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대한재활의학회지 : 제 32 권제 2 호 2008 말ㆍ언어장애아동에서언어지수와지능및사회지수의관계 연세대학교의과대학재활의학교실및재활의학연구소, 1 재활병원재활심리실 조성래ㆍ박은숙ㆍ박창일ㆍ곽은희 1 ㆍ김미경 1 ㆍ민경훈ㆍ배병우ㆍ박진희 Relationship of Language, Intelligent and Social Quotients in Children with Speech and Language Disorder Sung-Rae Cho, M.D., Eun Sook Park, M.D., Chang-il Park, M.D., Eun Hee Kwak, M.A. 1, Mi Kyung Kim, M.A. 1, Kyoung Hoon Min, M.D., Byung Woo Bae, M.D. and Jin Hee Park, M.D. Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 1 Rehabilitation Psychology, Rehabilitation Hospital Objective: To investigate the relationship of language, intelligent and social quotients in children with speech and language disorder and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of language quotient for predicting the extents of cognitive and social functions. Method: Total 139 children who visited the department of rehabilitation medicine for the evaluation of suspected speech-language delay. All children were evaluated for receptive and expressive language quotients, articulation accuracy, verbal, performance and full-scale intelligent quotients and social maturation assessment. Results: Approximately 70% of the children who had chief complaints of speech or language disorder were diagnosed as receptive and expressive language developmental delay'. Intelligent and social quotients of the children with receptive and expressive language developmental delay were significantly lower than those of the other groups (p<0.05). Both receptive and expressive language quotients, but not dysarticulation, were significantly correlated with intelligent and social quotients (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the language quotients could predict intelligent and social quotients as simple equations (p<0.01). Conclusion: Primary result of receptive and expressive language quotients from screening test of language evaluation might be able to predict cognitive function and social maturity, which also showed high-degree positive correlation with intelligent and social quotients. This result could provide a useful guideline for further developmental studies in children with speech and language disorder who received primary speech evaluation. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 129-134) Key Words: Receptive language quotient, Expressive language quotient, Cognitive function, Social maturation, Speechlanguage delay 서 발달지연 (developmental delay) 에는운동발달지연, 언어발달지연, 인지발달지연및사회성발달지연등이있으며, 이들은각각독립적으로나타날수도있으나서로밀접하게연관되어있으므로주로복합적으로나타나게된다. 1-3 재활의학영역에서는상기발달항목중에서주로운동발달영역에초점을맞추어왔으나, 최근사회적관심과요구 접수일 : 2007 년 5 월 12 일, 게재승인일 : 2007 년 12 월 28 일교신저자 : 박진희, 서울시서대문구신촌동 134 120-752, 연세의료원재활병원재활의학과 Tel: 02-2228-3715, Fax: 02-363-2795 E-mail: genie7935@daum.net 본연구는연세학술연구비지원 ( 신임교수 ) 사업연구비수혜로진행된과제임. 론 에따라언어와인지및사회성발달영역에대한통합적평가와이에따른체계적인치료의필요성에대해관심이집중되고있다. 4 언어능력에는언어이해및표현능력과조음능력등이포함되며, 이들의발달과정은유아기의신경계성숙과아동이처한생물학적및환경적요소와의상호작용에의한것으로알려져왔다. 5,6 이와같이말ㆍ언어발달은영유아및아동의전반적발달과인지능력의유용한지표로서, 유아기의특정발달시기에집중적인습득과정을거쳐추후학령기언어발달의기초가되므로, 언어발달지연에대한조기진단및치료가이루어지지않는다면추후더욱심화된언어장애를보일수있으며, 학습장애및적응장애등의문제로이어질수있다. 7-9 따라서영유아또는취학전아동시기에나타나는언어발달지연양상을조기에선별하여, 언어발달을위한적절한중재및교육을제공하는것이매우중요하다. 10,11 129

130 대한재활의학회지 : 제 32 권제 2 호 2008 최근사설언어치료실, 연구소및교육기관등에서일차적으로언어평가를시행하고있는데, 말ㆍ언어발달지연에대한가장적절한선별검사방법, 시기및정기적평가간격등은보고자마다다르며, 실제상기일차기관에서의언어평가도일관성있게시행되고있지않는형편이다. 7 즉, 그림어휘력또는문장이해력검사와같은단편적인평가만으로는언어능력을전체적으로평가하기힘들며, 또한언어치료의계획및방향설정은언어발달의독립된영역으로만이루어지는것이아니라인지기능및사회성발달정도에따라달라질수있으므로, 7-9 이들에대한포괄적인평가와일차적언어평가결과에따른인지능력의정확한예측은매우중요한의미를갖는다. 이에본연구에서는말ㆍ언어장애를주소로내원한아동에서선별적언어평가를통한언어이해, 표현또는조음기능에따른언어지수와지능및사회지수와의상관분석과회귀분석을통하여, 일차적인언어평가결과에따른인지및사회성영역의발달정도를예측할수있는유용한기준을제시하고자하였다. 연구대상및방법 1) 연구대상 2001년 3월부터 2006년 9월까지연세의료원재활의학과에말ㆍ언어장애를주소로내원한아동 139명을대상으로하였다. 기존에뇌성마비, 다운증후군, 자폐증, 구순구개열, 설소대단축증, 청력장애등기질적질환을진단받은환자들은대상에서제외되었다. 또한심한구개편도비대로인한공명장애가발생한아동과심한인지기능저하로언어평가가불가능한경우도제외되었으며, 언어평가를시행한아동중지능검사를수행할수없었던 35명의아동들도모두연구대상에서제외되었다. Developmental Institute-Wechsler Inteligence Scale of Children; KEDI-WISC) 를시행하였으며, 상기검사를통해언어성지능지수 (verbal IQ), 동작성 ( 비언어성 ) 지능지수 (performance IQ) 및전체지능지수 (full-scale IQ) 를각각측정하였다. 사회성발달에대한평가로 Vineland Social Maturity Scale 을모체로한한국판사회성숙도검사를시행하였다. 11 이검사는자조, 이동, 작업, 의사소통, 자기관리, 사회화등으로구성되는사회적능력, 적응행동을측정하는도구로서, 대상아동에게서임상심리치료사의평가및보호자의보고를통해시행하였다. 언어평가결과를토대로수용-표현언어발달지체, 표현언어발달지체, 조음장애, 말더듬, 정상군의 5개범주로분류하여각군간의지능지수와사회지수를 ANOVA 및 posthoc Tukey t-test로비교하였다. 또한언어지수와지능및사회지수와의상관관계를 Pearson correlation test로분석하였으며, 언어이해및표현지수를통해지능및사회지수를예측하기위해다변인회귀 (multiple regression) 분석을시행하였다. 통계적유의수준은 p<0.05로설정하였다. 결과 1) 일반적특성언어발달지연을주소로내원한총 139명의아동의내원당시연령은평균 4.76세이었으며, 3 4세가 40명 (28.8%) 로가장많았고, 4 5세가 27명 (19.4%), 2 3세가 21명 (15.1%) 의순으로분포하였다. 또한운동발달력상독립적인보행을시작한연령은평균 14.96개월이었다 (Table 1). 주증상호소를살펴보면 전반적언어발달지연으로말이늦다 가 77명 (55.4%), 언어표현능력지연으로단어또는문장구사력부족 이 22명 (15.8%), 발음부정확 이 18명 (12.9%), 2) 연구방법 언어발달에대한평가로는아동의연령과기능에따라영유아언어발달검사 (Sequenced Language Scale for Infants; SELSI), 취학전아동의수용언어및표현언어발달척도 (Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale; PRES) 또는 REEL (Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale) 등을시행하였다. 10 또한조음장애여부는 그림자음검사 를통한자음정확도로평가하였다. 언어평가결과, 수용언어연령과표현언어연령을실제연령으로나누어구한백분율을각각수용언어지수 (receptive language quotient) 및표현언어지수 (expressive language quotient) 로정의하였으며, 언어지수 70 미만을언어발달지체로구분하였다. 인지기능에대한평가로는한국웩슬러유아지능검사 (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence; K- WPPSI) 또는한국웩슬러아동지능검사 (Korean Educational Table 1. General Characteristics as a Function of Language and Speech Disorder Diagnosis Receptive-expressive language delay Expressive language delay Articulation disorder Stuttering Normal Total Age of initial Age of Number of hospital visit independent subject (%) (year) walking (month) 98 (70.5%) 14 (10.1%) 16 (11.5%) 6 (4.3%) 5 (3.6%) 139 (100%) Values are mean±sd. *p<0.05 by one-way ANOVA 4.75±2.63 4.09±1.22 5.38±1.15 5.34±3.15 4.37±2.71 4.76±2.41 16.00±6.23* 12.85±1.23 12.86±1.54 12.60±1.34 12.38±0.53 14.96±5.39

조성래외 7 인 :Language Quotients Relate Intelligent and Social Quotients 131 Table 2. Intelligent and Social Quotient as a Function of Language and Speech Disorder Diagnosis Verbal IQ Performance IQ Full-scale IQ SQ Receptive-expressive language delay Expressive language delay Articulation disorder Stuttering Normal Total 63.20±17.98* 77.14±16.67 91.25±16.10 98.00±9.10 95.60±12.14 70.72±20.94 73.34±19.63 86.86±11.91 89.13±12.82 94.83±15.28 102.80±11.28 78.70±19.63 66.74±16.74* 82.86±13.47 88.81±14.93 96.33±12.29 99.20±10.38 73.35±19.02 81.37±22.44 93.74±15.08 109.77±20.15 97.49±9.54 113.80±10.87 87.84±23.32 Values are mean±sd. *p<0.05, compared with expressive language delay, p<0.05, compared with articulation disorder, p<0.05, compared with stuttering, p<0.05, compared with normal 말더듬 이 6명 (4.3%), 언어능력부족으로학습지연및적응장애 가 5명 (3.6%) 이었으며, 언어발달지연과발음부정확 을동시에호소한경우가 11명 (7.9%) 이었다. 언어평가결과, 수용-표현언어발달지체가 98명 (70.5%) 로가장많았고, 조음장애 16명 (11.5%), 표현언어발달지체 14명 (10.1%), 말더듬 6명 (4.3%), 정상 5명 (3.6%) 순이었다. 언어발달지체아동에서조음장애가동반된경우에는언어발달지체군으로포함시켰으며, 말더듬과조음장애가같이있는경우는없었다. 내원당시연령은표현언어발달지체군이평균 4.09세로가장어린나이에첫병원방문을하였으며, 조음장애및말더듬군이각각평균 5.38세및 5.34세로가장늦게초진을보았다. 운동발달력상, 수용-표현언어발달지체군에서혼자걷기시작한연령이평균 16개월로다른군에비해유의하게지연된양상을보였다 (p< 0.05)(Table 1). 2) 언어평가진단에따른지능및사회지수결과지능지수평가결과, 수용-표현언어발달지체군에서언어성지능은평균 63.20, 전체지능은평균 66.74로다른모든군에비해유의하게가장낮았으며, 동작성지능은평균 73.34로표현언어발달지체군과는통계학적인차이가없었으나조음장애, 말더듬및정상군에비해유의하게낮았다 (p<0.05 by ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test). 또한수용- 표현언어발달지체군, 표현언어발달지체군및정상군에서는언어성지능이동작성지능보다낮은경향을보였으나, 조음장애및말더듬군에서는상기경향을보이지않았다 (Table 2). 한편사회성숙도검사결과에서는수용-표현언어발달지체군이평균 81.37로가장낮았으며, 통계학적으로는조음장애및정상군에비해유의하게낮았다 (p<0.05 by A- NOVA with post-hoc Tukey test). 그러나전반적으로는사회지수가지능지수보다높은경향을보였다 (Table 2). 3) 언어지수와지능및사회지수의상관관계분석언어지수와지능지수의상관관계를분석한결과, 수용언어지수는언어성지능지수와상관계수 0.73, 동작성지능지수와상관계수 0.57, 전체지능지수와상관계수 0.75으로유의하게양의상관관계 (positive correlation) 가있었으며 (p <0.01), 수용언어지수와전체지능지수와의상관관계추세선은선형 (linear) 일차방정식 y=0.52x+38.26 (R 2 =0.56) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 1A). 또한수용언어지연에의한지능지수에의영향을배제하기위해, 비언어성인지기능인동작성지능지수와의상관관계를살펴보았을때추세선은 y=0.42x +49.55 (R 2 =0.32) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 1B). 표현언어지수는언어성지능지수와상관계수 0.76, 동작성지능지수와상관계수 0.56, 전체지능지수와상관계수 0.76으로마찬가지로양의상관관계가있었고 (p<0.01), 표현언어지수와전체지능지수와의상관관계추세선은선형일차방정식 y=0.62x +37.43 (R 2 =0.57) 으로나타났으며 (Fig. 2A), 표현언어지수와동작성지능지수와의추세선은 y=0.49x+50.02 (R 2 =0.31) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 2B). 한편언어지수와사회성숙도결과의상관관계를분석한결과, 수용언어지수는사회지수와상관계수 0.64으로유의하게양의상관관계가있었고 (p<0.01), 추세선은일차방정식 y=0.57x+49.86 (R 2 =0.41) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 3). 표현언어지수는사회지수와상관계수 0.65로마찬가지로양의상관관계가있었으며 (p<0.01), 추세선은일차방정식 y=0.68x +49.16 (R 2 =0.42) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 4). 그러나자음정확도 (%) 는언어성지능지수, 동작성지능지수, 전체지능지수및사회지수등과각각통계학적인상관관계가없었다 (p> 0.05). 4) 언어지수와지능및사회지수의회귀분석수용및표현언어지수로지능또는사회지수를예측할수있는지알아보기위해다변인회귀분석을시행하였다. 즉회귀방정식의기울기 a 및 b와절편 c를언어지수에대한지능및사회지수의회귀분석을통해측정한후, 일차방

132 대한재활의학회지 : 제 32 권제 2 호 2008 Fig. 1. Positive correlation between receptive language quotient and full-scale intelligent quotient (A), and between receptive language quotient and performance intelligent quotient (B). Fig. 2. Positive correlation between expressive language quotient and full-scale intelligent quotient (A), and between expressive language quotient and performance intelligent quotient (B). Fig. 3. Positive correlation between receptive language quotient and social quotient. Fig. 4. Positive correlation between expressive language quotient and social quotient.

조성래외 7 인 :Language Quotients Relate Intelligent and Social Quotients 133 정식 y=ax1+bx2+c 로표현하였다. 수용언어지수 (x1) 및표현언어지수 (x2) 에대한전체지능지수 (y) 의다변인회귀방정식은 y=0.26x1+0.38x2+34.54, 언어성지능지수 (y1) 의방정식은 y1=0.25x1+0.46x2+26.77, 동작성지능지수 (y2) 의방정식은 y2=0.22x1+0.30x2+46.42 로표현되었고, 결정계수 (R 2 ) 는각각 0.60, 0.58 및 0.34이었으며, 상기예측방정식은모두통계학적으로유의한소견을보였다 (p<0.01). 한편수용언어지수 (x1) 및표현언어지수 (x2) 에대한사회지수 (y3) 의다변인회귀방정식은 y3=0.32x1+0.37x2+46.68 로표현되었고, 결정계수 (R 2 ) 는 0.43이었으며, 상기방정식은마찬가지로통계학적으로유의한소견을보였다 (p <0.01). 고 지난 5년간말ㆍ언어장애를주소로본원에내원한아동에서인지기능평가와함께시행한언어평가결과, 수용-표현언어발달지체가 70.5% 로가장많았고, 표현언어발달지체가 10.1%, 조음장애가 11.5%, 말더듬이 4.3%, 정상소견이 3.6% 이었다. 이는 말이늦다, 단어 / 문장구사력부족, 발음부정확, 말더듬 등의증상을호소한경우, 대부분에서말또는언어장애로진단되었다는권등 12 의연구와동일한결과로, 말ㆍ언어장애를주소로내원한아동의 96.4% 에서이상이발견되었다는것은이들에게서언어평가시행의당위성을설명해준다. 또한가장많은분포를보인수용 -표현언어발달지체군에서운동발달력, 인지기능및사회성숙도지수등이다른군에비해유의하게저하된소견을보였으며, 특히전체지능지수는 70 미만의정신지체수준이었다. 이와같이수용및표현언어장애가동반된경우, 단순표현언어지체보다추후지속적인장애소견을보일확률이많고, 13,14 언어발달장애와운동, 인지및사회성영역의지연이동반된전반적 (global) 발달지연인경우단순언어장애 (specific language impairment) 에비해예후가좋지않으므로, 이에대한체계적인치료계획을세워야한다. 15-17 따라서언어발달지연아동에서인지및사회성기능을포함한포괄적인발달평가는매우중요하며, 경우에따라서는자폐증, 행동장애, 청력장애등을감별하기위한소아정신과및이비인후과적평가가필요하다. 12,16,18 그러나이와같이여러진료과가한번에환자를진찰하고검사를시행할수있는통합진료시스템이갖추어져있는의료기관이많지않으며, 상기시스템에대한비용-효과성 (cost-effectiveness) 이반드시고려되어야한다. 또한발달지연아동의부모들은언어발달지연이외에인지기능저하를인정하려하지않는경향이있으며, 19 실제말ㆍ언어장애아동이연고지근처의사설언어치료실, 교육기관및타병원에서일차적으로언어평가를시행받은후, 본병원 찰 을방문하는경우도적지않았다. 따라서이러한경우일차선별언어평가결과를통해인지및사회성영역의발달정도를예측하여, 이에따라보호자에게상기영역에대한평가의필요성에대한자세한설명과함께추가검사시행에대한객관적이고타당한근거마련이필수적이다. 이에본연구에서는수용및표현언어지수와지능및사회지수와의상관분석및회귀분석을통하여, 일차적인언어평가결과에따른인지및사회성기능을유추하고자하였다. 본연구결과, 수용및표현언어지수모두언어성및전체지능지수와상관계수 0.70 이상의높은양의상관관계, 즉뚜렷한연관성을보였고, 동작성지능지수및사회지수와는상관계수 0.50에서 0.70 사이의비교적높은상관관계를보였다. 따라서전반적언어발달지연및언어표현능력지연을주소로내원하는경우, 언어평가와함께지능및사회성숙도검사를시행하여전반적발달장애에대한평가가수행되어야한다. 그러나자음정확도및말더듬은지능및사회지수와유의한연관성이없었으므로, 조음장애및말더듬아동에게인지및사회성영역의기능을포함하는여러발달검사의일괄적시행은검사비용및효율성을고려하여문진, 이학적검사및일차적언어평가결과를토대로시행여부를판단하여야한다. 또한본연구에서다변인회귀분석에의해수용및표현언어지수가전체지능을 60% 정도설명할수있으며, 사회성숙도지수는 43% 정도설명할수있음을알수있었다. 예를들어수용및표현언어지수가각각 70으로동일한경우전체지능지수는약 79로예측할수있으며, 상기언어지수가각각 55 이하인경우전체지능지수는정신지체수준인약 70 이하로추정할수있다. 따라서본연구결과에서의회귀방정식은언어평가결과를통해지능및사회지수를예측할수있는유용한기준이될것이다. 본연구의제한점으로말ㆍ언어발달지체의정도가보다심한아동및보호자가 3차의료기관을방문하는경향이있으므로본연구에서보인진단율을일반화하기에는어려움이있으나, 언어지수와지능지수및사회지수와의회귀분석을통해얻어진회귀방정식은초진시에유용한예측도구로쓰일수있을것이다. 또한언어발달지연정도를백분위수 (percentile) 로나타내지못하고언어연령을실제연령으로나누어구한언어지수로표시하였는데, 일부대상자에서언어발달지체정도가심해실제연령보다낮은수준의검사도구로평가를받아야하는경우백분위수를구할수없었기때문에언어지수로언어발달지연정도를나타내었다. 상기제한점들은향후보다많은의료기관의다양한진료과에방문한아동을대상으로전향적연구로서언어발달과지능및사회성발달과의관계에대한평가가이루어진다면보완될수있을것이다.

134 대한재활의학회지 : 제 32 권제 2 호 2008 결 2001 년 3 월부터 2006 년 9 월까지본원재활의학과에말ㆍ 언어장애를주소로내원한아동 174명을대상으로언어평가와인지기능및사회성숙도평가를시행한결과, 수용-표현언어발달지체군에서지능및사회지수가유의하게낮은소견을보였으며, 수용및표현언어지수는지능및사회지수와높은양의상관관계가있었다. 또한다변인회귀분석을통해, 수용및표현언어지수로부터지능및사회지수를각각회귀방정식으로예측가능하였으므로, 일차적언어평가결과를통해추가적인인지및사회성영역의발달검사를시행할수있는기준이될수있을것이다. 론 참고문헌 1) Shevell MI, Majnemer A, Rosenbaum P, Abarahamowicz M. Profile of referrals for early childhood developmental delay to ambulatory subspecialty clinics. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 645-650 2) Hellgren L, Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Enerskog I. Children with deficits in attention, motor control, and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: general health at 16 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35: 881-892 3) Landgren M, Pettersson R, Kjellman B, Gillberg C. ADHD, DAMP, and other neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders in 6-year-old children: epidemiology and co-morbidity. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996; 88: 891-906 4) Kim SW, Shin JB, Kim EH, Lee SK, Jung HJ, Song DH. Diagnosis and clinical features in children referred to developmental delay clinic. J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2004; 28: 132-139 5) Bishop DV. How does the brain learn language? Insights from the study of children with and without language impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000; 42: 133-142 6) Park ES, Park CI, Chang JC, Shin JC, Park JE. Comparison of speech-language, mental-motor development and brain radiologic findings in children with cerebral palsy and other delayed development. J Korean Acad Rehab Med 1999; 23: 918-925 7) Nelson HD, Nygren P, Walker M, Panoscha R. Screening for speech and language delay in preschool children: systematic evidence review for the US preventive services task force. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 298-319 8) Scarborough H, Dobrich W. Development of children with early language delay. J Speech Hear Res 1990; 33: 70-83 9) Aram DM, Ekelman B, Nation J. Preschoolers with language disorders: ten years later. J Speech Hear Res 1984; 27: 232-244 10) Hohm E, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmidt MH, Laucht M. Language development at ten months: predictive of language outcome and school achievement ten years later? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 16: 149-156 11) Goulet LR, Barclay A. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale: utility in assessment of Binet MA. Am J Ment Defic 1963; 67: 916-921 12) Kwon JY, Kim JS, Woo AM, Kim HJ, Chung ME, Kim HS, Ko YJ. Diagnosis of speech disorder and language developmental delay in Korean preschoolers. J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2006; 30: 309-314 13) Beitchman JH, Brownlie EB, Inglis A, Wild J, Mathews R, Schachter D, Kroll R, Martin S, Fergusson B, Lancee W. Seven-year follow-up of speech/language-impaired and control children speech/language stability and outcome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33: 1322-1330 14) Johnson CJ, Beitchman JH, Young A, Escobar M, Atkinson L, Wilson B, Brownlie EB, Douglas L, Taback N, Lam I, et al. Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42: 744-760 15) Majnemer A, Shevell MI. Diagnostic yield of the neurologic assessment of the developmentally delayed child. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 193-199 16) Kim SW, Shin JB, You S, Yang EJ, Chung HJ, Song DH, Lee SK. Diagnosis and clinical features of children with language delay. J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 584-590 17) Shevell MI. The evaluation of the child with a global developmental delay. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1998; 5: 21-26 18) Silva PA. The prevalence, stability, and significance of developmental language delay in preschool children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1980; 22: 768-777 19) Lee K. Children with delayed speech development. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1992; 35: 1236-1242