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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 4 pp , ISSN / eissn 공과대학에서문제중심학습적용사례연구 : 인공지능과목을중심으로 이근수한경대학교컴퓨터공학과 / 컴퓨터시스템연구소 Case Study for the Application of PBL in Engineering School : Focused on an Artificial Intelligence Class Keunsoo Lee Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering/Computer System Institute, Hankyong National University 요약본논문은공과대학에서인공지능교과목에문제중심학습 (PBL : Problem-Based Learning) 활용을위하여 PBL 문제를개발하여수업에적용하고 PBL 효과를확인하는데목적을두었다. 현대산업사회에서는협동학습능력, 자율적인학습능력, 통합지식활용능력, 창의문제해결능력을갖춘인재를필요로하고있다. 대학은사회에서요구하는인재를양성하기위해학습자들에게문제해결능력향상과협동학습의기회를제공해주어야한다. PBL 활동은이러한실천을위한적합한학습방법이다. 연구대상은 인공지능 교과목을수강한 H 대학 2 학년학생 37 명이었으며, PBL 수업은 15 주에 5 개의 PBL 문제를적용하였다. 학생들은주어진문제의 PBL 활동이끝날때마다성찰일지를작성하여제출하였으며, 5 번째 PBL 문제의활동이끝난후에강의평가지를작성하였다. 연구결과는학습내용에대한이해 (86.48%), 협동학습에대한이해 (94.59%), 실제적경험 (75.67%), 문제해결력 (89.18%), 프리젠테이션스킬 (97.29%), 창의성향상 (81.08%), 지식획득능력 (86.48%), 의사소통능력향상 (97.29%), 통합지식활용능력 (78.37%), 자기주도적학습능력 (86.48%), 자신감 (97.29%) 과같은다양한 PBL 의효과를경험한것으로나타났다. 학생들은이 PBL 학습활동은현대산업사회에서요구하는미래의유능한엔지니어로서의전문성을기를수있는중요한방법이라고인식하였다. Abstract This thesis aims to develop PBL (Problem-Based-Learning) problems. Its goal is for some groups of students to creative their own problems and to confirm the effectiveness of PBL as they apply it to AI (Artificial Intelligence) in engineering schools. Modern industrial society needs competent people who have abilities in cooperative learning, self-controlled learning, united knowledge application, and creative problem-solving. Universities need to offer their students the opportunity to improve their problem-solving and cooperative learning abilities in order to train the competent people that society demands. PBL activity is an appropriate learning method for the accomplishment of these goals. The study subjects are 37 sophomore students in H University who are studying 'AI. Five PBL problems were submitted to the class over a period of 15 weeks. The students wrote and submitted a reflective journal after they finished each PBL activity. In addition, they filled out a class evaluation form to assess the performances of each member when the 5 th PBL problem activity was accomplished. The study shows that the students experienced the effectiveness of PBL in many fields, such as the comprehension of the studied contents (86.48%), comprehension of cooperative learning (94.59%), authentic experience (75.67%), problem-solving skills (89.18%), presentation skills (97.29%), creativity improvement (81.08%), knowledge acquisition ability (86.48%), communication ability (97.29%), united knowledge application (78.37%), self-directed study ability (86.48%) and confidence (97.29%). Through these methods, the students were able to realize that PBL learning activities play an important role in their learning. These methods prepare and enhance their ability to think creatively, work systematically and speak confidently as they learn to become competitive engineers equipped with the knowledge and skills that modern industrial society demands. Keywords : AI : Artificial Intelligence, Communication ability, Converging Technology, Cooperative Learning, Creativity improvement, Knowledge acquisition ability, PBL Application, Problem-solving skills, The effectiveness of PBL, United knowledge application * Corresponding Author : Keunsoo Lee (Hankyong National Univ.) Tel: , kslee@hknu.ac.kr Received March 19, 2018 Revised April 2, 2018 Accepted April 6, 2018 Published April 30,
2 공과대학에서문제중심학습적용사례연구 : 인공지능과목을중심으로 1. 서론 1.1 연구의필요성과목적 2015년컴퓨터바둑프로그램알파고 (AlphaGo) 가프로바둑기사를이김으로서인공지능 (AI : Artificial Intelligence) 의새장을열었다는평가를받고있다 년대부터학문의영역으로들어선인공지능은모든것을해결해줄것이라는기대감을가졌던시기도있었지만많은연구자들의노력에도불구하고수십년동안아무런성과와발전이없었던암울한시기도거쳤다. 그러나최근들어서컴퓨터각분야의발전과융합기술발전을통해서그동안발전을하지못했던인공지능분야가눈부시게발전할수있게되었다. 그결과의하나가바둑프로그램알파고의개발이라고말할수있다 [10]. 이러한계기를통해서사회각산업분야에서는인공지능기술을적용하기위하여많은노력을기울이고있다. 물론학계에서도더욱인공지능분야를발전시키고자노력하고학생들역시인공지능에많은관심을가지게되었다. 인공지능분야를비롯하여여러분야에서가장많이요구되고있는것이창의성과문제해결능력이라고말할수있다. 그러나우리나라의교육환경에서는창의성과문제해결능력을신장시키기에매우어려운여건에있다. 따라서인공지능교과목을수강하는학생들에게창의성신장과문제해결능력등많은능력을기를수있는문제중심학습 (PBL : Problem Based Learing) 을적용하고자한다 [11-15]. 문제중심학습은전통적인학업성취도뿐만아니라문제해결력, 창의력등고차적인인지능력을기르는데유용한방법이며, 긍정적인학습태도, 자기주도적학습능력등을기르는데도효과가있음이증명되고있다 [1,2]. 이러한고차적사고능력과태도는 21세기새로운교육패러다임에서추구하는핵심적인역량일뿐만아니라특히학생들의자율적인학습능력과전문성을강조하는대학교육에있어중요한교육목표이기도하다 [3]. 이에본연구에서는학생들이현대산업사회에서요구하는여러가지능력을기르고, 공과대학에 PBL 활용을확산하고자공과대학수업에서인공지능과목에 PBL문제를개발하여 PBL을적용하고 PBL의효과를확인해보고자한다 [1,4,5]. 본논문은 1장서론, 2장 PBL 문제개발절차, 3장연구방법, 4장연구결과, 5장결론으로구성되었다. 2. 본론 2.1 PBL 문제개발절차 PBL 전체과정 Torp와 Sage(2002) 는 PBL의전체과정을문제설계와문제실행의두부분으로제시하고있다 [1,7]. Analysis Design Development Modification Implementation Evaluation Fig. 1. procedures design for PBL 문제설계단계에서는문제선택, 학습내용설계, 교수학습설계로서전체적인계획단계라고할수있다. 실행단계에서는교수학습지도와수행평가를포함한다. 이들다섯단계는상호보완적인과정으로이루어지게된다 [5]. 본연구에서는 PBL을설계하는전체과정을 Fig. 1과같은단계로구분하였다. 분석단계에서는교육내용분석, 학습자특성파악, 환경분석을하게된다. 설계단계에서는학습목표규명, 교수학습과정설계, 학습환경계획, 평가계획, 문제해결지원전략계획이이루어진다. 개발단계에서는문제개발, 평가도구개발, 교수자료개발이이루어진다. 실행단계에서는 PBL 교수활동이실행되고, 평가단계에서는팀간, 팀원, 자기평가가이루어지며이모든단계에서는필요한사항이있으면수정보완을하게된다 [6,8] 문제의역할과특성 PBL은학습자들에게실제적인문제를제시하여학습자들이문제를해결하기위해공동으로문제해결방안을논의한후개별학습과협동학습을통해공통의해결안을마련하는과정에서학습이이루어지는학습방법및학습환경을말한다 [6,9]. 학생들이 PBL 문제를해결하면서교육내용에서추구하는개념적, 기능적, 태도적인목표를달성하도록고려 155
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 하는것은 PBL에서중요한일이기때문에 PBL 문제를개발할때에는교육내용에기초한문제를개발하도록하여야한다. [8] 에서는 Table 1과같은문제분석기준표를개발하였다. Table 1. The criteria for analysis of problem The role of problems Non-structuralization General Physical Cognitive Criteria Does the learning start from a problem? Is a problem comprehensive to cover the knowledge and functions for learning? Are there context and situation for applying the knowledge to a problem? Are there roles of each learner? Does a problem lead to learner-centered learning? Is the part of information involved? Is the process of analyzing problems, finding out information, and making a plan needed? Are there various solution to a problem? Are there various approach to a problem? Do learners have a choice to debate or discuss? Is a problem real cases? Is a problem discovered in the real-life? Does a problem use physical materials? Are materials for solving problems various? Does a problem reflect natural thinking process? Answer Is thinking process for solving problems used by experts or profession in the field? Relation Is a problem appropriate to the learner level? Is a problem related to the learner's experience? Complication Is a problem complicated like the real-life? Does a problem need more than two problem solving steps? 문제개발의요소추출및절차 Sage(2002) 는 PBL 교육과정설계의요소로서사회적인맥락, 학생의흥미, 교육과정을들었고, 교사들을대상으로했던워크샵에서는문제설계의요소로학습자특성, 교육과정, 문제발견및선택, 문제지도, 역할과상황, 문제제시방법, 예상가능한학생들의문제이해, 평가, 수업안, 학습자료등을추출하였다 [7]. 2.2 인공지능문제개발절차본연구에서는 PBL에서문제개발단계를교육내용고려단계, 학습자특성파악단계, 문제발견단계, 역할과상황설정단계, 문제작성단계로설정하였다 [8] 교육내용고려단계학교교육은학과에서편성한교육과정과각교과목을담당하고있는교수자가설계한교과목의교육목표와교육내용을기초로이루어진다. 문제를개발하기위해서는학생들에게제시할문제는학생들이달성해야할교육목표와학습할내용을연관지울수있어야하기때문에교육과정과교육내용에대한파악이가장먼저이루어져야한다. 본연구에서는인공지능교과목에서학습해야할학습내용을분석하여 PBL 문제로서적합한지먼저탐색하였다. Fig. 2. The Problems of PBL and Relative Lessons Fig. 2는인공지능교과목의주요단원과각단원들이어떻게통합되었는지를제시하고있으며단원별내용에따라서통합하여 5개의 PBL 문제를개발하였다. 156
4 공과대학에서문제중심학습적용사례연구 : 인공지능과목을중심으로 학습자특성파악단계본강의를수강하는학생중약 86.5% 에해당하는대부분의학생들은 1 2학년에 3개학기를거치면서 PBL 을경험한학생들로서학과목에대한관심이많이있으며, 협동학습에대해서도경험이있으며전공교과목에서의 PBL 학습에많은기대를하고있는학생들이다 문제발견단계본격적인문제개발은아이디어로부터출발한다. 아이디어는최근이슈나학생들의관심사로부터자유로운상상을통해이끌어낼수있다. 따라서본과목에서의문제는각단원별특성이유사한내용에따른문제가개발되었다 역할과상황설정단계문제안에는문제를경험할학습자와학습자가처한상황이포함되어있어야하는데, 문제와함께역할과상황이제시됨으로써학습자는그것이자신의문제로서학습에대한주인의식과적극적인문제해결자가되도록한다. 본교과목에서는각팀원의역할과상황이주어지게되어자신의문제로서주인의식을가지고적극적으로문제해결자로서활동을하게된다 문제작성단계적절한역할과상황이설정된다음에는학생들에게이것을어떤방법으로제시할것인지, 즉 문제제시형태 구두, 메일, 비디오등제시형태를결정해야하며문제를어떤내용으로구성할것인지생각해야한다. 제시하는문제에는학생들이문제를해결하도록하는구체적인조건이포함되어야하며, 무엇을해야하는지가명확하게표현되어있는지검토해야한다. 본교과목에서는 PPT를통해서문제가제시된다. 이러한작성과검토결과를거쳐수정하고나면학생들에게제시할수있는문제가완성된다. 본연구에서 PBL 문제개발과정은 Fig. 3과같다 [6]. 이러한절차를거쳐인공지능교과목의 PBL 문제가완성되었다. [PBL문제 1] 을살펴보면다음과같이간단하게정리할수있다. 이문제에대한학습목표는다음과같다. 인공지능연구의과거와현재를알고앞으로어떻게진화해나갈지를안다. 인공지능연구와연관이있는규칙기반모델의여러가지기술을설명할수있다. 시뮬레이션프로그램에대해서설명할수있다. 인공지능이스스로학습할수있는원리를안다. 오토마톤과인공생명프로그램에대해서안다. 이러한학습목표와학습내용을분석하여앞에서제시한과정을거쳐개발된 [PBL 문제1] 은다음과같다. [PBL 문제1] 여러분은 IT 업체근무 10년차로하나의팀을이끌고있는팀장으로서근무하고있다고가정합니다. 여러분팀에서요즘인공지능에대한많은관심을갖고있는사회현상을인지하고회사에인공지능부서를만들어야하는타당성을회사임원진에게발표하게되었습니다. 인공지능부서를만들어야하는필요성에대해서회사임원들에게이해하기쉽게아래정해진날짜에 ppt를작성하여발표하도록합니다. 이내용에는인공지능의의미, 인공지능의발전흐름, 규칙기반모델, 지식기반모델, 전문가시스템, 추천엔진, 인공생명시뮬레이션, 유한오토마톤, 마르코프모델, 상태기반에이전트에대한내용등이포함되어야하며, 예시를통하여이해하기쉽도록발표하여야합니다. 발표일시 : 0000년 00월 00일발표장소 : 0000 Step3 : Finding a problem 3. 연구방법 ( 재정리필요 ) Step1 : Consideration of curriculum Step4 : Setting roles and situations Step5 : Writing down a problem Fig. 3. PBL procedures of designing problems Step2 : Figuring out the learner's characteristics 3.1 연구대상본연구는 2학년 2학기에개설되는인공지능교과목을수강한저희학과 2학년 1개반 37명학생을대상으로이루어졌다. 수강학생들은복수전공자, 전과, 편입한학생들중 5명 (13.5%) 을제외하고는대부분의학생들이 1-2학년 3개학기동안 PBL 활동을경험한학생들로 157
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 PBL 활동에대한기본적인경험을갖고있었다. 3.2 수업설계 문제개발본과목에서는인공지능교과목에서학습해야할학습내용을분석하여어떤단원들을통합하여 PBL 문제로서적합한지탐색하였다. 인공지능교과목의주요단원과각단원들이어떻게통합되었는지를제시하고있다. 14개의단원을내용에따라서선택하고통합하여 Fig. 2. 와같이 5개의 PBL문제를개발하였다 수업절차본강의는이론과실기를병행하여 15주에걸쳐진행되었다. 수업절차는먼저 PBL 활동을위해팀이구성된다. 각팀은 4~5명의학생이한그룹을이루어 9팀으로구성하였다. 팀구성시에는사고유형검사지를통한사고유형, 성별, 학년, 전공을고려하여팀간의차이를최소화하였다. PBL 활동에서하나의 PBL 문제는 3주에걸쳐서활동이이루어진다. 1차활동에서는각팀별로제시된문제확인후과제계획서를작성하여발표하고제출한다. 2차활동에서는각팀원개인별학습활동후팀원전체가모여서자료를통합하고자료조사보고서를작성하여발표한다. 3차활동에서는문제해결안을마련하여파워포인트로해결안을작성발표한다. 각팀이발표할때에다른팀들은발표하는팀에대한평가를실시하게된다. 1차, 2차, 3차활동을하는과정에서매주팀활동보고서, 개인설계노트를제출한다. 성찰일지는각 PBL 문제를통해배운점과느낀점, 활용방안을기술하도록요구하였다. PBL 문제2번과 5번까지는이와같이동일한방법으로수업이진행되며마지막시간에는 PBL 수업전반에대한강의평가지를작성하였다. 5번문제까지다끝나면각팀원에대한평가를실시하여제출하면성적에학생들이평가한내용을반영한다. 였다. 평가지는모두 12문항으로구성되었으며수업내용이해에대한유용성, PBL활동에대한만족도및유용성, PBL의장단점, PBL 활동시어려웠던점을묻는문항으로구성되었다. 문항의응답형태는객관식으로작성되었다, 5점척도를사용하였다 (1-매우부정, 2-부정, 3- 보통, 4-긍정, 5-매우긍정 ). 응답자는총 37명이었다. 4.1 PBL의유용성강의내용을학습하는데전통적인수업보다 PBL 활동이더효과적이었느냐는질문에 89.18% 의학생이도움이되었다고응답하였으며, PBL 수업은해당분야의전문가로서갖춰야할지식을습득하는데도움이되느냐는질문에 91.89% 의학생이도움이되었다고응답하였다. 학습내용에대한이해 (86.48%), 창의성향상 (81.08%), 지식획득능력 (86.48%), 의사소통능력향상 (97.29%), 통합지식활용능력 (78.37%), 협동학습에대한이해 (94.59%), 실제적경험 (75.67%), 문제해결력 (89.18%), 프리젠테이션스킬 (97.29%), 자기주도적학습능력 (86.48%), 자신감 (97.29%) 과같은다양한 PBL의효과를경험한것으로나타났다. 4.2 PBL 활동의만족도 PBL 활동을통해서최근여러분야에서많은관심을기울이고있는인공지능에대해서잘이해할수있었다고응답하였다. 또한이런학습활동을통해서창의성, 지식획득능력, 의사소통능력, 통합지식활용능력, 협동학습능력, 실제적경험, 문제해결력, 프리젠테이션스킬, 자기주도적학습능력, 자신감이향상되었음을나타내었다. 성찰일지를작성함으로서자신이발전된점을알게되었고, 특별히자신의부족한점을알게됨으로써앞으로어떠한자세로학습에임해야할지를깨닫게되었고, 또한이를통해서배운것을앞으로어떻게활용할것인지에대해서개인적으로깊이생각하는계기가되었다고기술하였다. 4. 연구결과 PBL 수업에대한학생들의전반적인의견을조사하여다음수업을보완하기위하여강의평가지를작성하 4.3 PBL 활동의어려운점 PBL 활동을하는데있어서특별히이번수업에서는전체학생 37명중에서비전공학생들의수가 9명 (24.3%) 에해당되는적지않은비율이어서전공문제를해결하는데팀원들이많은시간을함께토론해야만했 158
6 공과대학에서문제중심학습적용사례연구 : 인공지능과목을중심으로 다. 따라서만날수있는시간과장소를정하는것과토론시간이길어지게되는팀활동의어려움을지적하였다. 5. 결론 본논문은공과대학에서인공지능교과목에 PBL 활용을위하여 PBL 문제를개발하여수업에적용하고 PBL 효과를확인하는데목적을두었으며, 결과를정리하면다음과같다. 연구결과는최근관심이집중되고있는인공지능에대하여이해할수있었으며앞으로어떻게적용해야할지알게되었다. 산업사회에서왜창의성, 지식획득능력, 의사소통능력, 통합지식활용능력, 협동학습능력, 실제적경험, 문제해결력, 프리젠테이션스킬, 자기주도적학습능력, 자신감이필요하고중요한지를알게되었다. PBL 문제를해결하기위한활동을통해서전공에대한많은지식을쌓게되었고실제적인경험을하게되어좋았다고평가하였다. 성찰일지를작성함으로서자신이발전된점을알게되었고, 특별히자신의부족한점을알게됨으로써앞으로어떠한자세로학습에임해야할지를깨닫게되었고, 또한이를통해서배운것을앞으로어떻게활용할것인지에대해서개인적으로깊이생각하는계기가되었다고기술하였다. PBL 활동의어려운점으로는비전공학생들의수가적지않은비율이어서전공문제를해결하는데팀원들이많은시간을함께토론해야만했다. 따라서만날수있는시간과장소를정하는것과토론시간이길어지게되는팀활동의어려움을지적하였다. 전문적창의문제해결능력을갖춘인재를필요로하고있는현대사회에서대학은이러한사회적요구를충족할수있는인재를양성하기위해이러한 PBL 학습방법을적극활용할수있는방안을마련하여야할것이다. References [1] K. S. Lee, "A Study on PBL Instructional Design for Creative Engineering Design Education," Journal of the Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 15, no. 7 pp , DOI: [2] Y. K. Kim, "The Effects of Problem-Based Learning Instruction Student's Intrinsic Motivation and Sociality : Centering on the "Plan and Management of Housing," in Home Economics of High School, Chungang University, M.S. Thesis, [3] J. I. Choi, "A Case Study for the Application of PBL in Higher-Education : Focused on the Effectiveness of PBL," presented in Reflective Journal [4] Jeon, Y. H., "A Study on Instruction in Education Applying the PBL Theory and Evaluation Methods: Centering on the Curriculum for Third-Graders," Korea National University of Education, M.S. Thesis [5] K. S. Lee, "Study on the Applications of Introduction of Computer Engineering Class using PBL," Journal of the Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 15, no. 10 pp , DOI: [6] K. S. Lee, "Case Study for the Application of PBL in Engineering School : Focused on an Element Design Class," Journal of the Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 16, no. 1, pp , DOI: [7] Trop, L., & Sage, S., Problems as possibilities : Problem-based learning for k-16 education(2nd Ed.), Alexandria, Virginia : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, [8] Jeong-Im, Choi, A Study on the problem design principle for Problem-Based Learning thought the case analysis, Educational Technology Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp [9] Weiss, R. E., Designing problems to promote higher-order thinking, In D. Knowlton and D. Sharp(Ed.), Problem-Based Learning in the Information Age(pp ). CA : Jossey-Bass Publishers, DOI: [10] Kyoseok Song, Artificial Intelligence, Hanbit Media, [11] Soo-Jin Kim, Hee-Kyeung Kang, The Effect of Tutor s Expertise and Teaching Experience on Learners' Satisfaction in the Problem-Based Learning, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 6, no. 7, pp , July, DOI: [12] Soo-Jin Kim, Hyun-Hee Kang, A Study on Student Factors Affecting in Problem-Based Learning, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp , Aug DOI: [13] Sun-Young Kim, Soo-Jin Kim, Effects of Learning Style on Self-Directed Readiness of Student inproblem-based Learning, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp , April, DOI: [14] Sung-Eun Lee, Yoon-Jung Huh, Community-Based Art Project Using PBL and Google Maps, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 7, no. 10, pp , Oct DOI: [15] Hye Jin Kim, Effects of PBL Applied to a Teaching 159
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 Training Course on Cognitive, Affective, and Social Features of Pre-service Teachers, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 6, no. 11, pp , Nov DOI: 이근수 (Keunsoo Lee) [ 정회원 ] 1988 년 2 월 : 숭실대학교대학원전산학과 ( 전산학석사 ) 1993 년 8 월 : 숭실대학교대학원전산학과 ( 전산학박사 ) 1989 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 한경대학교컴퓨터공학과 ( 컴퓨터시스템연구소 ) 교수 < 관심분야 > 패턴인식, 지식기반시스템, 동작이해, 비디오검색, 문제중심학습, 교육공학 160
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