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42 2 (2010): 43-74 (Freedom House) (political rights) (civil liberties) 58 2010 45. 1),? * 2010 ( ) (NRF-2010-327-B00027). 1) 58 LeDuc et. al, Table 1.2: 10-12. 2000 58 www.ipu.org/parline ( 2010 9 5 ).

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2 (judicial activism). (judicialization of politics). 10).. < 1>. < 1>,,. (advice and consent). 11). 12) 10) W. (2005 11 10 The Federalist Society Hamburger 209 ). 11), He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,...,(). 12).,. 4, Auerwald 44.

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powers). 3. :. 20 (executive agreement) (gentlemen s agreement).. 14) (divided government). 15),,.. ( - 110). 16) 14) (NAFTA) (KORUS FTA). 15) W. (2002~2006, 108 109 ) -. Conley 2009, 168. 16) United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. (1936) Fisher 9.

2. 17) 2 3,. 10. 10 (pocket veto). 2/3. 18) (Virginia) (vesting clause). 1 1. 1. 2 1. 19) 17) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. (1952),. 18) 7 10.,. 2/3 3/4 2/3. 19) (Virginia) (president) (Committee of Detail). 36, 3. 51

1 (enumerated power). 20). (prerogative power).. 21) 20. 22),,. 20) Nelson 51-59, The Pacificus-Helvidius Letters (1793). Nelson 10-14, Letters of Cato, Nos. 4 and 5 (1787). 21) (separate institutions). - 44-45, Neustadt 35. 22) (Virginia) (New Jersey). (Pinckney) 2 3. Farrand 157.

. 23)...,. (express power), (inherent power) (implied power)., (executive prerogatives)...,. 24) 23). Edwards 366. 53

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-. 1 29) < 2> Madisonian-Jeffersonian - - -, (Barbary) 2 -, 3 Hamiltonian - -, 4 -, (Embargo Act) 4 -, 3 -, 5 - - - 1. Milkis and Nelson 2008 Nelson 2008. 2.. 3. 2/3 29) Silverman 8.

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. 35).,,,. 36)..,..,. (authority) (influence). 37), 35).. Preston 363. 36). 28,,,. Jones 254, Table 7-1, 256-257. 37) (authority) (formal powers) (personal influence) (power).

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(mandates)... 43). < 1>. (1988) (1960), (1976), (1984), W. (2004). 44). 45) (1948) (1992). (constitutional Shane 27-55. 43) "(myth)" (Grossback et al. 190). 44) Conley 2001, 146-166. 45) Gould 170-190. 63

mandate) W. (2000). 46) < 1> : Guide to U.S. Elections, 6 th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. (2009). 1. (%): (popular vote) 2. (%): (electoral vote) 3. /(%): / 4. (*).. 5. 1948-2008 ( ) : 1946-1948 (80 ), 1954-1960 (84-86 ), 1968-1976 (91-94 ), 1980-1992 (97-102, 97-99 ), 1994-2002 (104-106, 107 ), 2006-2008 (110 ) 46) W.. Hamburger and Wallsten 137-163.

. 47)..,. 9-11 W. 2.. 48) 21 (communications operation),., (going public). 47) Campbell and Steinberg 26. 48). Kumar 283. 65

,.,..... 49),,..... 49) Spitzer 94, Silverstein 140.

..,.,. 50),,.,. 51). (pendulum) (polarization) W... 50) Rozell and Sollenberger 209. 51).. Jentleson 146-147. 67

..... (superiority)..?,,.. 주제어 :,,,,,,., :, 2006.. -. 13 (1997): 23-43.

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Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. Cronin, Thomas, and Michael Genovese. Paradoxes of the American Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Dahl, Robert A. Myth of the Presidential Mandate. Political Science Quarterly 105. 3 (1990): 355-372. Edwards, George C. III. On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Edwards, George C. III, and Stephen Wayne. Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making. 8 th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 3. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967. Fisher, Louis. The War Power: No Checks, No Balance. Campbell et al. 1-21. Gould, Lewis. The Modern American Presidency. 2 nd ed. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009. Grossback, Lawrence J., David A. M. Peterson, and James A. Stimson. Mandate Politics. New York: Cambridge UP, 2006. Hamburger, Tom, and Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21 st Century. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. Jentleson, Bruce. American Diplomacy: Around the World and along Pennsylvania Avenue. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress and Foreign Policy. Ed. Mann, Thomas. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1990. 146-200. Jones, Charles. The Presidency In a Separated System. 2 nd ed. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2005. Kernell, Samuel. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1997.

Koh, Harold Hongju. Why the President Almost Always Wins in Foreign Affairs. The Constitution and the Conduct of American Foreign Policy. Eds. Adler, David, and Larry George. Lawrence: University Press of Kentucky, 1996. 158-180. Kumar, Martha. Managing the President's Message: The White House Communications Operation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard Niemi, and Pippa Norris. Introduction: Comparing Democratic Elections. Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting. Eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard Niemi, and Pippa Norris. London: Sage Publications, 2002. 1-39. Lindsay, James, From Deference to Activism and Back Again: Congress and the Politics of American Foreign Policy. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. 4 th ed. Eds. Wittkopf, Eugene, and James McCormick. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 183-195. Mead, Walter, and Richard Leone. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. New York: Routledge, 2002. Milkis, Sidney, and Michael Nelson. The American Presidency: Origins and Development 1776-2007. 5 th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. Nelson, Michael, ed. The Evolving Presidency: Landmark Documents, 1787-2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990. Pestritto, Ronald. Woodrow Wilson: The Essential Political Writings. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2005. Preston, Thomas, and Margaret Hermann. Presidential Leadership Style and the Foreign Policy Advisory Process. Wittkopf and McCormick 363-380. 71

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Abstract Okyeon Yi In this paper, I argue that the principle of separation of power in foreign policy under presidentialism invites a blind spot in American democracy. Although the Constitution specifies separation of power both in the conduct of domestic and foreign affairs, independent elections of President and legislators differentiate the kind of collective mandates on Capitol Hill from the unitary mandate bestowed upon President, thus prompting him to proclaim public leadership. The key to a successful governing, then, lies in the art of pursuing separated institutions sharing powers persistently. However, the realm of foreign affairs poses a more challenging task, both constitutionally and politically, than its counterpart in domestic policy. Furthermore, we came to witness a modern presidency whose relentless claim on mandate, or what is dubbed as judicialization of politics, was found irrelevant to the electoral outcome itself, thus creating a peril in constitutional presidency. In this paper, I explore this paradox in American democracy by comparing across constitutional and political sources of such claims. Key Words: American democracy, presidentialism, separation of power, foreign policy, public leadership, mandate, judicialization of politics 73

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