Discussions on Geographical Names in the United Nations and the Implications for the Geographical Toponymy in Korea Sungjae Choo** Abstract This study aims to provide research fields and topics to complement, extend and develop the geographical toponymy in Korea, largely based on a summary of topics discussed in the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN). The Korean toponymic research has generally focused on revealing human, social and physical characteristics of the region by investigating the creation and change of the geographical names, with the perspective of creator and owner of the toponyms. Toponymic researches in the UNGEGN, in comparison, have put forward with the mission of standardization of geographical names and with specific emphasis on the users of toponyms. The topics include diverse forms of toponyms by user groups, roles of language groups, preservation of toponyms with specific value, etc. As research directions for an establishment of extended geographical toponymy accommodating discussions in the UNGEGN, further research topics are suggested; use of exonyms and endonyms in the Korean language, the nature of geographical feature and perception over it, writing systems for inter-language communication, and geographical names as intagible cultural heritage. : UNGEGN, geographical toponymy, exonym/endonym, geographical feature, intagible cultural heritage 2008 (Professor, Department of Geography, Kyung Hee University), sjchoo@khu.ac.kr. 443
place name geographical name 1) (Choo, 2010b, 3) (Kim and Lim, 2008, 15) (Kwon, 2004, 168) (Kim and Ryu, 2008, 602-603) (phonetics) (semantics) 2) (Kadmon, 1997, 3-4) 3) 1990 444
Kim and Lim(2008) 1990 1990 4) 5) (Chon, 2001) 6) 7) Park(1999) 1 50 000 Lim and Kim(2010) Bae(2004) Jung(2005) 1917 9 921 Kim and Yoon(2006) Kim and Yang(2010) 1522 1935 983 Kim, S.(2008) (1914-1918) Kim, J.(2008) 19 12 Kim, J.(2009) 1895 1906 445
43 000 (Lee and Jeon, 2005) (Cho, 2008) (Lee, K.-W., 2010) Nam(1997) Yang(2004) Lee S.- T.(2004) 407 Lee K.- S.(2004) (Choo, 2007b) (Choo, 2007a; 2009) (Choo, 2010b) 2006 (Choo, 2006) (Choi and Kwon, 2006; Sung, 2006) Kim and Jang(1993) 5 Gang and Beom(2005) Jeon(2006) 1920 95 Lee(2006) 3 4 Park and Kim(2010) 19 6 4 5 Kwon(2010) 446
Kim, S.-B.(2010a) Jung(2006) 20 7 6 1 681 (p.33) Kwon(2004) Kwon(2008) Kim, S.-B.(2004) 16 Kim and Ryu(2008) Kim, S.- B.(2010b) Cho(2007) Lee, Y.(2010) Lee(2008) 1949 447
Yang and Jung(2006) 2005 Kim and Kim(2010) (2007) Kim, N.-S.(2010) Table 1 (reference)(munro, 2004) (standardization) (UNGEGN, 2002, 24) (Kadmon, 1997, 187) (transliteration) (United Nations 448
Table 1. Trends of geographic toponymic research in Korea. themes focuses major research subjects Analyzing the nature of place names, categorizing them, and analyzing their changes Identifying geographical characteristics through place names analysis place names of Korea during the late Joseon Dynasty (Lim and Kim, 2010) place names of specific regions (Park, 1999; Bae, 2004; Jung, 2005) research on place names place name changes of specific regions (Kim and themselves Yoon, 2006; Kim and Yang, 2010) collecting place names from database construction of ancient place names maps and literature, (Kim, S., 2008; Kim, J., 2008; 2009) analyzing, categorizing, and in-depth study of specific place names (Lee and identifying changes Jeon, 2005; Cho, 2008; Lee, K., 2010) the name East Sea (Yang, 2004; Lee, S-T., 2004, Lee, K-S., 2004; Choo, 2007a; 2007b; 2009; 2010) undersea feature names (Choo, 2006; Choi and Kwon, 2006; Sung, 2006) research on geographical characteristics reflected in physical geographical elements (Gang and Beom, place names 2005; Jeon, 2006; Lee, Y., 2006) finding human/physical natural disasters (Park and Kim, 2010) geographic elements contained traditional philosophy on earth (Pungsu) and in place names and relating ideologies (Kwon, 2010; Kim, S-B., 2010a) them to geographical agriculture (Jung, C-Y., 2006) identities of the region Social and political meanings of place name changes research on the impacts of social and political elements on place name changes analyzing the impacts of power relations and functions of social groups incurred in place name changes social relations between social groups (Kwon, 2004; 2008; Lee, Y., 2010) cultural-political study on toponymy (Kim and Ryu, 2008) impact of Confusian ideology and influential figures (Cho, S-W., 2007) politics of place name changes in the Chinese minorities (Lee, K., 2008) research on the methods of managing place names by the management of place names by public sector Management of public sector (Yang and Jung, 2006, Kim and Kim, 2010) place names Designing methods of place methodology of constructing place names names management, including database (Kim, N-S., 2010) databases Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, UNCSGN) 1967 (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, UNGEGN) 1975 8) 9) 449
(resolution) 10 (Working Group) 2 Table 2 Toponymic Terminology) (Romanization Systems)(Exonyms) (Pronunciation) 6 (Country Names) (Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers) (Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use) (Training Courses in Toponymy) (Promotion of Recording and Use of Indigenous, Minority and Regional Language Group Geographical Names) (Task Team for Africa) UNGEGN (Publicity and Funding) (Evaluation and Implementation) Table 2. Working Groups and Task Teams of UNGEGN. characteristics principles and contents of the standardization of geographical names technical aspects of the standardization of geographical names preservation and management of geographical names evaluation of and support for UNGEGN working groups and task teams Working Group on Toponymic Terminology Working Group on Romanization Systems Working Group on Exonyms Working Group on Pronunciation Working Group on Country Names Working Group on Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers Toponymic Guildelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use Working Group on Training Courses in Toponymy Working Group on the Promotion of Recording and Use of Indigenous, Minority and Regional Language Group Geographical Names Task Team for Africa Working Group on Publicity and Funding Working Group on Evaluation and Implementation 450
Table 3 9 2007 195 10) (International Hydrographic Organization, IHO) (Sub- Committee on Undersea Feature Names, SCUFN) IHO 1921 (Limits of Oceans and Seas, S-23) 1929 11) SCUFN 1974 IHO (Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC) 2010 3 500 12) IHO 4 2 6 Table 3. Major resolutions on the principles of the standardization of geographical names adopted since 1998. 1998 time of number of adoption resolution contents 9th UNCSGN identify toponyms that meet the criteria for application of intangible 2007 /4 cultural heritage and prepare a programme to safeguard and develop that heritage 9th UNCSGN a set of guidelines be compiled and a range of models for the 2007 /5 promotion of the recording and use of indigenous, minority and regional language group geographical names be gathered /9 introduce some amendments to the romanization system for Hebrew 8th UNCSGN present a summary of the activities on the promotion of minority /1 2002 group and indigenous geographical names discourage the use of personal names to designate a geographical /2 feature during the lifetime of the person and provide guidelines on the length of the waiting period they wish to establish before 8th UNCSGN 2002 using a commemorative name undertake both the systematic collection of geographical names /9 and the promotion of a greater understanding of inherited geographical names with respect to local, regional and national heritage and identity /13 adopt the international system for the romanization of Thai geographical names 7th UNCSGN national standardization be based on current local usage of name /5 1998 forms, collected through field work 451
SCUFN (generic name) (specific name) (International Council for Science, ICSU) (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, SCAR) (Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, CGA) 36 000 (transliteration) (exonym) 1970 2 (1972) 28 29 3 1977 18 4 (1982) 20 8 (2002) (endonym) 4 2002 (Jordan et al., eds., 2007; Jordan et al., eds., 2011) 9 (2007) UNGEGN, 2007, 2) (exonym) 13) (endonym) 14) (diacritic mark) Dokdo România Liancourt Rocks Warszawa Warsaw Moskva Moscow Beijing Peking 15) Kadmon(1997, 144) 452
Tõkyõ Dongjing Běijīng 16) Cologne[Köln], Tuscany[Toscana] Wroclaw[Opole] Lódź[Torunor] Szczecin [Lublin] Asia, Amazon Basin, Danube Kadmon(1997, 145) (donor language source language) receiver language target language 17) (romanization) 5 (1987) 1984 20 28 18) (Danube) Donau Dunav Duna Dunǎ r e a Dunaj Dunai 453
(Jordan, 2009) Quebec Montreal Québec Montréal 19) (Woodman, 2010) 1970 5 (1987) ( /22) ( /1, /5) UNGEGN 20) (Kerfoot, 2009, 16) 6 (1992) 3 7 (1998. 1) 1998 155 (Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity) 8 (2002) ( /9) 2007 9 (intangible cultural heritage, ICH) 454
( /4) 2012 10 21) 2009 (Geographical Names as a Part of the Cultural Heritage)(Jordan, et al., eds., 2009) 27 (exonym) (endonym) (roman script) 22) (Choo, 2011, 58) (Woodman, 2009) 455
Daehanminguk Taehanmin'guk 23) Republic of Korea 24) Pokoly(2011) Österreich Austria 25) Kadmon(1997, 147) (traditional name) 26) 27) Côte d'ivoire Ivory Coast Belarus Wei russland Mediterranean Sea Yellow Sea (receiver language) (donor language) East Sea Donghae (standardized exonym) (authorized exonym) 28) (Choo, 2009) 29) 456
1927 80 2006 Kim and Ryu, 2008; Kim, S.-B., 2010b; Lee, Y., 2010) (geographical feature) 30) (Jordan, 2009) (Woodman, 2009) Choo(2011) (the partial view) (the holistic view) Jordan(2011) (social group) Choo(2009; 2010b, 2011) (recognizable identity) 31) Dover Strait (Pas de Calais) 32) 457
(Hitchman, 1986) (NGII, 2010) 5 6 (generic name) san gang d Namsan Hangang Dokdo (NGII, 2010) Nam Mountain Namsan Mountain Han River Hangang River Dok Island Dokdo Island pass mountain 33) PusanBusanTaeguDaegu Puch ŏn Bucheon (Watt, 2009, 21-23) (sense of home) (remembrance and memorial) (picture of movement 458
and social interaction) (window into social attitude) (Choo, 2010a) 2012 10 459
460
1 (1996) Aurousseau(1957) place name geographical name 2 1997 10 2007 3 toponymy' (place) topos (name) onyma 4 1990 2010 5 Kim, J.-S.(2008) 6 Kang(1998, 226) 7 toponymy onomasticsoponomastics 8 UNCSGN UNGEGN NGII (2010) 9 UNGEGN Mandate(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ geoinfo/ungegn/mandate.html) 10 UNCSGN 195 UNGEGN (http://www.land.go.kr/ungegn) 11 23 1953 34 1994 Japan Sea 4 12 2007 SCUFN 2007 10 2008 8 4 3 1 2009 42010 9 13Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located 14Name of a geographical feature in an official or wellestablished language occurring in that area where the feature is located 15Peking 4 16 4 2 4http://www.korean.go.kr/09_new/dic/rule/rule_ foreign_0302.jsp) 17 2000 MCT System 21 18 Amharic, Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Kannada, Khmer, Macedonian Cyrillic, Malayalam, Marathi, Mongolian (in China), Nepali, Oriya, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Serbian, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Uighur, Urdu 19 Bombay 1995 Mumbai 20 Choo(2010a) 21Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity (including indigenous, minority and regional language names) 22 2011 UNGEGN (Jordan, et al., 2011) 30 2 2 1 1 6 23 24 République de Corée República de 461
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