<28C6EDC1FD D3420BEF0BEEEC3BBB0A228C3D6C1BE292E687770>
|
|
- 은송 심
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 유창성장애연구의최근동향 : 치료를중심으로 신문자 a 전희정 b, 이수복 c a 조선대학교언어치료학부, b 일리노이대학교언어청각과학과, c 신 언어임상연구소 교신저자전희정 M.S., Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, 901 S. Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States hchon3@illinois.edu tel.: 배경및목적 : 최근발표된유창성장애치료관련연구자료들을살핌으로써앞으로의연구방향을제시하고자한다. 이를위하여약 10 년간의국내외의연구자료중말더듬치료와직 간접적으로관련있는실험연구와말더듬중재연구의동향을살펴보았다. 방법 : 2000 년부터 2009 년사이의논문중유창성장애관련권위있는학술지인 언어청각장애연구, 언어치료연구, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), 그리고 Journal of Fluency Disorders (JFD) 에등재된논문들을고찰하였다. 결과 : 연구유형별분석결과, 중재 ( 치료효과 ) 연구 29 편 (37.66 %), 중재관련비교연구 24 편 (31.17 %), 그리고중재관련특성연구 24 편 (31.17 %) 순으로나타났다. 연구대상분석결과, 청소년및성인이 50 편 (64.94 %) 으로가장많았다. 그뒤로학령전기아동이 14 편 (18.18 %), 기타 7 편 (9.09 %), 학령기아동이 6 편 (7.79 %) 순으로나타났다. 연구방법분석결과, 중재연구와특성 비교연구모두그룹간또는그룹내비교의실험절차를따랐으며, 중재연구는종단비교를, 특성 비교연구의경우횡단비교연구가대부분인것으로나타났다. 독립변인분석결과, 중재연구의경우행동적측면이가장많은것으로나타났으며특성 비교연구의경우발화형태를비교하거나변화를관찰한연구 ( 행동적측면 ) 가대부분이었다. 종속변인분석결과, 중재와특성 비교연구모두, 발화특성이대부분이었으며말더듬치료에대한인식 수반행동, 심리 성격적측면, 기타순으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 아동치료효과에관한연구는외국에서도그역사가길지않으나최근 10 년간학령전기말더듬아동을위한치료프로그램이개발혹은보완되고그프로그램의효과에관한연구들이이루어지고있었다 ( 예 : 리드콤프로그램, 페일린상호작용치료프로그램 ). 국내연구는국외연구와비교해볼때중재연구보다는특성 비교연구가많은경향을나타내었다. 국내에서도말더듬치료프로그램이개발되고그효과가검증될필요가있으며, 외국의치료방법의경우국내적용의타당성등이검토되어야할것이다. 마지막으로분석된중재논문들이증거중심치료 (evidence-based treatment: EBT) 의관점에서논의되었다. 언어청각장애연구, 2009;14; 핵심어 : 유창성장애, 연구동향, 연구유형, 연구대상, 연구방법, 독립변인, 종속변인, 증거중심치료 (EBT) Ⅰ. 서론 유창성장애치료와치료효과를말하는것은장애의다각적인면과복잡성때문에그리단순하지않다. 치료자가유창성장애를어떻게이해하고있는가에따라평가가다르게이루어질수있으며, 이러한평가는곧바로치료방법의차이로이어질수있다 (Kelman & Nicholas, 2008; Riley & Ingham, 2000). 치료대상이아동이나청소년또는성인인지에따라서도치료법은다양하게펼쳐지고있다. 수년간말을더듬어온청소년이나성인의경우치료중다양하고복잡한문제에직면할수있고이들의말더듬을변화시키는것은오랜시간또는몇년이걸릴수도있기때문이다 (Conture, 1990; Manning, 2001; * 이논문은 2008 학년도조선대학교학술연구비의지원을받아연구되었음. 게재신청일 : 2009 년 10 월 20 일 최종수정일 : 2009 년 11 월 19 일 게재확정일 : 2009 년 12 월 17 일 c 2009 한국언어청각임상학회 531
2 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; Shames & Florance, 1980). 유창성장애치료의역사는인류의역사와더불어시작되었다고할정도로그기간이길다. 그러나과학적인학문으로유창성장애가대두되기전의치료법들은극히주관적이거나임의적인것들이대부분이었으며끊임없는시행착오를거쳐오늘에이르렀다할수있다 ( 이승환, 2005; Guitar, 1998). 20세기초까지는유창성장애가언어병리학의한분야로독립되지못하였으나, 유창성장애에관한과학적연구는 1930년대미국 Iowa 학파를중심으로논의가활발히일어나그결과가치료법으로연결되었다. 또한지속적으로유창성장애와관련된새로운이론이정립되면서과거에소개된치료법중이제는더이상사용되지않는방법들도있다 (Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner, 2008). 근래의유창성장애치료범주는크게말더듬수정법 (stuttering modification), 유창성완성법 (fluency shaping), 그리고통합적접근법 (integrated or hybrid intervention) 으로나누어소개되고있으며 ( 이승환, 2005; Gregory, 1979; Guitar, 1998) 여기에인지적또는심리적치료접근법이더불어소개되고있다 ( 신문자, 2005; Bennett, 2006; Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner, 2008; Manning, 2001). 성공적인유창성장애의치료를정의내릴때 성공 에대한기준은다양할수있지만유창성의핵심행동 (core behavior) 인비유창성뿐아니라심리및태도등을평가해야한다는주장이많으며, 단기적이아닌장기적또는치료후까지보아야함을강조하기도한다 ( 신문자, 1996; Guyette & Baumgartner, 1988; Manning, 2001; Riley & Riley, 1984). 이는말더듬과그에영향을줄수있는동반된여러가지요인들을감별평가하고이에따른감별치료 (differential evaluation & differential therapy) 를통하여치료의효과를극대화시키고장기적으로치료효과를유지하기위한것으로생각되어질수있다 (Gregory, 2003; Riley & Riley, 1984). 특히성인의경우유창성장애치료를변화의과정즉, 변화를촉진하는과정으로보기는하지만치료효과를논할때는말더듬중증도및말더듬과관련된요인들의변화와같은다양한기준이필요한것또한사실이다. 건강이나언어치료에관한중재를논할때먼저다루어야할개념은증거중심의치료또는실제 (evidencebased treatment(practice): EBT(EBP)) 이며유창성장애에도이개념이적용되고있다. 어떤중재 (intervention) 를할때는대상자를평가하고난후선행연구리뷰를통하여그치료대상자에게가장적절한치료접근법을찾을수있어야한다 (Bothe, 2004). 그다음, 대상자를위한치료목표행위가충분히달성되고있는지지속적으로살필필요가있으며이를통하여치료의효과가평가되어야한다. 만일그중재가목표한결과를달성하지못하고있다면다른대안이있는지검토되어야한다. Bernstein Ratner (2005) 는말더듬중재에서증거중심의치료를언급할때논의되어야할점들을나열하고그표준 (standard) 이제안되어야한다고하였다. Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner (2008) 는증거중심의치료관점에서유창성장애의치료효과를논할때고려해야할몇가지사항들에대하여다음과같이언급하였다. 먼저충분한수의실험군을대상으로했는지이다. 즉, 중재참여자가말더듬그룹을대표할수있어야할것이다. 이점에서는단일대상연구나사례연구보다는충분한인원을대상으로한연구가더증거중심의연구에충실했다고할수있을것이다. 또한말더듬빈도 (frequency) 또는중증도 (severity) 와같이객관적인측정을했는지, 그리고반복하여치료효과가평가되었는지를보아야할것이다. 그리고그치료효과가오랜기간동안안정적으로지속되는것을보여야한다는것이다. 여기서기간을얼마나길게하여야하는가에대한의문을가질수있는데추상적으로몇개월 (a few months) 이라는식은적절치않을수있다. Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner (2008) 는 1년은부적절하며 18개월에서 2년정도가적절하다고제시하고있다. 이와연결하여치료실내에서이루어진치료의효과가치료실밖에서도전이되었는지또는다양한상황에서전이되었는지 ( 상황전이 ) 를볼수있다. 다음으로적절한대조군이비교되었는지이다. 예를들면, 말더듬아동치료의경우말더듬이자연회복 (natural recovery) 된것인지치료의효과인지가구별되어야할것이다. 이외에도치료후대상자의말소리가듣기에자연스러운지 (naturalness) 도평가되어야함을들었다. 기계적이거나말하는방법 (manner of speech) 을인위적으로바꾸어말더듬빈도를감소시켰다면진정한치료효과라고하기는어려울것이다. 또한, 성인의경우말더듬의복합적인요소를고려해야하는데말더듬의핵심행동뿐아니라이와관련된심리적공포나불안또는자기인식에서벗어났는지도측정되어야한다고하였다. 532
3 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 최근 10여년간발표된유창성장애문헌연구들의경우, 말더듬의하위분류 (subtype), 변환청각피드백 (altered auditory feedback), 말더듬는사람의기질이나성격등특정주제와관련된연구들을논평한연구혹은말더듬관련특정가설의평가를위한문헌연구가이루어져왔다 (Alm, 2004a; 2004b; Brocklehurst, 2008; Lincoln, Packman & Onslow, 2006; Seery et al., 2007; Yairi, 2007). 또한말더듬치료연구들에관한체계적문헌연구 (systematic review) 및메타분석 (meta-analysis) 이이루어지기도하였다 (Bothe et al., 2006a; 2006b; Herder et al., 2006). 하지만말더듬치료와관련된문헌연구들의경우, 과거부터현재까지의말더듬치료연구들을종합하여말더듬치료의효과 (effectiveness) 에중점을두었기때문에최근의연구경향을논하기에는무리가있으며, 국내연구의경우, 말더듬연구의흐름과관련된문헌연구가이루어지지않고있는실정이다. 따라서본연구는약 10년간발표된유창성장애치료와관련된연구자료들을조사하여국내외연구의추이를살피고앞으로의연구방향을모색하고자한다. 이를위하여말더듬치료와관련된국내외실험연구중실제치료과정을통하여중재효과를다룬논문뿐만아니라중재와관련된말더듬는사람의특성연구와정상군과장애군 ( 말더듬 ) 을비교한비교연구를포함시켜살피고자한다. 특성및비교연구의경우행동적측면및심리적측면에서말더듬치료와직 간접적으로관련이있다고판단된다음의논문들로국한하고자한다 : (1) 말하는방식을바꾸었을때말을더듬는사람들의발화형태에어떠한변화가나타나는지, 또한말을더듬지않는사람들과비교하였을때유의미한차이가관찰되는지연구한논문 ( 행동적측면 : 함께읽기, 노래부르기, 기기 (device) 사용등 ), (2) 말더듬는사람들의비유창성특성이어떠한지, 또한말을더듬지않는사람들과유의미하게다른특성이나타나는지연구한논문 ( 행동적측면 : 발화수집및분석 ), (3) 말더듬는사람들이가지고있는말과말더듬에대한인식, 말더듬의치료에관한인식을연구하거나말더듬는사람과말더듬지않는사람사이의심리적차이를연구한논문 ( 심리적측면 ). 이러한논문들은말더듬중재시치료대상자를위한치료법의선택및효과예측, 치료순서결정에영향을줄수있으므로, 증거중심의중재를위한기초연구가될수있을것이라고판단된다. 이러한 검토는말더듬의특성과말더듬는사람과유창한사람의다른점에관한이해를통하여보다과학적이고효율적치료를위한지식을제공할수있을것이다. 또한이자료를토대로치료효과를검증한중재논문의경우증거중심의치료적용이되었는지를보기위하여다음의 4가지기준에적절한논문들을살펴보았다. 연구방법으로는 (1) 10명이상의대상자로그룹간비교방법을사용하였는지, (2) 6개월이상을다룬종단연구 ( 몇주또는 3~4개월을단기로볼때상대적으로종단으로분류하였다 ) 인지를보았으며, 관련변인으로는 (3) 객관적측정척도를사용하였는지, 그리고 (4) 두가지이상의변인을측정하였는지즉, 말더듬정도뿐아니라심리-인지적변화등다양한요인을측정하였는지를살펴보았다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 분석기준국내외논문분석을위하여결정한논문선정기준은다음과같다. (1) 발표연도 : 최근의말더듬중재와관련있는연구의동향을보기위하여 2000~2009년 (8월까지) 에등재된논문으로한정지었다. (2) 학술지선정 : 말더듬분야의권위있는학술지인 언어청각장애연구, 언어치료연구, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research ( 이하 JSLHR), Journal of Fluency Disorders ( 이하 JFD) 내에서논문을선정하였다. (3) 연구유형 : 말더듬의중재효과를다룬중재연구, 말더듬는사람들의특성연구, 혹은유창한사람과말더듬는사람을비교한비교연구를대상으로하였다. 또한, 실험연구만을포함시켰으며문헌연구는제외하였다. (4) 연구대상 : 학령전기말더듬아동, 학령기말더듬아동과청소년및성인을대상으로한연구를포함하였다. 유창한사람과말더듬는사람간의비교논문의경우, 유창한사람은말더듬는사람과말더듬외의조건을통일시킨사람들인경우로하였다. 후천적말더듬 (acquired stuttering) 인신경학적말더듬 (neurogenic stuttering) 의경우 533
4 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; 는포함하였으며말더듬외동반장애를가지고있는참여자를대상으로한연구는제외하였다. 2. 분석방법가. 연구유형분석본논문은연구유형에따라분류하여기술하였다. 중재및비교가동시에이루어진논문의경우중재논문에포함시켰다. (1) 중재연구 : 특정치료기법및도구를사용하여말더듬중재효과를연구한논문들이여기에포함되었다. 여러가지중재기법을사용하여치료효과를비교한논문들도포함하였다. (2) 특성연구 : 말더듬는사람들의발화특성및상황에따른변화, 말더듬수반행동의특성, 말더듬과말더듬치료에관한인식, 혹은심리적 성격적특성을연구한논문들을포함하였다. (3) 비교연구 : 말더듬는사람과유창한사람의발화형태, 심리적, 성격적차이를연구한논문들이비교연구에포함되었다. 나. 연구대상분석연구대상은연령에따라, 학령전기, 학령기아동, 청소년및성인으로분류하였다. 다. 연구방법분석 (1) 실험절차ㄱ. 중재연구 : 그룹간비교, 그룹내비교, 단일대상연구, 사례연구, 인터뷰로나누어분석하였다. ㄴ. 특성및비교연구 : 그룹간비교, 그룹내비교, 인터뷰분석및기타로나누어분석하였다. (2) 연구의시간적관점ㄱ. 중재연구 : 6개월이상연구의경우종단연구, 6개월미만연구의경우단기연구로나누어분석하였다. ㄴ. 특성및비교연구 : 종단연구, 횡단연구및기타로나누어분석하였다. 기타의경우, 질적연구를위한인터뷰및선행연구의자료를사용하여분석한논문의경우를포함하였다. 라. 독립변인분석하나의연구에 2가지이상의독립변인이포함된경우다음의 (1)~(4) 에따라독립변인을나누어분석하였다. (1) 행동적 (behavioral) 측면 : 중재연구의경우, 행동적치료접근법을사용하여연구한논문들을포함하였다. 특성및비교연구의경우, 말하는방식을바꾸어자연스러운발화상황과어떠한차이가있는지연구한논문들을포함하였다. 발화를수집하고분석한논문들역시특성및비교연구에포함하였다. (2) 심리적측면 : 중재연구의경우, 심리 / 인지치료나상담의효과를연구한논문들을포함하였다. 특성및비교연구의경우, 심리 / 성격검사를통하여말더듬는사람의특성을연구하거나말을더듬지않는사람과비교한논문들을포함하였다. 또한인터뷰와질문지 (questionnaire) 를사용하여말더듬는사람이가지고있는말과말더듬에대한인식및말더듬조절및치료에대한인식을연구한논문도심리적측면에포함하였다. (3) 기기 (device): 기기를이용하여말더듬의감소를연구한중재연구, 혹은말더듬는사람이기기를사용한상황과그렇지않는상황을비교하거나, 말더듬는사람과유창한사람이기기를사용한상황에서보이는차이를연구한논문들을포함하였다. (4) 기타 : 그외의독립변인 ( 예 : 도파민길항제와같은약물, 후두마취, 발화상황에따른생리적변화등 ) 은기타에포함하였다. 마. 종속변인분석중재, 특성및비교연구에서의종속변인은발화특성, 심리적 성격적측면, 말더듬및치료에대한인식 수반행동, 기타의 4영역으로분류하였다. (1) 발화특성 : 비유창성의변화 ( 말더듬유형및빈도, 말더듬비율 (%SS: percentage of syllables stuttered) 및말더듬중증도 ) 와그외의발화패턴의변화를측정한연구 ( 예 : 말속도, 말의자연스러움, 모음지속기간, 발성시간등 ) 들을포함하였다. 534
5 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 (2) 심리적 성격적측면 : 중재연구의경우, 치료를통한심리적변화를측정한연구들이포함되었다. 특성및비교연구의경우말더듬는사람의심리적 성격적특성을연구하거나, 말더듬는사람과유창한사람의심리적차이를비교한논문들을포함하였다. (3) 말더듬및치료에대한인식 수반행동 : 중재연구의경우, 치료를통해말더듬에대한태도나수반행동이변화되었는지를측정한연구들이포함되었다. 특성및비교연구의경우, 말더듬는사람들이가지고있는말과말더듬, 말더듬치료에대한인식을연구한논문들을포함하였다. (4) 기타 : 그외의종속변인이포함되었다 ( 예 : 뇌기능의활성화 ). Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 분석논문수치결과논문선정기준에따라분석에포함된논문은총 77편으로, 언어청각장애연구 에게재된연구논문은 15편, 언어치료연구 14편, JSLHR 13편, JFD 35편이다. 분석된전체논문의목록과연구내용에관한세부정보는 < 부록 -1> 에제시하였다. 학술지별연구논문의편수는 < 표 -1> 과같다. 2. 분석방법결과가. 연구유형분석연구유형을분석한결과, 중재연구논문 29편 (37.66 %), 유창한사람과말더듬는사람을비교한 < 표 - 1> 국내외논문수치별비교 ( 단위 : 편 ) 합계 국내 언어청각장애연구 언어치료연구 국외 JSLHR JFD 합계 < 표 - 2> 국내외연구유형비교 ( 단위 : 편 ) 비교연구 특성연구 중재연구 합계 국내 언어청각장애연구 11(73%) 3(20%) 1(7%) 15(100%) 언어치료연구 3 (21 %) 4 (29 %) 7 (50 %) 14 (100 %) 국외 JSLHR 1(8%) 3(23%) 9(69%) 13(100%) JFD 9 (26 %) 14 (40 %) 12 (34 %) 35 (100 %) 합계 24 (31.17 %) 24 (31.17 %) 29 (37.66 %) 77 (100 %) < 표 - 3> 국내외논문의연구대상비교 ( 단위 : 편 ) 학령전기아동 학령기아동 청소년및성인 기타 a) 합계 국내 언어청각장애연구 6(40%) 1(7%) 5(33%) 3(20%) 15(100%) 언어치료연구 1 (7 %) 2 (14 %) 9 (64 %) 2 (14 %) 14 (100 %) 국외 JSLHR 2(15%) 0(0%) 10(77%) 1(8%) 13(100%) JFD 5(14%) 3(8%) 26(75%) 1(3%) 35(100%) 합계 14 (18.18 %) 6 (7.79 %) 50 (64.94 %) 7 (9.09 %) 77 (100 %) a) 연구대상의연령이다양한경우기타에포함하였음. JSLHR과 JFD의연구중기타에포함된연구는연구대상이학령전기아동과 학령기아동이포함되었음. 535
6 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; 비교연구논문 24편 (31.17 %), 말더듬는사람의특성을연구한특성연구논문 24편 (31.17 %) 순으로나타났다 (< 표 -2> 참조 ). 나. 연구대상분석연구대상을분류한결과, 청소년및성인이 50편 (64.94 %) 으로가장많았다. 그뒤로학령전기아동이 14편 (18.18 %), 기타 7편 (9.09 %), 학령기아동 6 편 (7.79 %) 순으로나타났다 (< 표 -3> 참조 ). 다. 연구방법분석 (1) 실험절차국내외중재연구와특성및비교연구논문의실험절차는 < 표 -4> 에정리하였다. ㄱ. 중재연구국내외연구모두말더듬중재효과를증명하기위하여그룹내치료효과를비교한연구가 % 로가장많았으며 ( 고은, 2002; 안종복 박종명 송병섭, 2006; 장현진 권도하, 2005; 전희숙 권도하, 2005; De Nil et al., 2003; Franken, Schalk & Boelens, 2006; Neumann et al., 2003; Riley & Ingham, 2000), 개인별중재효과를제시하기위하여단일대상연구 ( 전진호 권도하, 2001; 정훈 권도하, 2002; Millard, Nicholas & Cook, 2008; Trajkovski et al., 2009) 와사례연구 ( 김효정 권도하, 2004; 옥정달, 2004; Dworkin et al., 2002) 의절차를사용하기도하였다. 중재연구가증거중심의치료적용이되었는지평가하기위하여서론에서제시한네가지기준중 10명이상을대상으로그룹간비교방법을사용하였는지 조사한결과는다음과같다. 국내중재논문 ( 총 8편 ) 중, 10명이상을대상으로하거나, 그룹간비교방법을사용한논문은없는것으로나타났다. 21명의독일말더듬청소년을대상으로한연구가 1편있었으나, 그룹내비교방법을사용하였다 ( 고은, 2002). 국외논문 ( 총 21편 ) 의경우 6편의연구가그룹간비교를사용하였으며각그룹당 10명이상의참여자를대상으로하고있었다. 이들논문중더욱효과적인치료방법을찾기위하여두가지치료접근법을사용하여말더듬그룹간치료효과를비교한연구들이있었으며 (Franken, Schalk & Boelens, 2005; Menzies et al., 2008), 치료접근법의효과를증명하기위하여말더듬는사람과유창한사람을비교하거나 (De Nil et al., 2003) 두국가 ( 캐나다, 네덜란드 ) 의말더듬는사람을대상으로동일한치료법의효과를보고하기도하였다 (Langevin et al., 2006). 자연회복의가능성이높은학령전기아동의경우치료의효과를입증하기위하여말더듬아동을치료를받은그룹과치료를받지않은두그룹으로나누어비유창성의변화를연구하기도하였다 (Harris et al., 2002; Lattermann, Euler & Neumann, 2008). 리드콤 (Lidcombe) 프로그램의효과를증명하기위하여실시된이두연구의결과모두치료받은말더듬아동그룹의비유창성이더욱감소했음을보고하였다. ㄴ. 특성및비교연구국내의경우, 그룹간비교는 61.9 % 로말더듬는사람과유창한사람, 혹은말더듬아동과말더듬성인의특성을비교하였다. 그룹내비교는말더듬는사람이다양한발화상황이나말더듬인식등에따라어떤변화를보이는지를연구하였다 ( 성수진 심현섭, 2002; 이경재외, 2003; 이혜란외, 2008). 인터뷰를분 < 표 - 4> 국내외중재연구, 특성 비교연구논문의실험절차비교 ( 단위 : 편 ) 그룹간 그룹내비교 사례연구 단일대상연구 인터뷰 합계 중재 국내 4(50%) 2(25%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 8(100%) 연구 국외 14(64%) 1(5%) 6(27%) 1(5%) 22(100%) 합계 18 (60 %) 3(10%) 9(30%) 1 (3.33 %) 30 (100 %) 특성 그룹간비교 그룹내비교 인터뷰분석 기타 합계 국내 13(61.9%) 6(28.5%) 2(9.5%) 0(0%) 21(100%) 비교 국외 10(33%) 13(43%) 7(23%) 0(0%) 30(100%) 연구 합계 23 (47.4 %) 19 (35.7 %) 9(16.2%) 0(0%) 51 (100 %) 536
7 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 석하여그룹간비교를한연구들도있었다 ( 민경미 심현섭, 2000; 2003). 국외의경우, 말더듬는사람이다양한발화상황과행동적변화에보이는반응을연구한그룹내비교의비율이 43 % 로가장높았으며, 말더듬그룹내에서비교를실시한논문들도있었다 (Dietrich & Roaman, 2001; Logan, 2001; Vanryckeghem et al., 2001). 말더듬는사람과유창한사람, 혹은말더듬아동과유창한아동의부모의발화를비교하거나비유창성의언어적측면, 심리적인면등을비교한그룹간비교연구도 33 % 로나타났다 (Craig, Blumgart & Tran, 2009; Natke, Grosser & Kalveram, 2001; Savelkoul et al., 2007; Weiss, 2002; Yovetich, Leschied & Flicht, 2000; Zackheim & Conture, 2003). (2) 연구의시간적관점ㄱ. 중재연구국내외의모든논문이종단연구혹은단기연구의시간적관점을사용하고있었다. 그중국내논문의경우, 6개월미만의단기연구가 85.7 % 로가장많은비중을차지하였다. 국외논문들의경우, 6개월이상의종단연구가 71 % 로가장많은비중을차지하여증거중심의치료적용평가를위하여서론에서제시한기준중 6개월이상의종단연구방법기준을만족하는국내논문이 14.3 % 였던것과는대조를이루었다 (< 표 -5> 및 < 부록 -1> 참조 ). ㄴ. 특성및비교연구말더듬의특성과비교에관한연구들은국내외다수의논문이횡단연구의시간적관점을사용하고있었다 (77 %). 질적연구를위한인터뷰및선행연구의 자료를사용하여분석한논문의경우기타에포함되었다. 라. 독립변인분석결과독립변인이 2개이상일경우, 각각의카테고리에하나의독립된논문으로포함하였다 (Menzies et al., 2008). 국내외중재연구와특성및비교연구논문의연구방법은 < 표 -6> 에정리하였다. (1) 중재연구국내대부분의말더듬치료는발화패턴및태도를변화시키는행동적치료와관련이있었으며 ( 고은, 2002; 옥정달, 2004; 전진호 권도하, 2001; 정훈 권도하, 2002) 이러한연구들은행동적측면의하위분류에포함되었다. 말더듬의심리적인측면과관련된자아증진 행동인지치료 ( 장현진 권도하, 2005; 전희숙 권도하, 2005) 의효과를보고하기도하였다 ( 심리적측면에포함 ). 또한비유창성감소를위해말더듬치료훈련기를통해복식호흡을유도하는연구 ( 안종복 박종명 송병섭, 2006), 통합적치료법인발살바-말더듬치료법 ( 김효정 권도하, 2004) 등의연구가있었다. 국외의말더듬치료역시발화패턴이나환경을변화시키거나자발적으로말더듬을조절하는행동적접근법 ( 행동적측면에포함 ) 과관련이있었으며 (Franken, Schalk & Boelens, 2005; Huinck et al., 2006; Ingham et al., 2001; Langevin et al,, 2006; O Brian, Packman & Onslow, 2008; Trajkovski et al., 2009), 말더듬성인의경우비유창성감소를위하여기기 (device) 를사용하는연구 (O Donnell, Armson & Kiefte, 2008; Pollard et al,, 2009) 와말더듬의심리적인측면과관련하여인지치료를병행 < 표 - 5> 논문의기간 ( 종단, 횡단및단기 ) 에따른비교 중재연구 특성 비교연구 종단연구 (6 개월이상 ) 단기연구 (6 개월미만 ) 횡단연구기타합계 ( 단위 : 편 ) 국내 2(14.3%) 6(85.7%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%) 국외 15(71%) 6(29%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 21(100%) 합계 17 (58.62 %) 12 (41.38 %) 0(0%) 0(0%) 29 (100 %) 국내 0(0%) 0(0%) 19 (90.4 %) 2(9.5%) 21 (100 %) 국외 0(0%) 0(0%) 18(67%) 9(33%) 27(100%) 합계 0(0%) 0(0%) 37 (77 %) 11 (22.9 %) 48 (100 %) 537
8 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; 한연구가있었다 (Menzies et al., 2008). 학령전기아동의경우, 보호자가치료에참여하는치료법인리드콤프로그램과페일린부모-아동상호작용치료법 (Palin Parent-child interaction therapy: Palin PCIT) 에대한연구가있었다 (Harris et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2000; Lattermann, Euler & Neumann, 2008; Millard, Nicholas & Cook, 2008). 기타독립변인중, 약물 ( 도파민길항제 ) 을사용한말더듬치료에대한연구가있었으며 (Stager et al., 2005), 사고후의후천적말더듬환자에게후두마취 (laryngeal anesthetization) 를통한말더듬감소효과연구도있었다 (Dworkin et al., 2002). 소시키기위해사용하는기기를통하여말더듬는사람의비유창성변화를연구하거나말더듬는사람과유창한사람간의차이를비교한논문들의비율또한 27.6 % 로나타났다 (Antipova et al., 2008; Armson & Kiefte, 2008; Armson et al., 2006; Boutsen, Brutten & Watts, 2000; Natke, Grosser & Kalveram, 2001; Sparks et al., 2002; Stuart et al., 2008; Van Borsel & Eeckhout, 2008). 함께읽기 (choral reading) 나노래부르는상황에서의발화패턴변화를연구한논문들은행동적측면에포함되었다 (Davidow et al., 2009; Stager, Jeffries & Braun, 2003). (2) 특성및비교연구국내의경우, 발화수집후발화형태를비교하거나변화를관찰한연구 ( 행동적측면 ) 가 86.3 % 로대다수를차지하였다. 인터뷰를통한연구의경우, 말더듬성인의고정관념, 말더듬에대한인식등을조사하여 ( 민경미 심현섭, 2003; 심현섭, 2000) 심리적측면에포함하였다. 특성 비교연구 1편은행동적측면과심리적측면두영역에독립된논문으로포함하였다 ( 김주연 이은주 황민아, 2008). 국외의경우, 말더듬성인을대상으로한질적연구로써, 대상자의말더듬및말더듬치료에관한인식, 말더듬치료의영향, 자조그룹 (support group) 에관한인식등을인터뷰와질문지를통하여연구한논문들과말더듬는사람을대상으로심리성격검사를실시한연구들이 41.4 % 로나타났다 (Finn, Howard & Kubala, 2005; Hayhow, Cray & Enderby, 2002; Hearne et al., 2008; Plexico, Manning & DiLollo, 2005; Stewart & Richardson, 2004; Yaruss et al,, 2002; Yaruss, Quesal & Murphy, 2002). 청각피드백이나메트로놈같이말더듬을감 마. 종속변인문헌분석결과종속변인이 2개이상의카테고리에포함될경우, 각각의카테고리에하나의독립된논문으로포함하였다 (< 표 -7> 및 < 부록 -1> 참조 ). (1) 중재연구국내외모두말더듬중증도와말더듬비율, 말속도, 말의자연스러움등이포함된발화특성의변화를연구한논문이 58.6 % 로가장많은비중을나타내었다 ( 고은, 2002; Harris et al., 2002; Ingham, Finn & Belknap, 2001). 중재효과를증명하기위하여치료전-후의발화특성및심리적측면을동시에비교한연구들도있었다 (Blomgren et al., 2005; O Donnell, Armson & Kiefte, 2008). 증거중심의치료적용평가를위하여제시한기준중변인을객관적측정을하였는지에관해분석한결과는다음과같다. 국내연구의경우, 발화특성의변화에관한연구는말더듬빈도와비유창성유형, 그리고말속도등을측정하였다. 국외연구역시발화특성의변화에관한연구들은모든논문들이말더듬 < 표 - 6> 국내외중재연구, 특성 비교연구논문의연구방법비교 중재연구 특성 비교연구 행동적측면심리적측면기기 (device) 사용기타합계 ( 단위 : 편 ) 국내 4(50%) 2(25%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 8(100%) 국외 17 (77 %) 1 (5 %) 2 (9 %) 2 (9 %) 22 (100 %) 합계 21 (70 %) 3(10%) 3(10%) 3(10%) 30 (100 %) 국내 19 (86.3 %) 3(13.6%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 22 (100 %) 국외 7 (24.1 %) 12 (41.4 %) 8 (27.6 %) 2 (6.9 %) 29 (100 %) 합계 26 (50.92 %) 15 (29.4 %) 8(15.7%) 3(3.9%) 51 (100 %) 538
9 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 의빈도나중증도, 말속도등의변인을사용하여중재효과를객관적으로측정한것으로나타났다. 말의자연스러움 (speech naturalness) 을측정한경우, 리커트척도 (Likert scale) 를사용하여말더듬는사람스스로말의자연스러움을평가한경우가대부분이었으나, 말을더듬지않는사람이말더듬는사람의발화의자연스러움을평가하는경우도있었다 (O Brian et al., 2003). 심리적혹은말더듬에관한인식등의변화는심리검사도구나말더듬관련검사 ( 예 : Revised communication attitude inventory (S-24), Perceptions of stuttering inventory (PSI)) 를사용하여객관적인측정을실시하였다. 몇몇연구는치료전-후효과를비교하기위해기능성자기공명영상 (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: fmri) 과양전자단층영상촬영 (Positron Emission Tomography: PET) 을사용하여대상자의뇌신경활성화 (neural activation) 의변화에관한연구를실시하기도하였다 (De Nil et al., 2003; Neumann et al., 2003; 2005: 기타에포함됨 ). 두가지이상의변인이측정되었는지분석한결과, 국내연구는 4편의논문이종속변인이 2~3개의카테고리에포함된것으로나타났다 ( 김효정 권도하, 2004; 옥정달, 2004; 장현진 권도하, 2005; 전희숙 권도하, 2005). 국외연구의경우, 종속변인이 2개이상의카테고리에포함된논문은 10편으로나타났다 (Blomgren et al., 2005; Langevin et al., 2006; O Brian et al., 2003). (2) 특성및비교연구국내외모두발화특성 ( 비유창성정도나말속도, 기본주파수, 말더듬발생위치, 간투사유형, 말더듬중증도, 아동-부모상호작용시의발화형태 ) 과관련 된연구가 62.5 % 로가장많았던것으로나타났다 ( 변재원 이은주 심현섭, 2004; 전희정 고도흥 신문자, 2004; Davidow et al., 2009; Natke, Grosser & Kalveram, 2001). 심리적 성격적측면에는말더듬성인에대한고정관념, 아동과어머니의기질, 사회불안, 자존감, 부정적감정등의연구가이루어졌다 ( 김주연 이은주 황민아, 2008; 심현섭, 2000; 전희숙 권도하, 2005; Ezrati-Vinacour & Levin, 2004; Vanryckeghem et al., 2001; Yovetich, Leschied & Flicht, 2000). Ⅳ. 논의및결론 유창성장애는오랫동안일정한치료방법이제시되지않고미스테리한장애의하나로간주되거나신비하다거나수수께끼, 퍼즐에비유되어왔다 (Bluemel, 1957; Manning, 2001; Van Riper, 1982). 또한유창성장애에대한과학적인연구가꾸준하게이루어지고있는근래에는말더듬은여러가지종류또는요인으로이루어진복잡한장애로설명되고있다 (Yairi, 2007). 이에따라, 치료에는한가지기법의사용이나기술의습득보다는통합적인치료접근법을사용할것이강조되어왔다 (Gregory, 1979; 1984; Guitar, 1998; Peters & Guitar, 1991). 더욱이아동이나청소년 성인의증상과치료법은더욱다양하게펼쳐질수있기때문에이들중재관련요인을살피는것은간단하지는않다. 그러나 2000년이후최근까지의말더듬치료관련연구를분석한결과꾸준히특성및비교연구그리고중재연구가이어지고있고특히 2008년에는국내외합계로가장많은연구가발표된것으로나타났다. 그러나특성및비교 < 표 - 7> 국내외중재연구, 특성 비교연구논문의종속변인비교 중재연구 특성 비교연구 발화특성심리적 성격적측면 말더듬및치료에대한인식 수반행동 국내 8(57%) 3(21.4%) 3(21.4%) 0(0%) 14(100%) 국외 19(59%) 3(9%) 7(22%) 3(9%) 32(100%) 합계 27 (58.6 %) 6(13%) 10 (21.7 %) 3(6.5%) 46 (100 %) 국내 19 (73 %) 3(11.5%) 4(15.3%) 0(0%) 26 (100 %) 국외 15(52%) 4(14%) 7(24%) 3(10%) 29(100%) 합계 34 (62.5 %) 7(12.7%) 11 (19.5 %) 3(5.0%) 55 (100 %) 기타 ( 단위 : 편 ) 합계 539
10 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; 연구에비하면중재만을다룬연구는그리많지않은편이었는데이는국내외모두같은경향을보였다. 고무적인것은언어치료학이도입된지얼마되지않으며, 학술지가나온지 20년이채안되는국내에서 ( 언어치료연구 는 1991년부터, 언어청각장애연구 는 1996년부터발간되었음 ) 29편의말더듬치료관련논문이발표되었다는것이다. 외국의 48편에비하면적은수이지만 JFD와같은경우는말더듬만을다루는학술지이며유창성장애종사자및치료실, 연구자또는연구비측면에서비교하여볼때, 활발한연구결과라할수있다. 논문선정기준에따라선정된총 77편의논문중중재 ( 치료효과 ) 연구는 29편 (37.66 %), 중재관련비교연구 24편 (31.17 %), 중재관련특성연구 24편 (31.17 %) 인것으로나타났다. 이를국내외로나누어비교해보았을때, 국내의연구는국외에비교하여중재연구보다는특성 비교연구연구가많아아직치료효과에관한연구가활발히진행되고있지않은것으로보인다. 또한중재연구의경우에도국내에서개발한치료프로그램보다는발살바-말더듬치료나행동인지치료, 자아증진치료등외국의프로그램을근거로하여치료프로그램을구성하여치료효과를검증한경우가관찰되었다 ( 김효정 권도하, 2004; 장현진 권도하, 2005; 전희숙 권도하, 2005). 국외연구의경우, 중재연구가상대적으로활발하게이루어지고있었으며, 말더듬치료와관련있는특성및비교연구도활발하게이루어지고있는것으로나타났다. 연구대상을분석한결과, 청소년및성인이 50편 (64.94 %) 으로가장많았다. 이는말더듬치료의효과를연구한국내외논문 29편중 20편이청소년및성인을대상으로하고있으며, 특성 비교연구중기기를사용한연구및말더듬에대한인식및태도에관한연구또한청소년과성인을중심으로이루어진것과관련이있다 (< 부록 -1> 참조 ). 그뒤로학령전기아동이 14편 (18.18 %), 기타 7편 (9.09 %), 학령기 6편 (7.79 %) 순으로나타나성인또는학령전기의연령에연구의초점이맞추어지고있으며학령기는상대적으로연구의중심에서벗어나는경향을볼수있었다. 중재연구의경우, 초기혹은학령전기말더듬아동을대상으로한간접적중재방법이개발혹은보완되고그효과가연구되고있으며, 성인의경우다양한직접적치료접근법이시도되는반면, 그 중간연령인학령기아동의경우한가지로통일된연구가쉽지않을수있음을반영한것으로보인다. 실험절차를분석한결과, 중재연구는그룹간 그룹내비교및단일대상연구의비율이높게나타났으며, 시간적관점은 6개월이상의종단연구 (58.62 %) 가 6개월미만의단기연구 (41.38 %) 에비하여높게나타났다. 그러나국내의경우, 종단연구는 14.3 % 의낮은비율을보였으며이들논문은그룹비교가아닌단일대상연구와사례연구를통하여이루어졌다 ( 김효정 권도하, 2004; 정훈 권도하, 2002). 이는말더듬을포함한언어병리학에서증거중심치료의중요성이점차적으로강조되고있는데반하여 (Bernstein Ratner, 2005; Bothe, 2004) 국내에서는말더듬치료효과를과학적으로입증할수있는연구가좀더보완되어야하는상태임을시사하고있다. 국외연구의경우, 말더듬그룹간, 혹은말더듬는사람들과유창한사람간의다양한비교를통하여치료의효과를입증하고자하는경향을나타내었으며 (Franken, Schalk & Boelens, 2005; Langevin et al., 2006; Menzies et al., 2008), 높은종단연구의비율 (71 %) 로치료의장기적효과를증명할수있었다. 특성및비교연구의경우, 장애군과정상군의집단간비교 (47.4 %) 와말더듬집단내비교 (35.7 %) 가대부분을차지하였으며국내외연구대부분이횡단연구의시간적방법을사용하고있었다. 독립변인을살핀결과, 중재연구는국내외모두행동적측면, 즉발화패턴을변화시키는행동적치료 (behavioral therapy) 접근법을사용하거나심리 / 인지적접근법을사용한연구들이 10여년간이루어져왔다. 국외의경우, 다양한말더듬치료프로그램들의효과를보고하였으며, 지연청각피드백 (delayed auditory feedback) 과주파수대체피드백 (frequency altered feedback) 과같이청각피드백의변화를제공하는기기를사용한말더듬의치료효과를보고하기도하였다 (O Donnell, Armson & Kiefte, 2008; Pollard et al., 2009). 하지만기기를사용한중재연구들은단기연구의시간적관점을사용하여기기의사용이장기적인관점에서말더듬의감소에어떠한영향을미치는가에대한해답은제시해주지못하고있는것으로나타났다. 또한몇몇중재연구들은특정기기나말더듬프로그램의홍보를위하여연구가진행되었거나특정프로그램운영센터에서만연구가진행되어연구참여자나연구결과가서로중복된경 540
11 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 우가있었다 (Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner, 2008; Manning, 2001). 특성 비교연구역시국내외모두행동적측면, 즉말하는방식을변화시킨연구가약 50 % 를차지하였으며, 국외의경우오랫동안말을더듬어온청소년및성인을대상으로말더듬에관한인식및심리적특성에대해연구하기도하였다. 이러한연구는청소년과성인의말더듬치료시직면할수있는다양한심리적태도에관한정보를제공해줄수있으며대상자에게가장적절한치료법을결정하는데도움을줄것이라고예측된다. 하지만최근 10년간국내연구의경우, 한개의논문만이말더듬성인에관한고정관념을연구하여 ( 심현섭, 2000) 이러한정보를제공해줄수있는연구가아직미흡한것으로나타났다. 종속변인을분석한결과, 국내외중재연구와특성 비교연구모두, 발화특성과관련된연구가대부분이었으며말더듬치료에대한인식 수반행동, 심리 성격적측면, 기타순으로나타났다. 발화특성의경우, 국내연구는말더듬빈도와비유창성유형및특성, 말속도에초점을맞춘경향을보였다. 국외연구는말더듬의변화를중증도, 혹은말더듬비율 (%SS) 로측정하거나, 말더듬의변화뿐만아니라발화시말의자연스러움을측정하는연구경향을보였다 (Armson & Kiefte, 2008; Ingham et al., 2001; O Brian et al., 2003). 말더듬비율측정의경우, 명확한말더듬 (unambiguous stuttering) 만을포함하기때문에 1% 의말더듬비율을가지고있는사람도말을더듬는사람이라고판단할수있는장점이있는반면 (Onslow, Packman & Harrison, 2003) 말더듬의질적측면에관한정보, 즉대상자의비유창성특성에관한정보를제공해주지못한다는단점이있다. 그러므로말더듬의변화를측정할경우, 연구의목적에적합한방법을사용하는것이중요할것으로보인다. Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner (2008) 가제시하였던말의자연스러움을측정한국내연구는없는것으로나타났다. 유창한발화의가장큰특징중하나가청자가말하는방식에집중하지않는것임을감안하였을때 (Manning, 2001), 치료후인위적으로변경한발화산출방식이청자가듣기에자연스럽지못하다면, 치료대상자의말더듬빈도가감소하였다고해도그발화가유창하다고말하기는어려울것이다. 그러므로말더듬치료나특성에관한국내연구도말의자연스러움을말더듬빈도와같은발화특성과 함께평가하는것이필요할것으로보인다. 중재연구논문들이증거중심치료의연구절차에적합한논문인지를보기위하여앞서제안한 4가지기준을가지고논문들을분석한결과를종합하면다음과같다. 국내외중재논문대다수가객관적측정척도 ( 변인 ) 를사용하고있는것으로나타났다. 이와함께종단연구 (6개월이상기준 ) 가이루어지고, 2가지이상의종속변인을측정하여 3가지기준에부합한국내연구로는김효정 권도하 (2004) 의연구가있었다. 이연구는사례연구이지만 6개월간연구되었으며, 2가지이상의종속변인측정을연구한것으로조사되었다. 국외연구의경우, 총 21편의중재논문중, 종단연구이며종속변인측정시 2가지이상의카테고리를사용한논문은 6편이며, 이논문들중 10 명이상의말더듬집단을대상으로그룹비교를실시하여증거중심치료의연구절차의기준에모두부합한논문은 3편으로조사되었다 (De Nil et al., 2003; Langevin et al., 2006; Menzies et al., 2008). 이러한결과들을토대로앞으로의유창성장애치료에대한연구방향그리고후속논문에대한제언을제시하면다음과같다. 첫째, 학령기유창성장애의특성이더연구되고이들을대상으로한고유의치료방법이모색되고연구가진행되는것이필요하다. 유창성장애연구는성인과청소년을대상으로연구가시작되어진행되어왔고근래에는학령전기아동과가족을함께대상으로하는치료가활발하게진행되고있는것으로나타났다 (Franken, Schalk & Boelens, 2005; Millard, Nicholas & Cook, 2008). 반면학령기아동의특성을살린치료가비교적적은편이라하겠다. 그러나우리나라중재연구의경우, 8편중 1편은학령전기아동, 2편은학령기아동을대상으로하여학령기뿐만아니라학령전기아동의중재연구도좀더진행되는것이필요하다. 둘째, 중재관련연구가더욱더활발하게진행되어야하며이를진행함에있어증거중심치료의효과를고려한연구들이필요하다. 우리나라의경우이번에제안한 4가지기준에모두부합하는연구는없는것으로조사되었다. 특히어느정도의기준을우리임상현장에서적절한증거중심치료의기준으로할지에대한논의도활발히이루어지는것이필요하다. 셋째, 메타분석 (meta-analysis) 또는체계적문헌연구 (systematic review) 방법을사용하여국내 541
12 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; 에서도이제까지보고된말더듬치료연구에대한통합적인비교를통해치료효과를검증하는것이필요하다. 본연구는질적문헌연구의형식을사용하여최근 10년간치료관련논문들의연구경향을분석하였으며, 앞으로의연구방법을모색하는데그목적이있었다. 그렇기때문에중재연구뿐만아니라특성및비교연구가포함되었으며, 중재연구의경우약 40 % 의논문이단일대상연구나사례연구의방식을사용하였기때문에메타분석을사용하거나체계적문헌연구를통한양적문헌연구를실시하는데어려움이있었다. 말더듬의치료효과를검증하기위해서각기다른방법으로진행된중재연구들을방법론적인기준을사용하여이에부합되는논문들만을선별한후메타분석방식을사용하거나 (Herder et al., 2006) Bothe et al. (2006a; 2006b) 과같이체계적문헌연구방식을통하여연구결과를분석하는것은연구의전체적인흐름을제시할수는없으나임상에서치료효과를검토하는기준을제시해줄수있다는점에서유익할것이다. 또한이번에분석된논문중학문적으로나임상적으로우수한내용에대한토의가이루어지지못한점은제한점이라할수있어후속논문에서다루어지는것이요구된다. 넷째, 우리나라에좀더적절하게고안된말더듬치료프로그램이개발되고그러한중재에따른치료효과가검증되는것이필요한것으로보인다. 연령에따른프로그램의다양성역시앞으로유창성장애치료에서고려되어야할사항이며. 또한국외의치료프로그램을국내임상에적용시치료효과의검토가과제로남아있다. 외국의치료효과와관련된자료들을국내에적용할때적절성이나타당성이다시한번검증되는절차가다각적으로이루어지는것이필요하다. 마지막으로, 말더듬의다차원적인원인과말더듬에영향을주는다양한요인들을고려할때심리학이나의학, 유전학등타전문영역과공동연구를통하여아직풀지못한유창성장애의문제들이좀더밝혀지는것이필요하다. 이러한자료들은다른면에서말더듬의특성및비교연구를가능하게하여말더듬임상에중요한시사점을줄것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 고은 (2002). 휴지와분절화기법을통한청소년말더듬의집중언어치료. 언어청각장애연구, 7(1), 권도하 전희숙 (2005). 말더듬인의비유창성유형에따른의사소통태도, 자아효능감및말더듬지각특성연구. 언어치료연구, 14(3), 권도하 (2008). 말더듬인의상황에따른말더듬행동발생및상관연구. 언어치료연구, 17(2), 김동순 (2003). 어두음절구조차이에따른말더듬발생차이 : 한국아동과일본아동의비교를중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 8(2), 김주연 이은주 황민아 (2008). 말더듬성인의말더듬중증도와말더듬지각정도및사회불안간의상관연구. 언어청각장애연구, 13(4), 김효정 권도하 (2004). Valsalva- 말더듬치료법이말더듬성인의말더듬개선에미치는영향에관한사례연구. 언어치료연구, 13(2), 남현욱 안종복 권도하 (2006). 말더듬인의삽입어의기능적특성. 언어치료연구, 15(4), 민경미 심현섭 (2003). 학령전기말더듬아동과정상아동의비유창성인식비교. 언어청각장애연구, 8(2), 변재원 이은주 심현섭 (2004). 초기말더듬아동의비유창성특성연구. 언어청각장애연구, 9(1), 성수진 심현섭 (2002). 학령전기유창성장애아동의발화길이및통사적복잡성과비유창성의관계연구. 언어청각장애연구, 7(1), 신명선 (2008). 신경인성말더듬의구어반복특성. 언어치료연구, 17(4), 신명선 권도하 손성일 (2007). 발화과업에따른신경성말더듬과발달성말더듬의비유창성특성비교. 언어치료연구, 16(2), 신문자 (1996). 유창성장애의치료효과. 단국대학교대학원박사학위논문. 신문자 (2005). 유창성장애성인의치료. 말더듬성인의평가및치료워크샵, 서울 : 한국언어청능치료전문가협회 심현섭 (2000). 한국말더듬성인에대한고정관념연구. 언어청각장애연구, 5(1), 심현섭 (2003). 내적수정가설검증연구 : 말오류, 비유창성, 자기수정의관련성을중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 8(3), 안종복 권도하 (2000). 읽기자료제시조건이이차성말더듬이의말더듬발생빈도에미치는영향. 언어치료연구, 9(1), 안종복 박종명 송병섭 (2006). 복식호흡유도를이용한말더듬개선훈련기의적용사례연구. 언어치료연구, 15(4), 옥정달 (2004). 구어를통한성대이완훈련이말더듬치료에미치는효과에관한사례연구. 언어치료연구, 13(3), 이경재 신지철 김향희 심현섭 (2003). 대화상대자의말 542
13 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 속도변화에따른말더듬아동의변화 : 학령전기말더듬아동의말속도와말더듬발생비율을중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 8(3), 이승환 (2005). 유창성장애. 서울 : 시그마프레스. 이은주 심현섭 (2003). 내적수정가설 (covert repair hypothesis) 검증을위한기초연구 : 말더듬및정상성인의자발화에서나타난비유창성을중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 8(1), 이은주 한진순 심현섭 (2004). 조음복잡성이비유창성과조음오류에미치는영향. 언어청각장애연구, 9(3), 이혜란 박은숙 김향희 심현섭 (2008). 3~5 세말더듬아동의비유창성에동반되는수반행동의특성. 언어청각장애연구, 13(4), 이혜란 황민아 (2001). 말과제와인지과제동시수행이정상성인및말더듬성인의유창성에미치는영향. 언어청각장애연구, 6(2), 장현진 권도하 (2005). 행동인지말더듬치료프로그램이성인말더듬인의유창성및자아개념에미치는효과. 언어치료연구, 14(2), 전진호 권도하 (2001). 스토커프로브테크닉을이용한말더듬아동의유창성개선. 언어치료연구, 10(1), 전희숙 (2006). 언어단위별말더듬성인의반복특성연구. 언어치료연구, 15(2), 전희숙 권도하 (2005). 자아증진이말더듬성인의구어행동에미치는효과. 언어치료연구, 14(4), 전희정 고도흥 신문자 (2004). 유창성장애아동과정상아동의비유창성과말속도에관한비교연구. 언어청각장애연구, 9(2), 정훈 권도하 (2002). 연장기법을이용한말더듬치료프로그램이 4~6 세말더듬아동의비유창성개선에미치는효과. 언어치료연구, 11(1), 하지완 심현섭 (2008). 유창성장애집단과정상집단의간투사비교연구. 언어청각장애연구, 13(3), Alm, P. A. (2004a). Stuttering, emotions, and heart rate during anticipatory anxiety: A critical review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, Alm, P. A. (2004b). Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37, Antipova, E. A., Purdy, S. C., Blakeley, M., & Williams, S. (2008). Effects of altered auditory feedback (AAF) on stuttering frequency during monologue speech production. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Armson, J., & Kiefte, M. (2008). The effect of SpeechEasy on stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Armson, J., Kiefte, M., Mason, J., & De Croos, D. (2006). The effect of SpeechEasy on stuttering frequency in laboratory conditions. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Bennett, E. M. (2006). Working with people who stutter: A lifespan approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Bernstein Ratner, N. (2005). Evidence-based practice in stuttering: Some questions to consider. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Blomgren, M., Roy, N., Callister, T., & Merrill, R. M. (2005). Intensive stuttering modification therapy: A multidimensional assessment of treatment outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, Bloodstein, O., & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2008). A Handbook on stuttering (6th ed.). NewYork: Thomson Delmar Learning. Bluemel, C. S. (1957). The riddle of stuttering. Danville, IL: Interstate. Bothe, A. K. (2004). Evidence-based treatment of stuttering: Empirical bases and clinical applications. Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., Franic, D. M., & Ingham, R. J. (2006a). Stuttering treatment research : II. Systematic review incorporating trial quality assessment of pharmacological approaches. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., & Ingham, R. J. (2006b). Stuttering treatment research : I. Systematic review incorporating trial quality assessment of behavioral, cognitive, and related approaches. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, Boutsen, F. R., Brutten, G. J., & Watts, C. R. (2000). Timing and intensity variability in the metronomic speech of stuttering and nonstuttering speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Brocklehurst, P. (2008). A review of evidence for the covert repair hypothesis of stuttering. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 35, Conture, E. G. (1990). Stuttering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Craig, A., Blumgart, E., & Tran, Y. (2009). The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34, Davidow, J. H., Bothe, A. K., Andreatta, R. D., & Ye, J. (2009). Measurement of phonated intervals during four fluency-inducing conditions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, De Nil, L. F., Kroll, R. M., Lafaille, S. J., & Houle, S. (2003). A positron emission tomography study of short- and long-term treatment effects on functional 543
14 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; brain activation in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, Dietrich, S., & Roaman, M. H. (2001). Physiologic arousal and predictions of anxiety by people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, Dworkin, J. P., Culatta, R. A., Abkarian, G. G., & Meleca, R. J. (2002). Laryngeal anesthetization for the treatment of acquired disfluency: A case study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Ezrati-Vinacour, R., & Levin, I. (2004). The relationship between anxiety and stuttering: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, Finn, P., Howard, R., & Kubala, R. (2005). Unassisted recovery from stuttering: Self- perceptions of current speech behavior, attitudes, and feelings. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Franken, M. C. J., Schalk, C. J. K. V., & Boelens, H. (2005). Experimental treatment of early stuttering: A preliminary study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Gregory, H. H. (1979). Controversial issues: Statement and review of the literature. In H. H. Gregory (Ed.), Controversies about stuttering therapy (pp. 1-62). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. Gregory, H. H. (1984). Prevention of stuttering: Management of the early Stages. In R. F. Curlee & W. H. Perkins (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press. Gregory, H. H. (2003). Stuttering therapy: Rational and procedures. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Guitar, B. (1998). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. Guyette, T. W., & Baumgartner, J. M. (1988). Stuttering in the adult. In N. J. Lass, L.V. McReynmolds, J. L. Northern & D. E. Yoder (Eds). Handbook of speechlanguage pathology and audiology (pp ). Burlington, ONT: B.C. Decker. Harris, V., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Harrison, E., & Menzies, R. (2002). An experimental investigation of the impact of the lidcombe program on early stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Hayhow, R., Cray, A. M., & Enderby, P. (2002). Stammering and therapy views of people who stammer. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., & Quine, S. (2008). Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Herder, C., Howard, C., Nye, C., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2006). Effectiveness of behavioral stuttering treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 33, Huinck, W. J., Langevin, M., Kully, D., Graamans, K., Peters, H. F. M., & Hulstijn, W. (2006). The relationship between pre-treatment clinical profile and treatment outcome in an integrated stuttering program. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Ingham, R. J., Finn, P., & Belknap, H. (2001). The modification of speech naturalness during rhythmic stimulation treatment of stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Ingham, R. J., Kilgo, M., Ingham, J. C., Moglia, R., Belknap, H., & Sanchez, T. (2001). Evaluation of a stuttering treatment based on reduction of short phonation intervals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Jones, M., Onslow, M., Harrison, E., & Packman, A. (2000). Treating stuttering in young children: Predicting treatment time in the lidcombe program. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Kelman, E., & Nicholas, A. (2008). Practical intervention for early childhood stammering: Palin PCI approach. Milton Keynes, England: Speechmark Publishing Ltd. Langevin, M., Huinck, W. J., Kully, D., Peters, H. F. M., Lomheim, H., & Tellers, M. (2006). A cross-cultural, long-term outcome evaluation of the ISTAR comprehensive stuttering program across Dutch and Canadian adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Lattermann, C., Euler, H. A., & Neumann, K. (2008). A randomized control trial to investigate the impact of the Lidcombe program on early stuttering in German-speaking preschoolers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Lincoln, M., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2006). Altered auditory feedback and the treatment of stuttering: A review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Logan, K. J. (2001). The effect of syntactic complexity upon the speech fluency of adolescents and adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, Manning, W. H. (2001). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. Menzies, R. G., O Brian, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., St Clare, T., & Block, S. (2008). An experimental clinical trial of a cognitive-behavior therapy package for chronic stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, Millard, S. K., Nicholas, A., & Cook, F. M. (2008). Is parent-child interaction therapy effective in 544
15 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향 reducing stuttering? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, Natke, U., Grosser, J., & Kalveram, K. T. (2001). Fluency, fundamental frequency, and speech rate under frequency-shifted auditory feedback in stuttering and nonstuttering persons. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, Neumann, K., Euler, H. A., Gudenberg, A. W., Giraud, A-L., Lanfermann, H., Gall, V., & Preibisch, C. (2003). The nature and treatment of stuttering as revealed by fmri: A within- and between-group comparison. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, Neumann, K., Preibisch, C., Euler, H. A., Gudenberg, A. W., Lanfermann, H., & Gall, V. (2005). Cortical plasticity associated with stuttering therapy. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, O Brian, S., Onslow, M., Cream, A., & Packman, A. (2003). The camperdown program outcomes of a new prolonged-speech treatment model. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 46, O Brian, S., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2008). Telehealth delivery of the camperdown program for adults who stutter: A phase I trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, O Donnell, J. J., Armson, J., & Kiefte, M. (2008). The effectiveness of SpeechEasy during situations of daily living. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Harrison, E. (2003). The Lidcombe program of early stuttering intervention: A clinician s guide. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Peters, T. J., & Guitar, B. (1991). Stuttering, an integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. Plexico, L., Manning, W. H., & DiLollo, A. (2005). A phenomenological understanding of successful stuttering management. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Pollard, R., Ellis, J. B., Finan, D., & Ramig, P. (2009). Effects of the SpeechEasy on objective and perceived aspects of stuttering: A 6-month, phase 1 clinical trial in naturalistic environments. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, Riley, G. D., & Ingham, J. C. (2000). Acoustic duration changes associated with two types of treatment for children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43, Riley, G., & Riley, J. (1984). A component model for treating stuttering in children. In M. J. Peins (Ed.), Contemporary approaches to stuttering (pp ). Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company. Savelkoul, E. M., Zebrowski, P. M., Feldstein, S., & Cole- Harding, S. (2007). Coordinated interpersonal timing in the conversations of children who stutter and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32, Seery, C. H., Watkins, R. V., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Shigeto, A. (2007). Subtyping stuttering II: Contributions from language and temperament. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32, Shames, G. H., & Florance, C. L. (1980). Stutter free speech: A goal for therapy. Columbus, OH: Charles Merrill. Sparks, G., Grant, D. E., Millay, K., Walker-Batson, D., & Hynan, L. S. (2002). The effect of fast speech rate on stuttering frequency during delayed auditory feedback. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Stager, S. V., Calis, K., Grothe, D., Bloch, M., Berensen, N. M., Smith, P. J., & Braun, A. (2005). Treatment with medications affecting dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms: Effects on fluency and anxiety in persons who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Stager, S. V., Jeffries, K. J., & Braun, A. R. (2003). Common features of fluency-evoking conditions studied in stuttering subjects and controls: An H 215O PET study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, Stuart, A., Frazier, C. L., Kalinowski, J., & Vos, P. W. (2008). The effect of frequency altered feedback on stuttering duration and type. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, Stewart, T., & Richardson, G. (2004). A qualitative study of therapeutic effect from a user s perspective. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, Trajkovski, N., Andrews, C., Onslow, M., Packman, A., O Brian, S., & Menzies, R. (2009). Using syllabletimed speech to treat preschool children who stutter: A multiple baseline experiment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34, Van Borsel, J., & Eeckhout, H. (2008). The speech naturalness of people who stutter speaking under delayed auditory feedback as perceived by different groups of listeners. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Van Riper, C. (1982). The nature of stuttering (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Vanryckeghem, M., Hylebos, C., Brutten, G. J., & Peleman, M. (2001). The relationship between communication attitude and emotion of children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26,
16 언어청각장애연구 2009;14; Weiss, A. L. (2002). Recasts in parents language to their school-age children who stutter: A preliminary study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Yairi, E. (2007). Subtyping stuttering I: A review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32, Yaruss, J. S., Quesal, R. W., & Murphy, B. (2002). National stuttering association members opinions about stuttering treatment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Yaruss, J. S., Quesal, R. W., Reeves, L., Molt, L. F., Kluetz, B., & Caruso, A. J. (2002). Speech treatment and support group experiences of people who participate in the national stuttering association. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Yovetich, W. S., Leschied, A. W., & Flicht, J. (2000). Self-esteem of school-age children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25, Zackheim, C. T., & Conture, E. G. (2003). Childhood stuttering and speech disfluencies in relation to children s mean length of utterance: A preliminary study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28,
17 547 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향
18 언어청각장애연구 2009;14;
19 549 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향
20 언어청각장애연구 2009;14;
21 551 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향
22 언어청각장애연구 2009;14;
23 553 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향
24 언어청각장애연구 2009;14;
25 555 신문자 전희정 이수복 / 유창성장애연구의최근동향
26 언어청각장애연구 2009;14;
27 Shin, Chon & Lee / A Review of Recent Trends in Stuttering Treatment Research ABSTRACT A Review of Recent Trends in Stuttering Treatment Research Moonja Shin a HeeCheong Chon b, SooBok Lee c a The Division of Speech-Language Pathology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea b Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA c Shin s Speech-Language Clinic, Seoul, Korea Correspondence to HeeCheong Chon, M.S., Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, 901 S. Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States hchon3@illinois.edu tel.: Background & Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review trends and advancements in treatments for stuttering and to provide directions for future research on the treatment of stuttering. Methods: Experimental research articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) the characteristics of people who stutter (PWS) related to treatment or treatment affects; (2) articles published between 2000 and 2009 (within a 10 year span); and (3) publication in one of four major journals in the field of communication disorders: Korean Journal of Communication Disorders (KJCD), Korean Journal of Speech- Language, and Hearing Disorders (KJSLHD), Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), and Journal of Fluency Disorders (JFD). Independent and dependent variables were separately analyzed. Results: A total of 77 articles that met all criteria were chosen. The results show that 29 articles (37.66%) investigated the efficacy of stuttering treatment, 24 articles (31.17%) compared the characteristics of PWS with people who do not stutter, and 24 articles (31.17%) studied the characteristics of PWS. In terms of participants, 50 articles (64.94%) included participants who were adolescents and/or adults, 14 articles (18.18%) included preschool children, and 6 articles (7.79%) included school-aged children. Articles based on the effects of treatment focused on behavioral components using treatment methods and longitudinally compared the changes between groups and/or within groups. The majority of characteristic articles also focused on behavioral components and cross-sectionally compared the characteristics between groups and/or within groups. The analyses of dependent variables demonstrated that articles on the effects of treatment and characteristics mostly measured or compared speech patterns, such as types and frequencies of disfluencies, naturalness of speech, and speaking rate. Perceptions of stuttering treatment, accessory behaviors, and emotional/personality characteristics were also studied. Discussion & Conclusion: Overall trends show that there are more studies related to the characteristics of stuttering than the effects of stuttering treatment. Even though the history of research regarding the effects of stuttering intervention for children is relatively short, as compared to that of adults, recently, several treatment methods have been developed or updated for early childhood stuttering, and empirical studies have shown efforts to validate the treatment efficacy. For the adolescent and adults who stutter, several behavioral and/or cognitive treatment methods and devices are used to diminish stuttering. Suggestions from the perspective of evidence-based treatment are provided as future directions. (Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2009;14; ) Key Words: stuttering, trends of research, types of research, participants, research methods, independent variables, dependent variables, evidence-based treatment (EBT) REFERENCES Ahn, J. B., & Kwon, D. H. (2000). The effects of the presentation conditions of reading materials on occurrence of frequency of stuttering in the secondary stutterers. Korean Journal of Speech, Language * This study was supported by research funds from Chosun University, Received October 20, 2009 Final revision received November 19, 2009 Accepted December 17, c 2009 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 557
28 Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2009;14; and Hearing Disorders, 9(1), Ahn, J. B., Park, J. M., & Song, B. S. (2006). A case study of the stuttering treatment device which use the abdominal breathing training. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 15(4), Alm, P. A. (2004a). Stuttering, emotions, and heart rate during anticipatory anxiety: A critical review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, Alm, P. A. (2004b). Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37, Antipova, E. A., Purdy, S. C., Blakeley, M., & Williams, S. (2008). Effects of altered auditory feedback (AAF) on stuttering frequency during monologue speech production. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Armson, J., & Kiefte, M. (2008). The effect of SpeechEasy on stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Armson, J., Kiefte, M., Mason, J., & De Croos, D. (2006). The effect of SpeechEasy on stuttering frequency in laboratory conditions. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Bennett, E. M. (2006). Working with people who stutter: A lifespan approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Bernstein Ratner, N. (2005). Evidence-based practice in stuttering: Some questions to consider. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Blomgren, M., Roy, N., Callister, T., & Merrill, R. M. (2005). Intensive stuttering modification therapy: A multidimensional assessment of treatment outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, Bloodstein, O., & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2008). A Handbook on stuttering (6th ed.). New York: Thomson Delmar Learning. Bluemel, C. S. (1957). The riddle of stuttering. Danville, IL: Interstate. Bothe, A. K. (2004). Evidence-based treatment of stuttering: Empirical bases and clinical applications. Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., & Ingham, R. J. (2006b). Stuttering treatment research : I. Systematic review incorporating trial quality assessment of behavioral, cognitive, and related approaches. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., Franic, D. M., & Ingham, R. J. (2006a). Stuttering treatment research : II. Systematic review incorporating trial quality assessment of pharmacological approaches. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, Boutsen, F. R., Brutten, G. J., & Watts, C. R. (2000). Timing and intensity variability in the metronomic speech of stuttering and nonstuttering speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Brocklehurst, P. (2008). A review of evidence for the covert repair hypothesis of stuttering. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 35, Byun, J. W., Lee, E. J., & Sim, H. S. (2004). A study on the characteristics of speech disfluencies in early childhood stuttering. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 9(1), Chang, H. J., & Kwon, D. H. (2005). The effect of behavioral cognitive stuttering therapy program on stutter and self-concept to adult stutterers. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 14(2), Chon, H. C., Ko, D. H., & Shin, M. J. (2004). Disfluency characteristics and speech rate of stuttering and nonstuttering. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 9(2), Conture, E. G. (1990). Stuttering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Craig, A., Blumgart, E., & Tran, Y. (2009). The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34, Davidow, J. H., Bothe, A. K., Andreatta, R. D., & Ye, J. (2009). Measurement of phonated intervals during four fluency-inducing conditions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, De Nil, L. F., Kroll, R. M., Lafaille, S. J., & Houle, S. (2003). A positron emission tomography study of short- and long-term treatment effects on functional brain activation in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, Dietrich, S., & Roaman, M. H. (2001). Physiologic arousal and predictions of anxiety by people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, Dworkin, J. P., Culatta, R. A., Abkarian, G. G., & Meleca, R. J. (2002). Laryngeal anesthetization for the treatment of acquired disfluency: A case study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Ezrati-Vinacour, R., & Levin, I. (2004). The relationship between anxiety and stuttering: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, Finn, P., Howard, R., & Kubala, R. (2005). Unassisted recovery from stuttering: Self- perceptions of current speech behavior, attitudes, and feelings. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30,
29 Shin, Chon & Lee / A Review of Recent Trends in Stuttering Treatment Research Franken, M. C. J., Schalk, C. J. K. V., & Boelens, H. (2005). Experimental treatment of early stuttering: A preliminary study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 30, Gregory, H. H. (1979). Controversial issues: Statement and review of the literature. In H. H. Gregory (Ed.), Controversies about stuttering therapy (pp. 1-62). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. Gregory, H. H. (1984). Prevention of stuttering: Management of the early Stages. In R. F. Curlee & W. H. Perkins (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press. Gregory, H. H. (2003). Stuttering therapy: Rational and procedures. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Guitar, B. (1998). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. Guyette, T. W., & Baumgartner, J. M. (1988). Stuttering in the adult. In N. J. Lass, L.V. McReynmolds, J. L. Northern & D. E. Yoder (Eds). Handbook of speechlanguage pathology and audiology (pp ). Burlington, ONT: B.C. Decker. Ha, J. W., & Sim, H. S. (2008). A comparison study of interjectional characteristics between people who stutter and people who do not stutter. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 13(3), Harris, V., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Harrison, E., & Menzies, R. (2002). An experimental investigation of the impact of the lidcombe program on early stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Hayhow, R., Cray, A. M., & Enderby, P. (2002). Stammering and therapy views of people who stammer. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27, Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., & Quine, S. (2008). Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33, Herder, C., Howard, C., Nye, C., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2006). Effectiveness of behavioral stuttering treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 33, Huinck, W. J., Langevin, M., Kully, D., Graamans, K., Peters, H. F. M., & Hulstijn, W. (2006). The relationship between pre-treatment clinical profile and treatment outcome in an integrated stuttering program. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, Ingham, R. J., Finn, P., & Belknap, H. (2001). The modification of speech naturalness during rhythmic stimulation treatment of stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Ingham, R. J., Kilgo, M., Ingham, J. C., Moglia, R., Belknap, H., & Sanchez, T. (2001). Evaluation of a stuttering treatment based on reduction of short phonation intervals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Jeon, H. S. (2006). A study of the repetition characteristics of adult stutters in linguistics units. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 15(2), Jeon, H. S., & Kwon, D. H. (2005). A study on the effect on self-enhancement on adult stutterer s speech behaviors. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 14(4), Jeon, J. H., & Kwon, D. H. (2001). Fluency improvement of the stuttering children by applying stocker probe technique. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 10(1), Jones, M., Onslow, M., Harrison, E., & Packman, A. (2000). Treating stuttering in young children: Predicting treatment time in the lidcombe program. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Jung, H., & Kwon, D. H.(2002). The effects of the stuttering therapy program using prolonged speech on the dysfluency improvement of 4-6 years stuttering children. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 11(1), Kelman, E., & Nicholas, A. (2008). Practical intervention for early childhood stammering: Palin PCI approach. Milton Keynes, England: Speechmark Publishing Ltd. Kim, D. S. (2003). Variation in the occurrence of stuttering caused by differences in initial syllable structure: Focusing on the comparison of Korean and Japanese children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 8(2), Kim, H. J., & Kwon, D. H. (2004). A case study of the effects of Valsalva-stuttering approach on stuttering improvement in adult stutterers. Korean Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Disorders, 13(2), Kim, J. H., Lee, E. J., & Hwang, M. A. (2008). The Relationships between stuttering severity, Perception of stuttering severity, and social anxiety of adults who stutter. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 13(4), Ko, E. (2002). Intensive stuttering program through pausing and segmentation technique for the adolescent with stuttering. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 7(1), Kwon, D. H. (2008). A study of stuttering occurrence and 559
歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More information27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability
27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More information27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :
27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,
More information(5차 편집).hwp
(215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * Meta Analysis : T
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.289-314 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.289 * Meta Analysis : Trends and Effects of Art-Therapy with Clay Purpose:
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **
특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More information118 김정민 송신철 심규철 을 미치기 때문이다(강석진 등, 2000; 심규철 등, 2001; 윤치원 등, 2005; 하태경 등, 2004; Schibeci, 1983). 모둠 내에서 구성원들이 공동으 로 추구하는 학습 목표의 달성을 위하여 각자 맡은 역할에 따라 함께
과학교육연구지,37권 1호,pp.117-130(2013.5) Jour.Sci.Edu,Vol.37,No.1,pp.117-130(2013.5) 생물 학습을 위한 고등학생 소집단과 교사의 면담에서 나타나는 상호작용 유형 분석 김정민 송신철 1 심규철 2 * 환경생태교육연구소 1 경기신길고등학교 2 공주대학교 The Patterns of Interaction in
More information. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )
. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More informationuntitled
말더듬성인의말더듬중증도와말더듬지각정도및사회불안간의상관연구 김주연 * 이은주 **, 황민아 ** (* 단국대학교대학원특수교육과, ** 단국대학교특수교육과 ) 김주연 이은주 황민아. 말더듬성인의말더듬중증도와말더듬지각정도및사회불안간의상관연구. 언어청각장애연구, 2008, 제 13 권, 제 4 호, 677-690. 배경및목적 : 말더듬성인들은말더듬으로인해대인관계에서어려움을겪기도하는데,
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information-07-......
A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University Associate Professor : Ahn, Sun Hee Department of Early
More informationhttp://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:21~34 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/19, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] With the development of the Internet,
More information(1230)16-4.hwp
상호작용치료경험을 중심으로 한 학령전기 말더듬아동 부모의 치료경험 분석 이경재 a 신문자 b, 전희정 b a 오클라호마 주립대학교 의사소통장애학과, b 조선대학교 언어치료학부 교신저자 신문자 조선대학교 언어치료학부 교수, 광주광역시 동구 서석동 375번지 e-mail: moonjashin@chosun.ac.kr tel.: 062-230-6187 배경 및 목적:
More informationRheu-suppl hwp
Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally
More information<28C6EDC1FD5FC0FCC3BC D332E687770>
평가자집단에따른말더듬순간판단비교 남은주 a 이은주 b, a 단국대학교대학원특수교육과, b 단국대학교사범대학특수교육과 교신저자이은주단국대학교사범대학특수교육과교수경기도용인시수지구죽전동 126번지단국대학교사범관 509호 e-mail: slplee@dankook.ac.kr tel.: 031-8005-3818 배경및목적 : 본연구에서는말더듬경험또는말더듬관련지식이말더듬순간판단에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보기위하여,
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More information<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770>
에너지기후변화교육 4(2):203~211(2014) 203 초등학교 교과서 에너지 단원의 탐구활동과 시각자료 기능 분석 사례 연구 신명경 권경필 * 경인교육대학교 Abstract : This study aimed to analyze energy related inquiry activity and visual materials in elementary textbook.
More information<30392EB9DAB0A1B6F72CC1A4B3B2BFEE2E687770>
한국심리학회지 : 상담 및 심리치료 The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2008, Vol. 20 No. 1, 161-182 성폭력 상담에서 내담자들이 지각한 도움경험(Helpful Experience): 질적 분석 * 박 가 람 정 남 운 가톨릭대학교 본 연구는 성폭력 상담에서 내담자들이 지각하는 도움경험과
More information취학전말더듬아동의말더듬치료시점별진성비유창성유형의종단적분석 이수복외 Johnson과동료들 (199) 에따르면말더듬아동집단은 1단어당평균 11.2 회의비정상적비유창성빈도를보였고 ( 전체비유창성의 63%), 일반아동집단은 1.96회 ( 전체비유창성의 26%) 를보였다. 즉말
ISSN 2288-917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 217;22(3):4-49 Original Article https://doi.org/1.12963/csd.1744 Longitudinal Analysis of Stuttering Like Disfluencies as a Treatment Outcome in Early Childhood
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More informationEffects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
More information<303720C7CFC1A4BCF86F6B2E687770>
1) < 論 文 > 라이프스타일 세분화를 통한 실버타운 수요자 분석 133 주택연구 제15권 4호 2007. 12/15(4) : 133~160 Housing Studies Review Vol. 15, No. 4 : 133~160 접수일 : 2007. 7. 9, 심사일 : 2007. 7. 16, 심사완료일 : 2007. 8. 29 라이프스타일 세분화를 통한 실버타운
More information차 례... 박영목 **.,... * **.,., ,,,.,,
차 례... 박영목 **.,... * 2010. **.,.,.... 1980.,,,.,,. 1980.. .... (Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987).. Hayes Flower(1980),,,..,,.....,,,... Hayes Flower 1980, Hayes 1996, Kellogg 1996, Hayes 2012. Hayes Flower
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: : A Study on the Ac
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.269-293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.269 : A Study on the Actual Condition of Character Education in Early Childhood
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More informationⅢ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ α < < < < < χ χ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Bagozzi, R., & Dholakia, U. (2002). Intentional Social Action in Virtual Communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 2-21. Borkovec, T. D. (1976).
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Effect of Boa
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.195-217 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.195 * The Effect of Board Game Play Large Group Activities on Children's Sociability
More information노동경제논집 38권 3호 (전체).hwp
: * ** *** 2010 (,,, )..,,,.,..,. : 2015 7 29, : 2015 9 18, : 2015 9 21 *. (, 2015). 2013. ** ( 1 ) (cau1017hj@gmail.com) *** ( ) (ckang@cau.ac.kr) 勞動經濟論集第 卷第 號???.,. 2010, 2012 10,., (, ).,..,...,..,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More informationResearch subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The obje
Research subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The objectives of this study are analyzing research trends
More information<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770>
언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More information278 경찰학연구제 12 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 31 호 )
여성경찰관의직업윤리의식결정요인분석 * An Analysis of Determinantal Factors Influencing Professional Ethical Standards of South Korean Police Women 신문희 ** 이영민 *** Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 이론적배경 Ⅲ. 연구방법 Ⅳ. 연구결과 Ⅴ. 결론 Ⅰ. 서론 278 경찰학연구제 12
More informationISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4): Original Article Disfluency, Speech Rate, and Communic
ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4):794-805 Original Article https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.17431 Disfluency, Speech Rate, and Communication Attitude Differences According to Gender and
More information230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인
More information지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다
: * 30~40.,, 30~40 646.,..,.,.,,,.. * (2014) 30~40. :,, (120-728) 34 Tel : 02-300-0899, E-mail : hyhong@mju.ac.kr 2009 11 4 1 1, (2014) 2014 8 4,000. (, 2012).. (2013) 77.4%, 53.9%. 61.6%, 11.5%, 1% (,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: : - Qualitative Met
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.369-397 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.369 : - Qualitative Meta-Synthesis on Child-Nurturing Experiences of Female
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;
,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: Parents Perception
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.493-517 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.493 Parents Perception and Expectation on the Parent Consultation of Students
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: (LiD) - - * Way to
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.353-376 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.353 (LiD) -- * Way to Integrate Curriculum-Lesson-Evaluation using Learning-in-Depth
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>
기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를
More information[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon
[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) 775-794 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with cloned native intonation. The purpose of this work is to
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More information상담학연구. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: /
. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: 063-270-2746 / E-mail : tgeunmi@jbnu.ac.kr . 2,... 2011 (, 2011), (, 2010),., (, 2004;, 2011). (,, 2006), (,, 2005; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005:
More information<3234B1C731C8A328C3D6C1BEBABB292E687770>
언어치료연구, 제24권제1호 Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders http://www.ksha1990.or.kr/ 2015, Vol.24, No.1, 113 ~ 121 http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2015.24.1.009 학령기아동의학년별말속도및비유창성특성 A Study of School-aged
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on Organizi
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.441-460 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.441 A Study on Organizing Software Education of Special Education Curriculum
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on
More information<B0A3C3DFB0E828C0DBBEF7292E687770>
초청연자특강 대구가톨릭의대의학통계학교실 Meta analysis ( 메타분석 ) 예1) The effect of interferon on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection?? -:> 1998.1 ~2007.12.31 / RCT(2),
More informationAnalysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
More information歯14.양돈규.hwp
: The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
More information석사
특수교육논총 (FCT) *.,,,.,., 10. 1 3.,,. *. ** (flyzz01@hanmail.net) .,.,., (, 1995).,. (, 2011)., (, 2001; Wetherby & Prutting, 1984; Mundy et al., 1986)...,.,.,... (, 2012).,...,,.,, (, 2009).. (,, 2000).,..,
More information<BFA9BAD02DB0A1BBF3B1A4B0ED28C0CCBCF6B9FC2920B3BBC1F62E706466>
001 002 003 004 005 006 008 009 010 011 2010 013 I II III 014 IV V 2010 015 016 017 018 I. 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 III. 041 042 III. 043
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More information04_이근원_21~27.hwp
1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of
More information.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201
4 21.,,,.,,. 1, 2, 3, 4.,,,,,,.,,,,., ( ). 60-66,,,,,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-220-2495/ E-mail: ikkim@jj.ac.kr .,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationApparel Purchase Behaviors and Image Preferences of Preteen Girls and Their Mothers: Considering Preteen Girls BMI and Body Image Department of Home Economics Education, Pai Chai University Assistant Professor
More information#Ȳ¿ë¼®
http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research
More information에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 9, Number 2, September 2010 : pp. 1~18 가격비대칭성검정모형민감도분석 1
에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 9, Number 2, September 2010 : pp. 1~18 가격비대칭성검정모형민감도분석 1 2 3 < 표 1> ECM 을이용한선행연구 4 5 6 7 and 8 < 표 2> 오차수정모형 (ECM1~ECM4) 9 10 < 표 3> 민감도분석에쓰인더미변수 11 12 < 표
More information.. IMF.. IMF % (79,895 ). IMF , , % (, 2012;, 2013) %, %, %
*.. 8. Colaizzi 131, 40, 11.,,,.... * (2014). (Corresponding Author): / / 76 Tel: 041-550-2903 / E-mail: limkt3013@naver.com .. IMF.. IMF 1996 1.7% (79,895 ). IMF 1999 118,000 1980 5 2004 138,900 11 12.
More informationKD2002-29-02.hwp
韓 國 敎 育 요 약 학술 논문.,......,.,,,......., (, 1999).. ...,.,.,,,.,,,,, (, 1990).,,. (,, 1999)...,...,,,.,,.,.. (, 1999),,., 학술 논문....,., (, 1998).., (Keeves, 1997)...,...,.,,.,... (, 1970). .,,,,,.,,,,...,,,,,..
More informationV V V α Azam, M. Z. M. & Park, Dong-Ho (2012). The relationship between Digit Ratio(2D:4D) and Physical Fitness in Children. Journal of Korean Society of Living Environmental System, 19(1), 101-110.
More informationVol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M
2018.01 Vol.259 C O N T E N T S 02 06 28 61 69 99 104 120 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2018.1 3 4 2018.1 1) 2) 6 2018.1 3) 4) 7 5) 6) 7) 8) 8 2018.1 9 10 2018.1 11 2003.08 2005.08
More informationÀå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö
Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment
More information레이아웃 1
i g d e d mod, t d e d e d mod, t e,0 e, n s,0 e,n e,0 Division of Workers' Compensation (2009). Iowa workers' compensation manual. Gamber, E. N. & Sorensen, R. L. (1994). Are net discount rates stationary?:
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More information歯6권2호.PDF
: / / * ** ( *, **). : / /., 2 0 0 1, 6, 2, 4 9 3-5 04.... / / 3, 4 1 8 32.. / / 17.6 %.,,.. (articulation and phonological disorders) ( :,, )..,., (, 2000).. 498 (acquisition or establishment), (stabilization),
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information...... ....2-1
,,,, (), pp. ~., TV (PPL) -,,, (), pp. ~., TV PPL, :.,, (), pp. ~., PPL,,, (), pp. ~., ( - ) PPL,,, (), pp. ~., (PPL) : PPL,,, (), pp. ~.,..., TV PPL,,, (), pp. ~.,,,,,, (), pp. ~.,,,.,... LG,... Babin,
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information歯7권2호.PDF
(SELSI) : 1 1) ( ). (SELSI) :., 2002, 7, 2, 1-23. 3 (SELSI). SELSI 1090.,.. Cronbach.98.. 14.996,.998. :, SELSI,,,.,., 3.. 1 BK.,,. 1 3,. (babbling ),.. (joint attention ),., 3.., 3, (Bzoch, Kemker & Wood,
More information05-08 087ÀÌÁÖÈñ.hwp
산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석(이주희) ꌙ 87 노 동 정 책 연 구 2005. 제5권 제2호 pp. 87118 c 한 국 노 동 연 구 원 산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석: 보건의료노조의 사례 이주희 * 2004,,,.. 1990. : 2005 4 7, :4 7, :6 10 * (jlee@ewha.ac.kr) 88 ꌙ 노동정책연구
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * Experiences of Af
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.201-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.201 * Experiences of After-school Class Caring by Married Early Childhood
More information레이아웃 1
Disability & Employment 2011. 8. 제21권 제3호(통권 72호) pp.209~238 장애인의 직업재활을 위한 자기표현력 향상에 관한 집단미술치료 사례연구 임혜숙 서울사회복지대학원대학교 사회복지학과 교수 요 약 본 연구에서는 장애인의 직업재활동기를 강화시키고 지속시키는데 필요한 자기표현력 향상을 위한 집단미술치료의 영향에 관하여 사례연구를
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information