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1 기본간호학회지제 21 권제 3 호, 2014 년 8 월 J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs Vol.21 No.3, , August, 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육의효과비교 * 황주희 1) 김현정 2) Comparison of Training Effectiveness for IV Injections : Intravenous (IV) Arm Model versus Computer Simulator* Hwang, Juhee 1) Kim, Hyunjung 2) 1) Researcher, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Simulation Center 2) Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Hallym University Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of training using an intravenous (IV) arm model versus a computer simulator for IV injections. Method: Study was a quasi-experimental study conducted with 106 nursing students. Participants were divided into two groups: the IV Arm Group using a mannequin arm model (control group) and the Computer Simulator Group using the Virtual IV demonstration (experimental group). Theoretical lectures and video presentations on IV injections were given to both groups. Each group went through the training practice using the IV arm or computer simulator. After the completion of training, questionnaires were given to the students to evaluate their learning attitudes and experiences, self-confidence in IV injection, and satisfaction with the training materials. Results: Student satisfaction with the training materials including the reality, usefulness, and educational effects showed notable differences between the two groups with the Computer Simulator group reporting more positive effects that the IV Arm group. However, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the categories of learning attitude, learning experience, or self-confidence. Conclusion: While there was a differences in strengths and weaknesses of the two methods, both methods should be considered for practice and further study needs to be done on educational effectiveness. Key words : Intravenous injection, Computer Simulation, Attitude, Satisfaction * This manuscript is a condensed form of the first author s master thesis from Hallym University. 주요어 : 정맥주사, 컴퓨터시뮬레이션, 태도, 만족도 * 이논문은제 1 저자황주희의석사학위논문의축약본임. 1) 한림대학교의과대학시뮬레이션센터연구원 2) 한림대학교간호학부조교수 ( 교신저자 hjkim97@hallym.ac.kr) 접수일 : 2014 년 6 월 5 일 1 차수정일 : 2014 년 7 월 24 일 2 차수정일 : 2014 년 8 월 14 일게재확정일 : 2014 년 8 월 15 일 Address reprint requests to : Kim, Hyunjung Department of Nursing, Hallym University 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea Tel: Fax: hjkim97@hallym.ac.kr ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014년 8월
2 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육의효과비교 서론연구의필요성 간호교육의목적은다양한임상환경에서간호사로서의업무를수행하는데필요한지식과기술을교육하는데있다 (Kim, Choi, Kang, & Kim, 2011; Yoo, 2013). 이는이론교육과실습교육을통하여질적인간호를제공할수있는전문직간호사를양성하는것이며, 이론강의를바탕으로구체적인행동으로옮기는임상실습과정이필수적으로요구된다. 여기서임상실습과정이전에필요한과정은기본간호학실습교육이며, 학생들은기본간호학실습교육과정을통해기본간호술을능숙하게수행할수있도록준비되어야한다. 그러나기본간호학실습교육과정은대부분실습실의여건에따라제한된모형을대상으로단편적인간호기술을반복훈련하고있는실정이다. 이러한실습교육은학생들에게빠르게변화하는간호대상자들의실제상황을이해하는데필요한경험을충분히제공하지못할수있으며, 임상실습현장에서의부적응으로인한문제점을야기할수있다 (Lee, Sung, Jung, & Kim, 1998). 또한임상에서신규간호사의실기능력과적응력이부족한점으로도이어질수있다 (Yang & Park, 2004; Jho, 2010;Yoo, 2013). 이러한임상실습교육의한계를보완하기위해최근국내에서는교수학습방법과관련된연구가활발해지고있다 (Jho, 2010). 최근간호교육은현장실습을강화시키고실습영역별핵심술기능력을갖출수있는다양한실습교육방안을연구하고있다. 대표적교육방법으로문제중심학습 (problem-based earning, PBL), 웹기반문제중심학습 (web-based PBL), 근거기반학습 (evidence-based learning), 시뮬레이션기반학습 (simulation-based learning) 등이시도되고있다 (Ko et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011; Lee, Cho, Yang, Roh, & Lee, 2009). 학생들이흥미를가지고적극적으로수업에참여할수있도록하기위해서는능동적으로참여할수있는학습분위기가조성되어야하며, 그토대위에서수업이이루어지는것이필요하다. 특히이를충족하기적합한수업중의하나가바로시뮬레이션수업이다. 시뮬레이션기반실습교육은반복실습이가능함으로간호학생들의실수를용납할수있으며 (Kim, 2006), 임상에서필요한간호술기를표준화시켜반복연습할수있다 (Beyea & Kobokovich, 2004). 따라서간호학생들의임상실습교육을보완하는방안으로다양한시뮬레이션을적용한실습교육이주목받고있다 (Lim, 2011). 기본간호술기중정맥주사간호는핵심간호술임에도불구하고실수가잦고환자에게불편감을유발하는술기중하나이다 (Cho & Kwon, 2007). 정맥주사를올바르게수행하지못 하였을경우정맥염, 쇼크, 폐울혈등의부작용및합병증이발생하며 (Park & Jeon, 2010), 이러한부작용은간호대상자의치료에부정적인영향을미칠수있으므로올바른정맥주사간호방법을교육하는것은매우중요하다. 정맥주사간호는주로기본간호학실습에서정맥주입용마네킹을대상으로간호기술을반복 훈련하는과정을통해습득되어서임상현장에서대상자에게직접정맥주사를하는데필요한통합적인경험을충분히제공하지못하는경향이있다 (Beeson & Kring, 1999). 이를극복하기위한대안으로컴퓨터시뮬레이터가제시되고있는데, 이는효과적인의료훈련을위해서는실감을주는훈련환경을제공하는것이중요하기때문이다. 그러나고가의장비인컴퓨터시뮬레이터의비용효과에대해서는아직검증이부족하며, 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터에대해서실감을주는방법과교육효과에대해서도각자의견이분분하다 (Shin, Park, Cho, Park, & Kim, 2011). 국내에서간호학과학생에게적용한시뮬레이션기반연구를살펴보면, 교과목운영상전통적인마네킹모형의교육방법과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를사용하였을때의교육적효과를비교하기위한연구가드문실정으로 (Jung et al., 2012), 마네킹모델과고가의컴퓨터시뮬레이터교육의효과를극대화시키기위해서는두모델을이용한실습교육의효과를검증하는연구가지속되어야한다 (Yang, 2012). 특히정맥주사시뮬레이터는국내간호학과의시뮬레이터보유요구도 2순위로발표되는등운영에대한관심이증가되고있음에도불구하고 (Lim, 2011), 정맥주사모형군, 시뮬레이터군, 병합군또는동영상군세군으로나누어학생들의수행능력과만족도를평가한연구 (Jeong, Choi, Kim, & Jeon, 2012; Jung et al., 2012) 외에정맥주사시뮬레이터의효과에대한연구는미비한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는정맥주사실습교육방법중많이활용되는마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를활용한정맥주사실습교육방법에따른학습태도와수업경험, 수행자신감및기자재에대한만족도를통해학습자관점에서의교육효과를평가하여최적의정맥주사실습교육의방안을제시하고자한다. 연구목적본연구의목적은기본간호학정맥주사실습교육에서기존의마네킹모델을이용한정맥주사실습교육을받은대조군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육을받은실험군의실습교육의효과를비교하는것이며, 구체적목적은다음과같다. 실험군과대조군의학습태도점수차이를비교한다. 실험군과대조군의수업경험점수차이를비교한다. 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월 303
3 황주희외 실험군과대조군의수행자신감점수차이를비교한다. 실험군과대조군의교육기자재만족도점수차이를비교한다. 용어정의 마네킹모델마네킹모델은기본간호실습이나술기를연습할수있도록인체를본뜬모형을의미한다 (Kim, 2013). 마네킹모델중정맥주사팔모형은정맥로확보실습을위하여사용되는부분실기모형으로인체팔과비슷한느낌을가지고있으며인조혈액인붉은색용액을인조혈관에주입하여사용하도록되어있다 (Jung et al., 2012). 본연구에서는정맥주사술기실습을위하여전통적으로많이사용되는정맥주사팔모형 (LM028, Koken, Japan) 을지칭한다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이터컴퓨터시뮬레이터는가상현실또는햅틱시스템을기반으로하여정교한모형에감각자극을감지하는기능을더하여슬기절차를학습할수있도록하는시뮬레이터를말한다 (Kim, 2013). 정맥주사시뮬레이터는컴퓨터시뮬레이터의가상현실기술을이용하여주사삽입시햅틱피드백을제공하며, 혈관을찾기위한촉진, 피부당기기가가능하고다양한시나리오등을제공한다 (Jung et al., 2012). 본연구에서는가상현실기술을이용하여컴퓨터화면을보면서정맥주사삽입을연습하는정맥주사시뮬레이터 (Virtual IV, Laerdal, Norway) 를지칭한다. 연구방법연구설계 본연구는시뮬레이션교육기자재 ( 마네킹모델, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터 ) 를이용하여정맥주사술기를교육한후실험군과대조군사이의학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감, 교육기자재만족도의차이를비교하기위한비동등성대조군사후설계를적용한유사실험연구이다. 연구대상본연구는 2012년 11월부터 2012년 12월 7일까지강원도에소재하고있는 H대학의간호학과학생중기본간호학을수강하는 2학년학생을대상으로하였다. G*power program 를이용하여 t-test에필요한대상자수를유의수준 =.05, 효과크기 =0.5, 검정력 =0.70로계산한결과총 106명이었으며. 본연 구에서는총 114명의대상자가참여하였다. 실험군과대조군의선정은대상자의편중을막기위해전학기기본간호학및실습성적을기준으로고르게분반된 2학년 1반과 2반을각각 1조와 2조로나누었으며, 각반의 1조를대조군, 2조를실험군으로정하였다. 그러나연구당일건강상의이유로대조군 2명, 실험군 6명이탈락하여최종적으로본연구의분석에포함된대상자는대조군 55명, 실험군 51명으로총 106명이었다. 연구도구 학습태도학습에대한학생의습관, 신념, 동기를포함하는태도를평가하기위해 Korean Educational Development Institute (1991) 에서개발하고 Hwang (2003) 이수정보완한학습태도측정도구를사용하였다. Hwang (2003) 의도구에서는학습태도측정을위해 16문항으로구성하였으며, 전혀그렇지않다 1점, 항상그렇다 5점의 Likert 식 5점척도로서점수가높을수록학습태도가좋음을의미한다. Hwang (2003) 의연구에서 Cronbach's α는.83이었으며, 본연구에서의 Cronbach's α는.68이었다. 수업경험경험표집양식은미국시카고대학의 Csikszentmihalyi와 Schneider (2000) 가개발한것으로 Peterson과 Miller (2004) 가수정 보완하였고, Choi (2007) 의연구에서번역 역번역을실시한도구를사용하였다. 이도구는인지적영역, 정서적영역, 동기적영역의 3영역, 총 24문항으로구성되어있으며, 각영역은 7점과 9점의 Likert 척도로되어있다. 7점척도의경우최저점수 1점에서최고점수 7점으로점수가높을수록수업경험의만족도가높으며, 9점척도는 전혀그렇지않다 0점, 매우그렇다 9점으로점수가높을수록수업경험의만족도가높음을의미한다. 인지적영역은총 4문항으로인지적효율성 3문항과, 인지된학습 1문항으로구성되었으며, 9점척도중에서선택하도록하였고, 정서적영역은총 12문항으로자존감 5문항, 활동성 4문항, 정서적상태 3문항, 3개의변인으로구성되었다. 자존감은 9점척도로제시되었고, 정서적상태와활동성은 7점척도로제시하였다. 마지막으로동기적영역은 5가지변인으로구성되었는데, 과업의중요성 2문항, 내적동기 1문항, 수업활동조절 1문항, 수업의난이도와학습자의능력에대한상대적수준 2문항은 9점척도로, 수업의참여정도 2문항은 7점척도로구성되었다. Choi (2007) 의도구를사용한 Park (2010) 의연구에서 Cronbach's α는.93이었으며, 본연구에서수업경험의신뢰도 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월
4 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육의효과비교 는 Cronbach's α=.91이었다. 수행자신감자신감측정도구는실습교육후정맥주사수행에대한주관적인자신감을측정하는도구로서 전혀자신없다 0점에서 매우자신있다 9점까지의 Likert 척도로서점수가높을수록자신감이높은것을의미한다. 교육기자재만족도평가도구마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의교육기자재및교육효과는 Jung 등 (2012) 의평가도구를이용하였다. 기자재의현실감및유용성을평가하는 7문항, 교육적효과를평가하는 6문항의총 13문항으로구성되었으며, Likert식 4점척도로구성되어있다. 매우좋다 4점, 매우좋지않다 1점으로점수가높을수록기자재의교육적효과가높음을의미한다. 교육기자재만족도의총점의최저점수는 13점이며, 최고점수는 52점으로, 본연구에서교육기자재및교육효과측정도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's α=.91이었다. 정맥주사에관한이론수업을 2시간제공한후마네킹모델을이용하여 1분반 1조 28명, 2분반 1조 27명의실습교육이진행되었다. 정맥주사관련비디오를 5분간시청한후, 본연구자가준비물품과사용하는방법및유의사항등을 10분간교육하였다. 그후 10분간정맥주사수행절차를설명하고마네킹모델을이용하여정맥주사술기시범을실시하였다. 시범이끝난후대조군은본연구자의 1:1 지도하에 4대의마네킹모델을이용하여 4명씩개별실습을 10분동안수행하였으며, 총실습시간은 4시간동안진행되었다. 모든실습교육은마네킹모델을이용한정맥주사학습프로토콜에맞추어진행되었으며, 10분간의실습이끝난후설문지법을이용하여학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감, 교육기자재의만족도를조사하였다. 본연구의방법론에서실험군에게만컴퓨터시뮬레이터을활용한실습교육을제공하는경우윤리적인문제가야기될수있으므로대조군에게도동등한실습교육기회를제공하기위하여연구종료후실험군과동일하게대조군에게도컴퓨터시뮬레이터을이용한실습교육기회를부여하였다. 연구진행절차 학습목표및학습과정구성본연구는정맥주사에대한이론강의와실습교육으로구성되었다. 강의는두군에동일한내용으로제공되었으며, 실습은두군에게동일한정맥주사비디오를시청하도록한후각각의시뮬레이터를이용해실습하였다. 마네킹모델은정맥주사팔모형 (LM028, Koken, Japan) 을사용하였으며, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터는정맥주사시뮬레이터 (Virtual IV, Laerdal, Norway) 를사용하였다. 학습목표는기본간호학학습목표중분류중정맥주사에대한학습목표를기반으로하였다. 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사학습프로토콜개발마네킹모델을이용한정맥주사실습내용프로토콜은기본간호학교재를중심으로개발하였다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습내용프로토콜은 Laerdal사의 Virtual IV 사용설명서 (Laerdal, 2011) 를토대로 Laerdal사의교육담당자에게본연구자가 4시간의교육을받고, 기본간호학교재를중심으로개발하였다. 동영상보기와정맥주사주입세트준비하기, 환자확인에서정맥천자, 주사기연결까지의내용을포함하였다. 개발된프로토콜의적절성과타당성에대해기본간호학교수 3인과경력간호사 1인의자문을받아완성하였다. 대조군중재 실험군중재실험군에게도대조군과동일한정맥주사이론수업을 2시간제공한후정맥주사관련비디오를 5분간시청하도록하였다. 본연구자가컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사학습프로토콜에맞추어준비물품과사용하는방법및유의사항등을 10분간교육후정맥주사수행절차를설명하고컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용하여정맥주사술기시범을 10분간실시하였다. 실험군은연구자의 1:1 지도하에 1대의컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용하여개별실습을 10분동안시행하였으며, 총 8시간동안실습이진행되었다. 실습이끝난후설문지법을이용하여학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감, 교육기자재의만족도를조사하였다. 연구종료후실험군에게도대조군과동일한마네킹모델을이용한실습교육을제공하였다. 윤리적고려본연구는 H대학교생명윤리심의위원회심의 (IRB No: ) 를거쳐시행하였으며, 대상자에게연구의목적과과정을설명한후연구참여동의서를받았다. 연구대상자에게익명성을보장하고, 추후에도연구결과는연구이외의목적으로사용하지않을것임을설명하였다. 또한본연구에서사용된모든도구는원저자의동의하에사용되었다. 자료분석 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월 305
5 황주희외 수집된자료는 SPSS Version 20.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성과각변수의값은빈도와백분율, 평균과표준편차로분석하였고, 대상자의일반적특성의동질성은 χ 2 -test와 t-test를사용하여분석하였다. 실험처치후실험군과대조군의학습태도, 수업경험, 자신감, 교육기자재의만족도에대한차이는정규분포를보이지않아 Mann Whitney U-test로분석하였고, 도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach s alpha로검정하였다. 연구결과대상자의동질성검정 연구대상자는총 106명으로남자는 10명, 여자는 96명이었으며, 평균연령은 20.4세이었다. 본연구의대상자들의성별, 연령, 입학동기, 전공만족도, 자기표현, 대인관계특성및직전학기기본간호학성적에대한실험군과대조군간의동질성검정결과두군간의유의한차이는없었다 (Table 1). 성별은여성이실험군 96.1%, 대조군 85.5% 이고, 간호학과입학동기는 취업을고려해서 가실험군 47.1%, 대조군 50.9% 으로가장많았다. 자기표현은실험군 35.3%, 대조군 38.2% 가 잘하는편이다 라고대답하였고, 실험군의 52.9%, 대조군 52.7% 가 보통이다 라고답하였다. 대인관계는 보통이다 가 실험군 54.9%, 대조군 58.2% 로가장많았다. 전공에대한만족도는실험군이 6.13점, 대조군이 6.39점이었으며, 이는최저점 0, 최고점 9로 9점척도를기준으로측정한결과이다. 마지막으로직전학기기본간호학및실습교과목성적은실험군 82.68점, 대조군 84.02점이었다. 마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의학습태도차이마네킹모형으로정맥주사실습교육을받은대조군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터로정맥주사실습교육을받은실험군의학습태도는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 2). 즉모형을이용한정맥주사실습과시뮬레이터을이용한정맥주사실습에서학생들의학습태도에는차이가없었다. 마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의수업경험차이대조군과실험군의수업경험차이를검정한결과통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 수업경험의하위영역인인지적, 정서적, 동기적영역의각영역에서의두군의점수도유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). 마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의자신감차이 Table 1. General Characteristics of Participants Characteristics Exp (n=51) Cont (n=55) n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD χ 2 or t p Gender Female 49 (96.1) 47 (85.5) Male 2 (3.9) 8 (14.5) Age (years) 20.41± ± Admission motivation Encouragement by parents 9 (17.6) 10 (18.2) Encouragement by teachers 1 (2.0) 0 (0) Considered employment 24 (47.1) 28 (50.9) Community service 5 (9.8) 7 (12.7) GPA 7 (13.7) 3 (5.5) Others 5 (9.8) 7 (12.7) Self-expression Good 18 (35.3) 21 (38.2) Average 27 (52.9) 29 (52.7) Difficult 6 (11.8) 5 (9.1) Relationships Good 19 (37.3) 21 (38.2) Average 28 (57.2) 32 (58.2) Difficult 3 (5.5) 2 (3.6) Satisfaction with major 6.13± ± GPA for Fundamentals of Nursing and practice 82.68± ± Exp=experimental group; Cont=control group; GPA=Grade Point Average (N=106) 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월
6 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육의효과비교 대조군과실험군의수행자신감점수를검정한결과두군간의수행자신감은통계적으로유의하지않았다 (Table 2). 마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의교육기자재만족도차이대조군과실험군의교육기자재만족도에대한총점에는통계적으로유의한차이를보였으며 (z=-2.68, p=.007), 실험군의총평균점수 39.76이대조군의총평균점수 36.91보다높은점수를보여실험군의교육기자재만족도가대조군보다높은것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 교육기자재만족도의하위요인점수를비교한결과기자재의현실감및유용성의평균점수는실험군이 20.96, 대조군이 18.85로실험군이유의하게높았으며 (z=-3.20, p=.001), 교육적효과면에서는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 세부적으로기자재의현실감및유용성의 7개영역중모 형의현실감은 2.96과 2.64점 (z=-2.41, p=.016), 혈관에대한현실감은 2.98과 2.47점 (z=-3.57, p=.000), 피부에대한현실감은 2.73과 2.38점 (z=-2.34, p=.019), 교육기자재의유용성은 3.24과 2.93점 (z=-2.56, p=.008), 전반적인기자재의만족감은 3.18과 2.85점 (z=-3.22, p=.001) 으로 5개영역에서실험군이대조군보다유의하게높았다. 교육적효과 4개영역중정맥주사부위선택의도움은 3.16과 2.91점 (z=-2.24, p=.025), 정맥주사절차수행면에서는 3.29과 3.09점 (z=-1.94, p=.052) 으로 2 개영역에서실험군의점수가대조군보다유의하게높았다. 논의 본연구는시뮬레이터를활용한정맥주사실습교육이간호대학학생의학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감, 기자재의만족도에미치는효과를분석하였다. 간호학생들의숙련된핵심간호술과이를위한다양한교육방법의적용및효과연구가중 Table 2. Differences in Learning Attitude, Learning Experience and Self-confidence in IV Injection between the Experimental and Control Groups (N=106) Variables Ranges Exp (n=51) Cont (n=55) M±SD M±SD Z p Learning attitude 16 ~ ± ± Learning experience 24 ~ ± ± Cognitive 4 ~ ± ± Emotional 12~ ± ± Motivative 8 ~ ± ± Self confidence 1 ~ ± ± Exp=experimental group; Cont=control group Table 3. Differences in Realism, Usefulness and Educational Effects of Training Materials between the Experimental and Control Groups (N=106) Category Item Exp (n=51) Cont (n=55) M±SD M±SD Z p Total 39.76± ± Model realism 2.96± ± Vascular realism 2.98± ± Skin realism 2.73± ± Realism Model usefulness 3.24± ± & Stinging realism 2.73± ± Usefulness Easy to use 3.16± ± General satisfaction 3.18± ± Sub-total 20.96± ± Educational effect Preparing supplies 3.31± ± Understanding structure of vascularity 2.80± ± Finding location 3.16± ± Mastering steps in the procedure 3.29± ± Inserting the needle 3.04± ± General educational effect 3.20± ± Sub-total 18.80± ± Exp=experimental group; Cont=control group 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월 307
7 황주희외 요시되고있는시점에서본연구는정맥주사실습교육방법중마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를적용한교육방법의자료를제공하는데의의가있다. 본연구에서는컴퓨터시뮬레이터를적용한정맥주사실습교육을받은실험군과전통적인마네킹모델을이용한실습교육을받은대조군의교육기자재에대한만족도에서는컴퓨터시뮬레이터군의기자재의현실감및유용성과전반적인만족감에긍정적인효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는최근정맥주사시뮬레이터교육의효과를입증한 Jung 등 (2012) 의연구를지지한다. Jung 등 (2012) 은 2학년간호대학생을마네킹모델군, 병합교육군, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터군으로나누어정맥주사실습에의효과를알아본결과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를활용한실습군에서기자재에대한만족도가향상되었음을보고하였다. 특히주사부위를선정하고정맥주사절차를익히는데도움이되었다는연구결과는정맥주사부위선정에도움이되었다는본연구의결과와도유사하다. 또한본연구에서는 모형의현실감, 혈관에대한현실감, 피부에대한현실감, 교육기자재의유용성 면에서도컴퓨터시뮬레이터의만족도가마네킹모델보다높았다. 교육기자재의전반적인만족도점수를검증한결과에서도컴퓨터시뮬레이터를활용한실험군이대조군보다높았으며, 통계적으로유의하였다. 이는정맥주사후학습만족도를시뮬레이션종류에따라조사한 Jeong 등 (2012) 의결과를지지한다. 반면본연구에서의컴퓨터시뮬레이터의만족도가높다는연구결과와는달리컴퓨터시뮬레이터를통한교육에서정맥주사교육과정이너무제한되어있어현실적이지못하였으며, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터의활용방법이불편하다는의견도제시되었다 (Johannesson, Olsson, Petersson, & Silénc, 2010). 이는정맥주사시뮬레이터 (Virtual IV, Laerdal, Norway) 를사용할때마우스와동시에다루다보니기기작동이어렵고, 주사기를삽입할때자석에의해달라붙는실제와는다른느낌이발생해서실감을저해하였다고보여진다. 또한마네킹모델에비해조작방법이어려워마네킹모델을활용하여교육을하는것보다컴퓨터시뮬레이터의주사방법의효과가낮았던연구 (Shin et al., 2011) 와도일치한다. 그러나본연구에서는기자재를이용하는것이쉬웠는지에대한항목에서두군간에유의한차이가없었다. 이는실습에참여한 2학년학생들이마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터의사용에모두익숙하지않았기때문으로여겨진다. 본연구에서의학습태도와수업경험에대한점수는마네킹모델군과컴퓨터시뮬레이터군간에유의한차이는없었다. 이는컴퓨터시뮬레이터가학습효과를나타내기위해서는충분히연습할시간이필요하였으나 (Scerbo, Schmidt, & Bliss, 2006), 10분간의연습시간이컴퓨터시뮬레이터의학습효과를 반영하기에부족했을수도있다. 이와유사하게 10분의연습시간을제공했던기존연구에서도정맥주사수행능력에있어서두군간에유의한차이를보이지않아 (Jung et al., 2012), 추후연구에서는반복학습을할수있는충분한실습시간을제공한후학습효과를검증하는것이필요하다. 또한고가의장비인컴퓨터시뮬레이터는 1대를이용하여실습을진행하게됨에따라 4대를이용하여진행한마네킹모델에비하여학생들의대기시간이길어지게된점이학습태도와수업경험에긍정적이지않았을수도있다. 이에더하여수행자신감또한두군간에유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이는학생들의수행자신감은교육매체에따른차이보다는간호술기습득정도나간호술기실습후성공경험이더욱중요하기때문이라고사료된다 (Jeong et al., 2012). 그러므로학생들의수행자신감을증가시키기위해서는정확한이론교육과함께반복적인훈련을통해정맥주사를성공적으로수행하는체험을할수있도록임상상황과유사한상황을제공하여교육하는것이필요하다. 본연구에서컴퓨터시뮬레이터가기자재의만족도면에서효과가있었을지라도학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감에서는효과가없었다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이터가시각적으로학생들의흥미를유발하고기자재자체의만족도는높일수있었을지라도학습에대한효과에는기여를하지못한것으로여겨진다. 그러므로실제주사바늘이피부와혈관을뚫고들어가는장면을보여주는컴퓨터시뮬레이터실습에더하여혈관을손으로만지고주사를삽입하는느낌을줄수있는마네킹모델을활용하는병행교육이마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터의각각의장점을이용한좋은교육방법이될것으로생각한다. 이는모형군, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터군, 병합교육군으로나누어정맥주사의수행능력을평가한연구에서병합교육군이혈관해부학적구조, 부위선택, 수행절차익힘항목에서높은점수를받은결과가이를뒷받침하고있다 (Jung et al., 2012). 컴퓨터시뮬레이터는고가의장비및혈관삽입느낌에의실제감이없는단점이있지만, 여러번반복실습함으로써, 정맥주사수행능력을개선할수있는효과가있다. 마네킹모델은절차를꼼꼼히익힐수있는장점이있지만여러차례사용했을때인조피부에난구멍으로인해인조혈액이새고소모품비용이계속들어가는단점이있다. 이두가지를병행한교육방법은그각각의장점은부각시키고, 단점을보완한정맥주사교육방법으로제시될수있다 (Jung et al., 2012). 그러나병합교육방법은시간적, 경제적요구가증가되는단점이있으므로모든학교의실습교육에서사용하기에는제한이있다. 비록본연구에서컴퓨터시뮬레이터가마네킹모델보다만족도가높았을지라도, 학습효과를고려하였을때고가의비용에대한효과를입증하기는어렵다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월
8 마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한정맥주사실습교육의효과비교 터의학습효과를증진하기위해서는여러대의컴퓨터시뮬레이터를구비하여학생들로하여금충분한시간동안반복연습할수있는기회를제공하는것이필요하나이는기자재의높은비용으로인해국내간호학과의현재여건에서어려울수있다. 또한시뮬레이션은지식을적용하여문제를해결하며, 의사소통술을적용하는등의상호작용이일어나는학습을제공하는데주요한강점을가지고있으므로, 정맥주사삽입기술을습득하기위한학생실습에서는좋은학습효과를보이지않을수있다 (Reinhardt, Mullins, Blieck, & Schultz, 2012). 결론적으로컴퓨터시뮬레이터를비용효과적으로활용하기위해서는다양한정맥주사시나리오를개발하여환자상태에따른다양한혈관을경험하게하고, 정맥주사삽입을반복연습할수있도록해야하는데각대학의기본간호학실습여건상현실적으로쉽지않다. 그러므로정맥주사술기를처음배우는간호학과학생들을위해서는컴퓨터시뮬레이터로 1-2회의적은시간동안정맥주사시나리오를실습하기보다는상대적으로저비용인여러개의마네킹모델을이용하여많은시간을연습하도록함으로써능숙함을향상시키는것이정맥주사와같은기본술기의습득에는더효과적이라고할수있겠다. 본연구는다음과같은제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 실험군과대조군을무작위로선정하지못하고편의추출하였고, 1 개대학의간호학과학생들을대상으로선정하였기때문에본연구결과를모든간호학과학생으로일반화하는것은신중을기하여야할것이다. 둘째, 대상자들자신이피험자라는것을알고있었던것이연구결과에영향을줄수있는가능성을고려해야한다. 이러한제한점을보완하기위하여맹검법을포함한무작위통제군실험연구설계를적용한추후연구가필요하다. 결론및제언 본연구는시뮬레이션기반정맥주사실습교육중마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한교육방법에대한효과를검증함으로써, 각학교의교육환경에서효과적인교육방법을선택하는데도움을줄수있는기초자료를제공한다는의의가있다. 본연구결과시뮬레이션기반정맥주사실습교육에서마네킹모델과컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한실습교육이기자재만족도의일부측면에서는컴퓨터시뮬레이터를이용한실습교육이효과가있었으나, 학습태도, 수업경험, 수행자신감에대한효과는두가지교육방법이차이를보이지않아, 고가인컴퓨터시뮬레이터에대한비용효과적인추후평가가이루어져야할것이다. 본연구의결과를토대로간호연구와간호교 육측면에서다음과같이제언하고자한다. 첫째, 컴퓨터시뮬레이터와마네킹모델을이용한정맥주사실습교육두가지를모두경험한후정맥주사실습효과를비교, 분석하는연구를제언한다. 둘째, 정맥주사를위한학생실습에서컴퓨터시뮬레이터와마네킹모델의장. 단점과비용효과측면을고려하였을때, 여러개의모델을이용하여많은학생들이반복연습할수있는마네킹모델을활용한교육방법을제언한다. References Beeson, S. A., & Kring, D. L. (1999). The effects of two teaching methods on nursing students factual knowledge and performance of psychomotor skills. Journal of Nursing Education, 38, Beyea, S. C., & Kobokovich, L. J. (2004). Human patient simulation: A teaching strategy. Association of peri Operative Registered Nurses, 80, Choi, E. Y. (2007). Learners' experiences during cooperative learning in a college English reading classroom. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Cho, M. H., & Kwon, I. S. (2007). A Study on the clinical practice experiences on nursing activities of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 13, Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Schneider, B. (2000). Becoming adult: How teenagers prepare for the world of work. New York: Basic Books. Hwang, S. Y. (2003). Effects of problem-based learning on the knowledge achievement, critical thinking ability, attitude and motivation toward learning of nursing students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Jeong, H. C., Choi, N. Y., Kim, M. S., & Jeon, M. Y. (2012). Effects of simulation-based training on the clinical competence and confidence of nursing students in intravenous injection performance and the satisfaction of clients. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 13, Jho, M. Y. (2010). An analysis of research on nursing practice education in Korea. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 16, Johannesson, E., Olsson, M., Petersson, G., & Silén, C. (2010). Learning features in computer simulation skills training. Nurse Education in Practice, 10, /j.nepr Jung, E. Y., Park, D. K., Lee, Y. H., Jo, H. S., Lim, Y. S., & Park, R. W. (2012). Evaluation of practical exercises using an intravenous simulator incorporating virtual reality and haptics device technologies. Nurse Education Today, 기본간호학회지 21(3), 2014 년 8 월 309
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