The Characteristics of Bioclimatic Types According to Annual Cumulative Temperature-Humidity Index in South Korea* Chulsung Kang** M ES M-ES M-S W-ES C-ES C-M C-M-ES Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze thermal sensation which is measured by human physioclimatic reactions in South Korea. Relationships between Temperature-Humidity Index(THI) and human thermal sensation scale are derived from a questionnaire, which investigates degree of volunteer s thermal sensation with respect to each biometeorological condition. Analyses of these empirical relationships make it possible to calculate thermal sensational indices and to classify bioclimatic types for individual weather stations based on long-term(1971-000) averages of monthly temperature and humidity data. A generalized annual physioclimatic maps for each Annual Cumulative Thermal Sensation Index for the 68 stations are constructed to show men tend to feel in various areas. The Monthly thermal sensations are affected by latitude, altitude, orographic effects and systems of airmasses. The Annual Cumulative Thermal sensations are increasing towards northern areas and inland, and that the major factors are largely derived from cold stress in winter. The Annual Physioclimatic Types are grouped 8 climatic types(m, ES, M-ES, M-S, W- ES, C-ES, C-M, C-M-ES) according to climatic stress. Results of this study can be applied for evaluation of thermal environment in our daily activities, and for searching relevant sports training-sites, climatherapy etc. : thermal sensation, temperature-humidity index, annual cumulative thermal sensation index, climatic stress, annual physioclimatic type 007 This work was supported by the research grant of the Chungbuk National University in 007 Assistant professor, Department of Geography Education, Chungbuk National University kangchul5@hanmail.net 3
1994 1990 Easterling et al. 1997 Breiling and Charanza 1999 Chao and Wood 1999 Elsasser and Burki 00 Apparent Temperature Steadman 1984 Weather Stress Index Kalkstein and Valimont 1987 Net Effective Temperature Hentschel 1987 heat stress 198 Apparent Temperature 1987 1985 ET 1997 004 Heat Stress 00 005 thermal sensation 1957 Thom 1994 http://www.kma.go.kr/ 313
1919 Hill 1930 Vernon globe thermometer 1947 McArdle predicted sweat rate, PSR 4 1989 193 Houghton and Yaglou 3 effective temperature, ET 1957 Yaglou and Minard wet-bulb globe thermometer index Oxford index 1989 1957 Thom 30 9 3 15 4 3 68 1 1971 000 68 p 90 5 18 300 50 6 6 168m 3 1 1 9 08 30 09 30 10 30 11 30 30 13 30 14 30 15 30 16 30 6 7 6 10 8 7 8 10 4 8 1 7 1 10 3 3 7 314
7 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers 80 ASHRAE 199 7 extremely sultry 3 sultry warm 1 mild 0 cool 1 Keen cold 3 1 Temperature-Humidity Index THI 0 7 40 6 THI 1 8Ta 0 55 1 RH 1 8Ta 6 3 68 Thermal Sensation Index TSI Annual Cummulative Thermal Sensation Index ACTSI ACTSI (TSI) 1 1 9 ES, S, W, M, C, K, CD 80 8 61 75 76 80 7 81 84 80 1 85 98 8 55 60 81 51 54 86 50 95 1 68 1 M C K CD M C K 315
ES S W M C K CD 50 0 0 0 0 0 5 95 51 54 0 0 0 1 8 86 5 55 60 0 0 7 9 5 81 6 8 0 61 75 0 3 6 10 80 8 5 0 0 76 80 0 4 7 3 8 0 0 0 81 84 19 9 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 85 98 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD 1 M CD CD K K C 3 C M C M 4 M W W M 5 M W S S M W 6 W S ES ES W S 7 S ES S 7 8 7 9 M W S ES ES M W S 10 M W W M 11 M C C M 1 CD CD K K C C M M 7 8 316
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ACTSI APT K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 1 W 0 M 0 M 1 C 30 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 44 3 CD 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S S 0 M 0 M 1 C 3 CD 38 3 CD K 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 5 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 41 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 44 3 CD K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 45 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 46 K K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 S 1 W 0 M 0 M 1 C 0 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 38 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 46 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 4 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M S S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 33 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 44 K -1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 38 K -1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 33 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 4 1 C 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 39 K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 33 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 1 W 0 M 1 C 48 0 03 03 0 03 0 0 M3 1 113 111 01 03 0 111 03 3 3 113 113 0 0 ES4 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 43 ES4 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 38 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 30 3 317
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ACTSI APT K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 39 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 0 M 6 1 C -1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 0 M 6 M5 M5 1 C -1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 30 K -1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 30 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 6 1 C 0 M 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 0 M 8 1 M5 3 M6 1 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 0 M 5 0 M 0 M 0 M 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 4 1 M6 M7 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 39 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 44 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 49 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 46 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 49 3 CD 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 50 3 CD K 1 C 0 M 1 W S S S 1 W 0 M 0 M K 3 3 CD K 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M K 44 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 38 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 38 K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 33 C3N3 ES3 0 03 111 113 111 113 0 0 M3 S3 1 0 01 01 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 1 W 0 M 1 C 47 K 1 C 0 M 1 W 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 40 K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 34 ES4 113 1 1 W3 ES3 M3 318
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ACTSI APT K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 34 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 43 M3 ES3 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES 1 W 0 M 1 C 48 K 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 1 W 0 M 0 M 1 C 30 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 41 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 30 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 30 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 30 1 C 0 M 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 9 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 41 3 CD 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 43 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 41 1 C 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 40 ES4 3 11 M5 1 3 113 01 03 C3 ES3 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 43 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 4 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 4 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 4 K 1 C 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 43 1 C 0 M 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 0 M 37 K 1 C 0 M 0 M S 3 ES 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 4 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 0 M 0 M 1 C 30 1 C 1 C 0 M 0 M 1 W S 3 ES 3 ES S 1 W 0 M 1 C 31 ES3 ES3 3 M5 1 3 C3M3 319
1 ACTSI (TSI) 1 cold stress heat stress ACTSI 3 30
ES(Extremely type), S(Sultry), W(Warm), M(Mild), C(Cool), K(Keen), CD(Cold) 3 3 1 CD-K-C-M-W-S-ES M 4 W 1 1 ES 3 C 1 K 1 CD 1 113 111 3 0 0 4 W 6 S 6 W6S6 C 3 M 3 W 1 S ES 3 C3M3 ES3 M M W-S-ES 1 1 3 M C-K-CD 1 1 1 113 111 68 M 48 ES 7 M- ES 7 M-S 1 W-ES 1 C-ES 1 C-M 1 3 C-M-ES 1 8 8 1 M 49 ES 7 3 M-ES 7 4 M-S 1 5 W-ES 1 6 C-ES 1 7 C-M 1 8 C-M-ES 1 7 8 3
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classification of climate for large and local scales, In Proc. WMO/HMO/UNEP Symposium on Climate and Human Health, Leningrad 1986,, WCPA-no.1, WMO. Kalkstein, L.S. and Valimont, K.M., 1987, An evaluation of winter weather severity in the United States using the weather stress index, Bulletins of American Meteorological Society, 68(), 1535-1540. Steadman, R.G., 1984, A universal scale of apparent temperature, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 3, 74-8. http://www.kma.go.kr/ kangchul5@chungbuk.ac.kr) Correspondence: Chul-Sung Kang, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheonju 361-763, Korea(e-mail: kangchul5@chungbuk.ac.kr) 33