V D T,,,,, = b s tra ct = hang e on Lens c commodat i on and Pupi l Li ght r e f l ex i n VDT works Euna Kim, Ya ng ho Kim, Yo ung w o o J in, ha ng ho ha i Yo ng hy u ho i, Yo ung - Ha ha n Mo o n I nd us t r ia l H e a lth R e s ea r ch I ns t it ut e K or ea I nd us t r ia l S af e ty orp ora t ion W e stu died on ch ang e of len s accom m odation and pupil light r eflex cau sed by VDT w ork in six w om en and compared them w ith those of oth er office w ork s. T he result s w ere as follow s. 1. In VDT w ork group, the accomm odation contraction v elocity decreased during the first 2- hr VDT task, then recov ered m arkedly by the end of the one - h our lunch break, an d th en decr eased again by the end of the 2n d 2- hr VDT t ask. h ang es of relax ation v elocity sh ow ed sim ilar pattern although it w as less typical th an that of contr action v elocity. 2. T here w as no m arked chan ge in accomm odation contraction v elocity and amplitude of accomm odation in general office w ork group an d near - distan ce office w ork group, an d in the n ear - distance office w ork accomm odation relax ation v elocity decrea sed according to w ork load w ith out recov ery after lun ch break. 3. Initial pupil diam et er, initial pupil ar ea of light r eflex decr eased significantly durin g VDT task only in VDT w ork group, an d didn 't recov er after lun ch break. T hese result s sug gest pos sibility th at chan ges of accomm odation contraction v elocity, accomm odation relax ation v elocity, n ear point distance, and pupil diam eter an d area are u seful in ev alu ating characteristics of VDT w ork. F or this, m ore research adju sted in dividu al differences, circadian rhythm, em otional stress n eeds. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - K ey w or d s : ccommodation v elocity, Pupil light reflex, VDT w ork s, N ear point distan ce, amplitude of accomm odation
I. VDT,,, (Zen z, 1994)., VDT,,,, (Rom, 1992). VDT, (W H O, 1987). (T aptag apornsaito, 1990), (M oses, 1970). VDT,,,, F F,,,, EEG, VDT, (Nishiy am a, 1990). VDT, VDT (Nym an, 1985; H edm anriem, 1984), VDT, (SaitoT aptagaporn, 1991; GurrRon, 1992; Saito, 1991, 1994; Murata 1996), (SaitoT aptagaporn, 1991; Saito, 1991, 1994)., (Rose, 1987), Kum ashiro (1984) VDT. 1980VDT VDT. VDT, VDT (, 1989;, 1989, 1990;, 1994)., VDT (, 1991), (, 1991)VDT (, 1991), VDT
. VDT, VDT (,, ) (, ), VDT, VDT VDT. II. 6, 20. 0.6-1.5,,,..,. 3 34., VDT, VDT, 21, 2. 250Lx VDT 180Lx. VDT (positiv e presentation ) RT, 1:14 550lx 4. 8, 120,. 200,. 161) 2)1 3) 2 4) 1 5) 1 6) 2. ccomm odom eter (M odel : Nidek - 2000)
. ccomm odom eterrefractom eter mode,,. ccomm odom eter,.. 10.2D/ s55. 5., ccomm odom eterrefractom eter mode 0.5D, (Nidec o. LT D., 1991). ccomm odom eter ( 1). 15, 2 10. (V alid Graph ) 5, (V alid Graph ). ccomm odometer,,,,. Diopter ( 1, ). Diopter/ sec( 1), Diopter/ sec( 1 ), ( 1). (Diopter ) 1 ccommodometer st ep mode
Iriscorder (M odel H am at su 2514)T V, Iriscorder. 3,.,,, Latency, 50%, 100%,,,. ( 2), ( 2). ( 2), ( 2). Laten cy 50%, 100% ( 2,, ), 63% ( 2). 0.63(- ) 0 1 2 3 () 2 Iriscoder Latency 50% 100% P S S V 6.11..,, (Gen eralized Linear M odel).
. III. 1. 65 (1). 3, 4. VDT,. (p < 0.05) 1 (T 2) 2 (T 3). (p< 0.05) VDT (T 1) 2 (T 3), (T 4)2 (T 6), (p < 0.05). (1). VDT, (p< 0.05). (p< 0.05) VDT (T 4)1 (T 5), (p < 0.05).. (P < 0.05) (1).
1. () T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 * * (Diopter/ sec) (Diopt er ) * * (Diopt er/ sec) (Diopt er ) * * * 4.651.47 5.341.95 4.511.44 5.271.39 5.151.52 4.861.42 5.011.07 4.881.27 4.601.05 5.541.22 5.141.24 5.051.12 4.440.71 4.691.22 4.911.07 4.941.14 5.031.54 4.521.06 5.261.21 5.201.27 5.011.32 5.520.94 5.271.21 5.301.17 5.820.63 5.930.82 5.740.73 6.050.54 5.840.70 5.900.78 5.280.92 5.330.91 5.380.89 5.561.02 5.520.65 5.580.87 4.692.10 4.852.44 5.102.15 5.602.37 4.722.05 5.341.81 6.292.15 6.091.71 5.941.37 7.021.48 6.191.42 6.101.35 6.483.69 6.102.44 5.832.27 5.391.83 5.151.55 4.751.54-7.312.34-7.352.18-7.242.05-7.482.27-7.252.12-7.291.92-7.201.78-7.562.03-7.341.93-7.642.17-7.272.32-7.212.12-7.632.11-7.581.20-7.691.95-7.952.18-7.472.10-7.772.14, ;, VDT ;, T 1, ; T 2, 1 ; T 3, 2 T 4, 1; T 5, 1 ; T 6, 2 * P <0.05, ; ** P <0.05, P <0.05, ; P <0.05, 1 VDT 12,.. (P < 0.05). 1. 2. 63 (2). VDT 1 (p< 0.05). 2(T 6). (p< 0.05) VDT (T 1) 2 (T 3), (T 4)2 (T 6), (p< 0.05).. 22..
.,,,,,. Latency, 50%, 100%,,,. 2. () ** (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) ** (mm 2 ) Latency (m sec) 50% (m sec) 100% (m sec) (m sec) (mm/ sec ) (mm/ sec ) * * * T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 6.360.32 6.290.72 6.030.88 6.080.77 6.130.94 6.180.60 6.620.52 6.250.52 6.160.66 6.070.85 6.010.76 6.160.53 6.490.47 6.360.46 6.440.33 6.300.38 6.210.59 6.290.63 5.130.95 4.640.76 4.330.72 4.470.87 4.511.02 4.530.63 5.330.89 4.680.67 4.680.67 4.550.89 4.490.83 4.730.76 5.010.44 4.800.40 4.850.54 4.680.55 4.580.73 4.630.72 1.230.35 1.650.37 1.700.53 1.610.39 1.620.56 1.650.37 1.290.32 1.570.34 1.480.25 1.520.35 1.520.27 1.430.38 1.480.26 1.560.43 1.590.45 1.620.46 1.630.52 1.660.52 32.867.93 31.786.77 29.537.87 29.927.15 30.628.44 30.575.63 35.418.50 31.155.03 30.436.30 29.767.34 29.076.66 30.355.00 33.734.95 32.344.52 32.943.28 31.673.72 30.845.66 31.845.96 265.2466.47 255.5346.99 251.0928.49 244.4139.68 239.9825.83 255.5222.41 263.3065.83 253.6836.40 243.3033.22 251.8136.55 255.5328.00 248.1122.06 275.8929.27 265.7116.63 254.6023.43 258.3133.94 242.5753.69 249.9720.61 229.1379.80 251.0869.45 251.0874.13 242.2047.08 253.3158.82 258.8686.32 252.1967.52 237.9351.72 232.1852.50 228.6846.38 230.5254.91 228.6756.23 266.6364.17 252.7563.73 235.1548.46 230.5246.87 258.2972.13 240.7155.20 837.48209.02 945.53271.20 919.97268.24 855.53291.65 879.97247.53 924.41243.63 891.07216.48 886.99222.27 828.85187.76 899.98204.84 897.19209.45 839.78244.63 923.11230.10 845.34258.70 811.08247.40 827.74213.20 919.41242.96 849.03216.36 2045.80935.60 1761.09781.50 1641.08480.00 1387.75470.08 1464.41649.18 1589.97578.13 1695.52731.36 1370.34332.92 1418.85288.66 1233.31435.77 1274.04382.29 1149.97269.28 1487.01396.36 1335.15322.76 1482.38576.59 1338.86393.28 1537.52522.78 1267.55266.51 3.200.71 4.340.30 4.490.66 4.410.48 4.510.43 4.200.60 3.550.73 4.270.42 4.310.62 4.370.50 4.350.52 4.350.77 3.940.65 4.210.61 4.280.55 4.330.92 4.110.91 4.380.70 1.400.35 1.610.25 1.690.33 2.220.91 1.840.47 1.730.50 1.670.61 1.980.57 1.950.68 1.990.67 1.910.59 1.760.37 1.680.44 2.051.56 1.720.61 2.081.04 3.325.91 1.790.32, ;, VDT ;, T 1, ; T 2, 1 ; T 3, 2 T 4, 1; T 5, 1 ; T 6, 2 * P <0.05, ; ** P <0.05, P <0.05, ; P < 0.05, 1
IV. W H O (1990), VDT,. 20,. VDT 1, VDT., VDT. Saito (1991, 1994)5 4VDT ccomm odometer.. 7VDT VDT (Kum asiro, 1984). VDT, VDT (W H O, 1987). VDT. T akeda (1988)( ), 6 26, 8 2,., ( 9) ( 1)(P < 0.05), (P < 0.05) T akeda (1988)
., VDT, Saito (1991, 1994)Hirose (1991)., Saito (1991, 1994).,,,,,,, (Gran djean, 1988). VDT. VDT (W H O, 1987),,., VDT. VDT VDT. V. 6 20 VDT.. 1. VDT 1., VDT. 2. VDT,. 3., VDT.,, VDT
,,,. VI.,,. VDT. 1991; 30(4): 89-94,,.. 1991; 30(2): 53-57,. Visu al Display T ermin al,, 1991; 44(3): 669-676,,.. 1991; 3: 92-97,.. 94,, 1994, 51-78,,., I.. 1989; 1(2): 141-150,,., II.. 1989; 1(2): 151-159,,., III.. 1990; 2(1):44-49 arry LJ. review of NIOSH ' s VDT Studies and recommendation s. NIOSH Publication s on Video Display T ermin als 1991: 15-21 Gran djean E. F itting th e ta sk to the M an, 4th ed. Lon don, T aylor & Fran cis Ltd., 1988, pp. 231-237 Gurr S, Ron S. ontr ast sen sitiv ity and the n ear point of accomm odation aft er w ork w ith v isu al display unit. Isr J M ed Sci 1992; 28: 618-621 Lie I, W atten RG. VDT w ork, occulom otor strain, an d subjectiv e complaint s and ex perim ental and clinical stu dy. Ergonomics 1994; 37 (8): 1419-1433 H edman LR, riem V. Short - term chan ges in ey estrain of VDU u ser as a function of ag e. Human factor s 1984 ; 26:357-370 Hirose N, kiy a S, Saito Sh, T aptagaporn S, Saito S. Pupillary fatigue cau sed by VDT oper ation. Pr ocessin g of Japanese ssociation of In du strial Hy gien e (in Japan ese) 1991: 153 Kuma shiro M, Mik ami K, H aseg aw a T. Effect of visu al and m ental strain on VDT
perform ance. Japanese Journal of Indu strial H ealth 1984; 26: 105-111 M oses R. 1970, dler ' s Phy siology of th e ey e, St Luis, T h e. V. M osby ompany, 1970, pp 350-357, 382-385 Murata K, raki S, Yok oy am a K, Yam ashita K, Okum at su T, Sakou S. ccumulation of VDT W ork - related Visual F atigu e assessed by Visu al Ev oked Potential, N ear point distance an d ritical F licker fu sion. Ind H ealth 1996; 34: 61-69 Nidek accommodom eter M odel - 2000 operator ' s m anu al, Nidek O. LT D, 1991 Nishiy am a K. Erg on omic aspect s of the h ealth and safety of VDT w ork in Japan : a review. Erg on omics 1990; 33 (6): 659-685 Nym an KG, Knab e G, Voss M. W ork w ith Video Display am ong office Employ es IV. Refraction, ccom m odation, onv erg en ce an d inocular Vision. S cand Jr W ork and H ealth 1985; 11(6): 483-487 Osberg O. ccomm odation an d visual fatigue in display w ork, Ergonomic spects of Visu al T ermin als, London, T aylor & F rancis Ltd., 1980 pp.41-52. Rom W N. Environm ental and Occupation al M edicine, 2n d ed. oston, Little row n and ompany, 1992, pp.1109-1119 Rose L. W orkplace Video Display T erminals an d Visu al F atigu e. J Occup M ed 1987; 29 (4):321-323 Saito S, T aptagaporn S. Pupillary reflex es and accomm odation as phy siological indices of v isu al du e to VDT operation. Hum an aspect s in computin g 1991; 233-237 Saito S. Does fatigu e ex ist in a quantitativ e m easurem ent of ey e m ov ement s? Ergonomics 1992; 35 (5/ 6): 607-615 Saito Su, Sotoy am a M, Saito Sh, T aptagaporn S. Phy siologic In dices of Visual F atigue due to VDT Operation : Pupillary Reflex es an d ccomm odativ e Respon ses. In du strial H ealth 1994; 32: 57-66 Saito S, T aptagaporn S, Salv endy G. Visual omfort in u sin g different VDT Screen s. International Journal of Hum an - omputer Interaction 1993; 5 (4): 313-323 T akeda T, Ö sberg O, F ukui Y, Iida T. Dynamic accomm odation measurement s for objectiv e a sses sm ent of ey estrain an d v isu al fatigue. J. Human Ergol 1988; 17:21-35 T aptagaporn S, Saito S. naly sis of pupil m ov em ent s for ergonomic ev alu ation of visual environment s. 6th Symposium on Hum an Interface 1990: 617-624 W H O. Visu al display term inals an d w orker s ' health. Gen ev a, 1987, pp. 85-108 Zen z. Occupation al M edicin e, 3rd ed. hicago, M osby - Year ook Inc., 1994, pp. 428-443