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The Structural and Spatial Characteristics of the Actor Networks of the Industries for the Elderly: Based on the Social Network Analysis* Yangmi Koo** Abstract Based on the social network analysis(sna), this study examines the structural and spatial characteristics of the actor networks of the manufacturing industries for the elderly. In the field of economic geography, former researches on network have mainly focused on the network governance. However, this study focused on the social network analysis. Centrality indexes are used to analyze the topological structure of actor networks of firms and organizations. In order to investigate the spatial structure of actor networks, not only the regional distribution of actors but also the correlation between centrality index and distance are analyzed. Network matrixes among actors are transformed to network matrixes among regions using block modeling method to reveal the spatial characteristics of the actor networks. In spite of the importance of the Capital Region, networks in the non-capital Region like Chungnam and Pusan were showed high network density. This suggested that some kinds of policy project operating in the non-capital Region had the influence on this network in the initial stage of industry. : actor, network, industries for the elderly, social network analysis, centrality, block modeling POST-DOC (Post-Doc, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements), yangmi@snu.ac.kr 526

Agequake the era of population aging 2005 2004 2005 2008 actor new network paradigm Dicken et al. 2001 Pekkarinen and Harmaakorpi 2006 social network analysis: SNA GIS Johnston et al. 2000 550-551 graph theory node line 527

1996 2006 2003 Smith 2003 Shin and Timberlake 2000 SNA SNA 1990 new economic geography 2006 2008 Granovetter 1985 Coleman 1988 Boggs and Rantisi 2003 Barnes 2001 Ettlinger 2001 Murphy 2003 Grabher 2006 untraded interdependence collective learning learning region Amin 199 institutional thickness McLeod 1997 Keeble et al. 1999 in the air being there Gertler 1995 2003 Marshall industrial atmosphere pervasive unstructured Giuliani 2007 Grabher 2006 network governance approach social network approach SNA 528

Grabher 2006 1 SNA Giuliani 2007 evolutionary economic geography selective uneven 2000 Dicken et al. 2001 Murphy 2003 Ettlinger 2003 Giuliani 2007 Grabher 2006 Murdoch 1998 Dicken et al. 2001 intentionality agency 2000 SNA Pekkarinen and Harmaakorpi 2006 Lahti SNA Giuliani 2007 SNA SNA SNA Boschma and Frenken 2007 SNA SNA SNA topological structure spatial structure 529

2002 SNA 2006 172 2006 2007 4 317 2 4 1 7 317 7 affiliation matrix case-by-affiliation case-bycase 317 317 151 70 70 70 adjacency matrix SNA 530

NetMiner 3 0 centrality (Mizruchi and Marquis 2006 Freeman 1979 degree centrality closeness centrality betweenness centrality eigenvector centrality 4 2 j k i j eigenvector SNA block modeling 2002 153-154 531

2003 structural equivalence 1 A a B b C a D b A B C D A D a b 3 a b 3 4 5 6 2 Firm ID b 3 3 46 532

19 3 b 1 OA18 RIS 2 3 OA02 3 1 3 OA01 OA13 OA15 OA18 RIS ID OA18 0 27536 1 0 42527 2 0 28929 3 0 40807 1 OA06 0 21739 2 0 38158 8 0 29177 2 0 11266 OA02 0 18841 3 0 49741 1 0 46917 1 0 38563 2 OA13 0 17391 4 0 40370 3 0 12677 5 0 36032 3 OA21 0 17391 4 0 36412 9 0 21878 4 0 13455 OA15 0 14493 6 0 39511 4 0 07488 7 0 34459 4 OA19 0 10145 7 0 34178 0 10156 6 0 11746 OA42 0 08696 8 0 38421 7 0 01776 0 26477 5 OA12 0 08696 8 0 35712 10 0 01724 0 24276 6 OA16 0 07246 10 0 31298 0 03153 10 0 17219 7 OA05 0 05797 0 38958 5 0 03609 8 0 15893 OA47 0 05797 0 38958 5 0 03609 9 0 15893 OA01 0 05797 0 30610 0 00377 0 16659 10 OA10 0 05797 0 28865 0 00000 0 16939 8 OA27 0 05797 0 28865 0 00000 0 16939 8 OA ID 533

OA ID b 19 3 76 02 60 00 2 1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 0 05 534

Spearman rho 4 4 4 RIS 3 19 27 14 140 44 16 13 14 29 60 00 116 11 89 76 02 20 28 57 195 29 97 12 12 86 114 11 26 1 111 17 14 116 11 89 7 57 10 14 28 114 14 42 11 11 43 115 11 58 1 111 1 43 11 111 2 21 1 111 112 10 63 10 14 28 117 15 36 11 11 43 113 14 10 1 111 18 57 112 10 63 12 62 1 111 113 10 95 12 12 86 115 11 58 12 12 86 115 11 58 2 86 1 111 11 111 1 58 70 100 00 317 100 00 535

105 025 229 012 385 837 056 922 N 70 70 70 70 355 263 395 276 003 028 001 021 N 70 70 70 70 701 650 561 570 000 000 000 000 N 63 63 63 63 960 594 752 657 000 000 000 000 N 63 63 63 63 Spearman 0 01 0 05 5 1 2 2 7 2 1 2 2006 2007 2 1 1 4 2 4 a 6 4 b 536

SNA SMI E-I 5 SMI segregation matrix index 1 1 SMI 0 SMI 1 SMI= 1 E-I externalinternal index 1 1 Krackhardt and Stern 1998 E-I 1 E-I 1 n 241 11 638 n 24 1 203 114 n 7 282 34 20 n 40 1 638 154 54 278 n 5 163 16 6 22 0 0 201 0 208 0 207 0 167 0 202 0 476 0 170 0 160 0 193 0 178 0 135 0 133 0 171 0 110 0 1 0 192 n 241 1 682 n 24 261 32 n 7 15 3 0 n 40 262 37 4 34 n 5 35 5 0 3 0 0 029 0 045 0 058 0 009 0 018 0 0 027 0 039 0 014 0 022 0 029 0 042 0 0 015 0 2 0 030 n 42 74 n 12 21 20 n 1 0 1 0 n 13 12 2 0 18 n 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 043 0 042 0 152 0 0 083 0 0 022 0 013 0 0 115 0 024 0 042 0 0 0 0 039 537

a 2 5 a b SMI E-I E-I 0 6 0 SMI 1 3 1 2 3 7 0 043 0 061 SMI 0 343 E-I 538

n 241 n 76 1 n 241 0 201 (11638 0 179 (3286 n 76 0 179 (3286 0 173 (984 2 n 241 0 029 (1682 0 031 (573 n 76 0 031 (573 0 030 (170 3 n 241 0 005 (306 0 007 (129 n 76 0 007 (129 0 010 (56 SMI1 E-I 1 1 0 057 0 278 0 201 0 019 0 740 0 173 2 0 037 0 190 0 029 0 024 0 742 0 030 3 0 142 0 085 0 005 0 165 0 643 0 010 1 3 n 42 n 28 n 42 0 043 74 0 030 35 n 28 0 030 35 0 061 46 SMI E-I 0 182 0 028 0 043 0 343-0 207 0 061 8 SMI 0 617 0 719 E-I 0 429 0 217 A B 9 26 44 B A 0 108 A B B A SMI 0 492 B SMI E-I A 0 B 0 400 539

A n 26 B n 44 A n 26 0 108 70 0 037 42 B n 44 0 037 42 0 019 36 SMI E-I A 0 492 0 091 0 108 B 0 317 0 400 0 019 6 localization co-location SNA SNA SNA 540

newly emerging industry Boschma 1997 territorial embeddedness network embeddedness Hess 2004 1 positional approach relational approach 2003 2 Freeman 1979 2002 2003 Cyram 2007 n n-1 i C i n-1 d ij i j g g- 1 n C i g-1 j 1-1 d ij g jk j k g jk i j k j k i g g-2 g-1 2 C j 1 g jk i g jk i g-2 g-1 2 C i i C j j i j 0 1 i j eigenvalue 1 n C i a ij C i j 1 3 2005 12 RIS 2004 9 RIS project 2004 541

4 30 Pearson 30 Spearman Kendall tau Spearman Pearson 5 Cyram 2007 SMI SMI 0 SMI 0 SMI 1 SMI 1 D AA -D AB SMI D D xy x y AA D AB E-I E-I 0 E-I 0 E-I 1 E-I 1 EL-IL EL IL E- I EL IL 2006 2006 2003 2004 2006 41 6 639-656 2008 11 1 8-23 2002 2005 1996 2006 2003 38 4 518-534 Amin, A., 1999, An institutionalist perspective on regional economic development, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 365-378. Barnes, T. J., 2001, Retheorizing economic geography: from the quantitative revolution to the cultural turn, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(3), 546-565. Bathelt, H. and Glückler, J., 2003, Toward a relational economic geography, Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 117-144. Boggs, J. S. and Rantisi, N. M., 2003, The relational turn in economic geography, Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 109-116. Boschma, R. A., 1997, New industries and windows of locational opportunity: a long-term analysis of Belgium, Erdkunde, 51(1), 12-22. Boschma, R. A. and Frenken, K., 2007, Introduction: applications of evolutionary economic geography, in Frenken, K. (ed.), Applied Evolutionary Economics and Economic Geography, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton, 1-24. Coleman, J. S., 1988, Social capital in the creation of human capital, American Journal of Sociology, 94 Supplement, S95-S120. Cyram, 2007, NetMiner 3 User s Guide, Cyram Co., Ltd. Dicken, P., Kelly, P. F., Olds, K., and Yeung, H. W., 2001, Chains and Networks, Territories and Scales: Towards a Relational Framework for Analysing the Global Economy, Global Networks, 1(2), 89-112. Ettlinger, N., 2001, A relational perspective in economic geography: connecting competitiveness with diversity and difference, Antipode, 33(2), 216-227. Ettlinger, N., 2003, Cultural economic geography and a 542

relational and microspace approach to trusts, rationalities, networks, and change in collaborative workplaces, Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 145-171. Freeman, L. C., 1979, Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification, Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. Gertler, M. S., 1995, Being there : proximity, organization, and culture in the development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies, Economic Geography, 71(1), 1-26. Gertler, M. S., 2003, Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there), Journal of Economic Geography, 3(1), 75-99. Giuliani, E., 2007, The selective nature of knowledge networks in clusters: evidence from the wine industry, Journal of Economic Geography, 7(1), 139-168. Glückler, J., 2007, Economic Geography and the evolution of networks, Journal of Economic Geography, 7(5), 619-634. Grabher, G., 2006, Trading routes, bypasses, and risky intersections: mapping the travels of networks between economic sociology and economic geography, Progress in Human Geography, 30(2), 163-189. Granovetter, M., 1985, Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. Hess, M., 2004, Spatial relationships? towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness, Progress in Human Geography, 28(2), 165-186. Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G., and Watts, M. (eds.), 2000, The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th Edition), Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK. Keeble, D., Lawson, C., Moore, B., and Wilkinson, F., 1999, Collective learning processes networking and institutional thickness in the Cambridge region, Regional Studies, 33(4), 319-332. Krackhardt, D. and Stern, R. N., 1998, Informal networks and organizational crises: an experimental simulation, Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123-140. McLeod, G., 1997, Institutional thickness and industrial governance in Lowland Scotland, Area, 29(4), 299-311. Mizruchi, M. S. and Marquis, C., 2006, Egocentric, sociocentric, or dyadic? identifying the appropriate level of analysis in the study of organizational networks, Social Networks, 28(3), 187-208. Murdoch, J., 1998, The spaces of actor-network theory, Geoforum, 29(4), 357-374. Murphy, J. T., 2003, Social space and industrial development in East Africa: deconstructing the logics of industry networks in Mwanza, Tanzania, Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 173-198. Pekkarinen, S. and Harmaakorpi, V., 2006, Building regional innovation networks: the definition of an age business core process in a regional innovation system, Regional Studies, 40(4), 401-413. Shin, K-H and Timberlake, M., 2000, World cities in Asia: cliques, centrality and connectedness, Urban Studies, 37(12), 2257-2285. Smith, R. G., 2003, World city actor-networks, Progress in Human Geography, 27(1), 25-44. 431-712 1591-6 yangmi@snu.ac.kr 02-880- 6358 02-877-7656 Correspondence: Yangmi Koo, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1591-6, Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 431-712, Korea (e-mail: yangmi@snu.ac.kr, phone: +82-2-880-6358, fax: +82-2-877-7656) 543