toole T, Lee S. Functional roles of the proprioceptive system in the control of goal-directed movement. Percept Mot Skills 1999;88:631-47. 33. Koslow R, Warners G. The effects of visual aiming cues on 76 대한스포츠의학회지
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