40 해항도시문화교섭학 EEZ?,.,...,, 1) 1) Pete Raul Pedrozo(2010), Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms, Chinese Journal of International

Transcription

1 39 기획논문 남중국해와항행의자유 * 이학수 **1) I. 서론 1 4 1/3 2, 80%, 90% , (Freedom of Navigation Operations) * 2008 ( ) (NRF B00001). ** (leefrance@hanmail.net).

2 40 해항도시문화교섭학 EEZ?,.,...,, 1) 1) Pete Raul Pedrozo(2010), Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms, Chinese Journal of International Law, 9, pp.9-29 ; Benjamin K. Wagner(May 2016), Lessons from Lassen : Plotting a Proper Course for Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea, Journal of East Asia and International Law 9(1), pp ; James W. Houck and Nicole M. Anderson(2014), The

3 41 EEZ 2).. 3). 4). 5) United States, China and Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, vol. 13, Issue 3(The Legal Challenges of Globalization : A View from the Heartland), pp Contemporary Southeast Asia(2011), Vol.33, No.3 < >. 2) Xinjun Chang(2016), The latest Development of the US Freedom of Navigation Programs in the South China Sea : Deregulation or Re-balance?, Journal of East Asia and International Law 9(1), pp ) (2016), (Freedom of Navigation), E-, ; (2017),, ; (2016), : - -,, 25 3, ) (2016),, 23(2), ; (2016),, 23(2), 1-30 ; (2017), :, 24(1), ; (2015),, ; (2018), - -, 19 1, pp ; ( ),, ( ). 5) 2270 (OMM) (right of innocent passage)

4 42 해항도시문화교섭학 18.,.,,.. (relational mode). Ⅱ. 미국이구축한항행의자유질서 1. 항행의자유 (Freedom of Navigation) (innocent passage) (free passage). (high seas).,,.,

5 43, (jus cogens) ( 19 ).. ( ) (Sixtus) 4 (Cape Bojador) (Cabo Verde) 100 (league) (Bull Inter Caestra). 6), , (Treaty of Tordesillas). 7) 6) Frances Gardiner Davenport, ed.(1967), European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648, Washington, DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington, p.85. 7) J. H. Parry(1982), The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery Exploration and Settlement , Oakland : University of California Press, pp

6 44 해항도시문화교섭학 ) 35 9) (Treaty of Zaragoza)., ( 7 )., (1,500 ) (Santa Catarina). 10,. 10), 8) Giles Milton(2000), Nathaniel's Nutmeg or, The True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who changed the Course of History, London : Penguin Books, pp.5-7 ; Robin A. Donkin(2003), Between East and West : The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans, Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society, pp.29-30, ) (2017),,, :, ) James C. Boyajian(2007), Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, p.151.

7 45. (Hugo Grotius) < >(Mare Liberum).. 11),. (res publicae). 12) (titulo donationis Pontificae) 13). 14)... (William Welwood) 11) (2014),., ( ), no. 91, ) Martine Julia van Ittersum(2003), Hugo Grotius in Context : Van Heemskerk's Capture of the Santa Catarina and Its Justification in De Jure Praedae ( ), Asian Journal of Social Science 31(3), pp ) Hugo Grotius(1916), The Freedom of the Seas or The Right which belonged to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian Trade, New York : Oxford University Press, p ) (2014),,, :, 186.

8 46 해항도시문화교섭학 18 15) (John Seldon) 1636 < >,. 16), ,,,,, 5. 17). 15) Martine Julia van Ittersum(2006), Mare Liberum Versus the Propriety of the Seas? The Debate between Hugo Grotius( ) and William Welwood ( ) and its Impact on Anglo-Scotto-Dutch Fishery Disputes in the Second Decade of the Seventeenth Century, The Edinburgh Law Review, Vol.10, pp ) John Seldon(2014), Mare Clausum. Of the Dominion, Or, Ownership of the Sea, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey : Clark Ltd., pp ), (2017),, :,

9 47 < > < > < >. (Nootka Convention, ). 18) , (Woodrow Wilson, ) 14 (Fourteen Points) 2 < (Freedom of navigation upon the seas) > ) (Atlantic Charter). U. 8 7 < 18) Derek Pethick(1980), The Nootka Convention, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1980, pp. 260, ) Robert E. Hannigan(2016), The Great War and American Foreign Policy , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, pp

10 48 해항도시문화교섭학 18 (Freedom of the Seas) >.. 20) (Truman Proclamation, ). 2, < > ( ) (Arvid Pardo) (common heritage of mankind).. 21) 20., ) Chris O'Sullivan(2014), Sumner Welles : Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order , Ph.D Thesis, London School of Economics International History, pp ) Raymond Daniell(1965), Maltese at UN a rare Diplomat, The New York Times, January 24 ; (2018),., :, 628.

11 49, (Geneva Conventions) 4, 1982, )..,.., ) (2012), 2010, EAI NSP Report 53, p.15.

12 50 해항도시문화교섭학 시어도어루즈벨트와해양질서 ) ) (1898 ) (Theodore Roosevelt) ( ) 3. 25) , <2 >. 26),, 23) Paul Kennedy(1989), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, New York : Vintage, pp ) Ernest May(1973), Imperial Democracy : Emergence of America as a Great Power, New York : Joanna Colter Books, pp ) Paul Kennedy, op. cit., p ) Kenneth Bourne(1899), Britain and the Balance of Power in North America , New York : ACLS History E-Book Project, p.351.

13 51. 27).. 28) , ,,. 29) (Puerto Cabello).. 30) 27) Anne Orde(1996), The Eclipse of Great Britain : The United States and British Imperial Decline , New York : Palgrave, p.22., (2018),, :, ) Joseph Joffe(2014), American Self-contained, The American Interest, Vol. IX, n.5, May-June, p.7. 29) (2015), :,, ) William A. Williams(1980), Empire as a Way of Life, New York : Oxford University Press, pp

14 52 해항도시문화교섭학 18, (Great White Fleet) ,, %.,, (Hampton Roads) ). 2,200km ) (2014),, :,

15 ,.,,,,... 32),. 33) , ).,, (Convention of Constantinople) ) John King Fairbank(1983), The United States and China, Cambridge : Harvard University Press, pp ) Macabe Keliher(April 2007), Anglo-American Rivalry and the Origines of US China Policy, Diplomatic History, Vol. 31, No.2, pp ) (2017),, ( ),

16 54 해항도시문화교섭학 18, (1 ). 35) ) ) , U-2,. R , DC 35) Howard M. Sacher(1976), A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to our Time, New York : Alfred A. Knoph, p ) Jean Allain(2004), International Law in the Middle East : Closer to Power than Justice, London : Ashgate Publishing, p ) Kenneth Love(1969), Suez : The Twice-Fought War, New York : McGraw Hill, p.171.

17 55. 1 <8 >. 38),,,. (Blockade) (Quarantine). 39) 10 22, 3. 8, 90.., 6. P-3,, ) 38),, 12.., (2008), 8 (The Guns of August),. 39) (2013), -,, ),, 187.

18 56 해항도시문화교섭학 18..,., (lapse in judgement). 41). 42)..,..,, 세기동아시아의미국 (1842 ), 5,. 41),, 179, ),,

19 (The Treaty of Wangxia) ( ). 43) ). 1,570km. 45) km. 46),..,. 43) (2016),., :, ) John K. Fairbank(1964), Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast : The Opening of Treaty Ports , Cambridge : Harvard University Press, pp ) Kemp Tolley(2013), Yangtze Patrol : The U. S. Navy in China, Annapolis : Naval Institute Press, p ) Ambassador J. Stapleton Roy(2016), The Changing Geopolitics of East Asia, working paper, Paul Tsai China Center/Yale Law School, July 25.,, 182.

20 58 해항도시문화교섭학 (, Jinmen Island)., ) ,, ) 19-20, F , (USS Independence, CV-62) (USS Belleau Wood, LHA-3), 3 11 (USS Nimitz, CV-68) 47) M. Taylor Fravel(2008), Strong Borders secure Nation. Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes, New Jersy : Princeton University Press, pp ) M. Taylor Fravel(2008), op. cit., pp

21 59.,. 49) 54% ,. 50) , ). 52). 53) 49) M. Taylor Fravel(2008), op. cit., pp ) Geoff A. Dyer(2014), The Contest of the Century. The New Era of Competition with China - and How America can Win, New York : Knopf, p ) Toshi Yoshida and James R. Holmes(2010), Red Star over the Pacific. China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy, Annapolis : Naval Institute Press, p ) Geoffrey Till(2009), Sea Power. A Guide for the Twenty-First Century, London and New York : Routledge, pp

22 60 해항도시문화교섭학 , ,. 54) 2, 55) ) (2012),,, Vol.21, No ) Kemp Tolley, op. cit. ; Dennis L. Noble(1990), The Eagle and the Dragon : The United States Military in China, , West Point : Greenwood ; John Mearsheimer(2014), The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York : W. W. Norton & Company. 55), (2017),., :,

23 61 Ⅲ. 항행의자유와남중국해 < >(Pivot to Asia) < >(Core Interest).,, 3 < >...,,. III. 1. 아시아중시전략 , ). 57) ) Hilary Clinton(October 11, 2011), America's Pacific Century, Foreign Policy. 57) The White House. Office of the Press Secretary(November 17, 2011), Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament.

24 62 해항도시문화교섭학 18 (USS-Fitzgerald, DDG-62) ),. 59) (EDCA) ) ) 58) US Department of State(November 16, 2011), Remarks Abroad USS Fitzgerald Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty. 59) Kurt M. Campbell(2016), The Pivot : The Future of American Statecraft in Asia, New York : Twelve ; (2013), (Pivot-to-Asia),, Vol. 68, ) Trefer Moss(March 20, 2016), U.S. Set to Deploy Troops to Philippines in Rebalancing Act. The deal comes as the Southeast Asian country is locked in a territorial disputes with China, Wall Street Journal. 61) ( ), 2, 176.

25 63,,, ((, Scarborough Shoal) 1 (PCA).. (Freedom of Navigation, FON) ) EEZ (Bowditch) EEZ (Jianheu-III) EP-3E(ARIES II) (J-8) (Hainan Island Incident). 62) Lynn Kuok. Lynn Kuok(2016), The U.S. FON Program in the South China Sea. A lawful and necessary response to China's strategic ambiguity, East Asia Policy Paper 9 (Center for East Asia Policy Studies at Brookings).

26 64 해항도시문화교섭학 18, ) (USS Impeccable, AM-320) EEZ 5. 64) (USS Cowpens, CG-63) ) (USS Caron, DD-970) 7 63) Brian Kates(14 April 2001), US Blames China's Hot-dogging Pilots Harassment in Midair Seen as Cause of Crash, New York Daily News ; Kim Zetter(April 10, 2017), Snowden Documents Reveal Scope of Secrets Exposed to China in 2001 Spy Plane Incident, The Intercept. 64) Lyle Goldstein(December 2011), Chinese Naval Strategy in the South China Sea : An Abundance of Noise and Smoke, But Little Fire, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol.33, n.3. pp ) Jane Perlez(December 14, 2013), American and Chinese Navy Ships Nearly Collided in South China Sea, New York Times ;,, 81.

27 ) EEZ. 2. 항행의자유작전 (Freedom of Navigation Operation, FONOP).. 67) ) (USS Lassen, DDG-82) 66) William J. Aceves(Spring 1993), Diplomacy at Sea : U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea, Naval War College Review, Vol ) Lynn Kuok, op. cit., pp ) Lassen( , Subi Reef, ), Curtis Wilbur(2016.1, Triton Island, ), William Lawrence (2016.5, Fiery Cross Reef, ), Decatur( , Woody Island, Lincoln Island, Duncan Island, Triton Island, ), Dewey(2017.5, Mischief Reef, ), Stethem(2017.7, Triton Island, ), John McCain(2017.8, Mischief Reef, ), Chafee( , String of islets, reefs and shoals, ), Hopper(2018.1, Scarborough Shoal, ), Mustin(2018.3, Mischief Reef, ). (DDG).

28 66 해항도시문화교섭학 18 (, Subi Reef) (, Mischief Reef) ) 2...,. 70) (John Kerry) 69) Sam La Grone(October 27, 2015), U.S. Destroyer Comes within 12 Nautical Miles of Chinese South China Sea Artificial Island, Beijing Threatens Response, USNI News. 70) (2018),, 84 ; (2017), :, 57 2, Michael Fabey(2017), The Power Clash between The U.S. and China in the Pacific, New York : Scribner ; Graham Allison(2017), Destined for War. Can America and China escape Thucydides's Trap?, Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

29 67. 71) (USS Curtis Wilbur) 1 30 (, Triton) ),.,,,, (William P. Lawrence, DDG-110) (Fiery Cross Reef) m PCA (John C. Stennis, CVN 74) (Ronald Reagan, CVN 76). 73) PCA PCA 2 (Carrier Strike Group). 71) David Brunnstrom(January 16, 2016), Kerry to Press China over North Korea, urge ASEAN Unity over South China Sea, Reuters. 72) Missy Ryan(January 30, 2016), U.S. missile destroyer sailed close to Island claimed by China, The Washington Post. 73) Megan Eckstein(June 20, 2016), Stennis, Reagan CSGs conduct Dual Carrier Operations in Philippine Sea, USNI News.

30 68 해항도시문화교섭학 (Itu Aba), (Thitu) 1,000m, 1983 (Swallow Reef) (Decatur).. (Woody Island), (Lincoln Island), (Duncun Island) (Triton Island). 74),,. ( ) ( ) 2. (continuous and expeditious). PCA ) Idrees Ali and Matt Spetalnick(October 21, 2016), U.S. warship challenges China's claims in South China Sea, Reuter ; Ankit Panda(October 22, 2016), South China Sea : US Navy Destroyer Asserts Freedom of Navigation in Paracel Islands, The Diplomat.

31 (USS Carl Vinson, CVN-70). 75) II ,,,.? 75) Feliz Solomon(March 2, 2018), We're Gonna Do What International Law Says We Can Do. Abroad the USS Carl Vinson in the South China Sea, Time.

32 70 해항도시문화교섭학 18?. - ( ), (NSS, ), (NDS, ), (NPR, ). 76).,,. 77),.,.,. 78) 76) Office of the Secretary of Defense(February 2018), Nuclear Posture Review, pp.20-22, ) Serge Halimi(février 2018), << Idiots utiles >> du Pentagone, Le Monde Diplomatique, p.1. 78) Michael Klare(mars 2018), Washington relance l'escalade nucléaire, Le Monde diplomatique ; Michael Klare(mars 2012), Quand le Pentagone met le cap sur le Pacifique, Le Monde diplomatique.

33 71 Ⅳ. 항행의자유작전과중국 , )., 80), ,. 79) (2017), - 7, ( ), 34 4, ) Trefer Moss(2016), op. cit.

34 72 해항도시문화교섭학 유엔해양법협약과항행의자유....,,. 13 (Low-tide elevations)., ).. 82) (, Mischief Reef) 81) Kirk Spitzer(October 27, 2015), China condemns US Warship's Route in South china Sea, USA TODAY ; China Daily, October 29, ) Frederick Kuo(July 2, 2016), Why China Won't Stop Island Building in the South China Sea, The Diplomat.

35 ', ,. 83),,. 84)?.. (87 1 a), 83) U.S. warships abusing FON operations in South China Sea, PLA Daily, May 12, )...,,

36 74 해항도시문화교섭학 18 ( 19 )., EEZ 2.. EEZ. 19 2,,,,,,. 60., (1992 ) 6. 85). 86), ( 20 ), ( 30 ).. 85) (2013),, :, ) (2013),, < >( ) 5 ( ).

37 75 EEZ EEZ,,,. EEZ., EEZ,. 87) EEZ ( 58 1 ), EEZ. 88) EEZ,, ) Albert J. Hoffman(2011), Freedom of Navigation(Navigation Rights in the Exclusive Economic Zone), Max Planck of Public International Law/Oxford Public International Law. 88) Raul (Pete) Pedrozo(2010), Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms : The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China's Exclusive Economic Zone, Chinese Journal of International Law 9, pp.9-29 ; James W. Houck and Nicole M. Anderson(2014), The United States, China, and Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Volume 13, Issue 3(The Legal Challenges of Globalization : A View from the Heartland), p.448.

38 76 해항도시문화교섭학 18. EEZ.?.,, 89), (RimPac Drill) , ) 방공식별구역과반접근거부전략 (CADIZ). 91) 89) Phillip C. Saunders & Julia G. Bowie(2016), US-China military relations : competition and cooperation, Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 39, Issue 5-6, pp ) Michael Fabey, op. cit., pp ;,,, ; US invites China to take part in major naval Exercise despite tensions at sea, South China Morning Post, 25 January ) :,

39 ) (( ),,. 93) , ( )),, Q&A. (, ), 3 CADIZ, ( &, ). 92),, (2014),, :, ) (January 19-20, 2018), (UNCLOS), Pukyong National University Core Project, One Ocean. Globalization & Trans-Pacific Cooperation(3rd Trans-Pacific International Conference),

40 78 해항도시문화교섭학 ) (Woody Island) 7 EEZ.. 95),. EEZ A2/AD.. 96) ) Taisaku Ikeshima(Spring 2016), China's Air Defense Identification Zone(ADIZ) and its Impact on the Territorial and Maritime Disputes in the East and South China Seas, Transcommunication Vol.3-1, pp ) Minnie Chan(1 June 2016), Beijing ready to impose air defense ID Zone in South China Sea, pending US Moves, South China Morning Post. 96) Wonwoo Lee(2013), China's Anti-Access Strategy versus the US' Air-Sea Battle Concept : Implication for the Korean Peninsula and East Asian Security,, 8 1, ; Sumathy Permal(2014), China's Military Capability and Anti-access Area-Denial Operations, Maritime Affairs : Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,

41 79 (Anti-Access Area Denial, A2/AD) A2/AD. 97)..., EEZ., CADIZ 2A/AD.. 98) A2/AD. 99) 1/3. Volume 10-Issue 2, pp ) Matthew Kroenig and Miyeon Oh(Oct.19, 2017), A Strategy for the Trans-Pacific Century, Atlantic Council. 98),, ).,,.,.

42 80 해항도시문화교섭학 18 V. 결론 EEZ. 20,,.. EEZ.....?., EEZ. 20

43 81., EEZ ,,.

44 82 해항도시문화교섭학 18...

45 83 참고문헌 (2016), : - -,, (2012), 2010, EAI NSP Report 53. (2018),,.,,. (2016), (Freedom of Navigation), E-. (2014),,, :. (2017),,. (2014),.,, no.91. (2015),,. (2017), :, 57 2., (2017),, :. (2008),, 8 (The Guns of August),. (2014),, :. (2015),,,, :. (2013), (Pivot-to-Asia),, Vol. 68. (2013),,

46 84 해항도시문화교섭학 18. (2013), -,. (2014),, ( ). (2012), 2, 176, 2. (2012),,, Vol. 21, No.12. (2018), -, (2014),,, :. (2015), :,. (2017),, ( ). (2018),,, :. (2016),., :,, (2017),., :. :,,, Q&A, (2012),,. (January 19-20, 2018), (UNCLOS), Pukyong National University Core Project, One Ocean. Globalization & Trans-Pacific Cooperation(3rd Trans-Pacific International Conference) Aceves, William J.(1993), Diplomacy at Sea : U.S. Freedom of Navigation

47 85 Operations in the Black Sea, Naval war College Review, Vol. 59. Allain, Jean(2004), International Law in the Middle East : Closer to Power than Justice, London : Ashgate Publishing. Allison, Graham(2017), Destined for War. Can America and China escape Thucydides's Trap?, Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Bourne, Kenneth(1967), Britain and the Balance of Power in North America, , Oakland : University of California Press. Bown, Stephen R.(2012), 1494 : How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the World in Half, New York : Thomas Dunne Books. Boyajian, James C.(2007), Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. Campbell, Kurt M.(2016), The Pivot : The Future of American Statecraft in Asia, New York : Twelve. Chang, Xinjun(2016), The latest Development of the US Freedom of Navigation Programs in the South China Sea - Deregulation or Re-balance?, Journal of East Asia and International Law 9. Clinton, Hilary(2011), America's Pacific Century, Foreign Policy, October 11. Davenport, Frances Gardiner, ed.(1967), European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648, Washington, DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington. Fabey, Michael(2017), The Power Clash between The U.S. and China in the Pacific, New York : Scribner. Fairbank, John K(1964), Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast : The Opening of Treaty Ports , Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Fravel, M. Taylor(2008), Strong Borders secure Nation. Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes, New Jersy : Princeton University Press. Goldstein, Lyle, Chinese Naval Strategy in the South China Sea : An

48 86 해항도시문화교섭학 18 Abundance of Noise and Smoke, But Little Fire, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol.33, n.3. Grotius, Hugo(1906), The Freedom of the Seas or The Right which belonged to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian Trade, New York : Oxford University Press. Hoffman(2011), Albert J., Freedom of Navigation(Navigation Rights in the Exclusive Economic Zone), Max Planck of Public International Law, Oxford Public International Law. Hannigan(2016), Robert E., The Great War and American Foreign Policy , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. Houck, James W. and Anderson, Nicole M.(2014), The United States, China, and Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Volume 13, Issue 3(The Legal Challenges of Globalization : A View from the Heartland). Ittersum, Martine Julia van, Hugo Grotius in Context : Van Heemskerk's Capture of the Santa Catarina and its Justification in De Jure Praedae( ), Asian Journal of Social Science 31(3). Joffe, Joseph(May-June 2014), American Self-contained, The American Interest, Vol. IX, n.5. Kennedy, Paul(1989), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, New York : Vintage. Kennedy, Paul(2017), The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, Penguin UK. Klare, Michael(mars 2018), Washington relance l'escalade nucléaire, Le Monde diplomatique. Klare, Michael(mars 2012), Quand le Pentagone met le cap sur le Pacifique, Le Monde diplomatique. Kroenig, Matthew and Oh, Miyeon(Oct. 19, 2017), A Strategy for the Trans-Pacific Century, Atlantic Council.

49 87 Lee, Wonwoo(2013), China's Anti-Access Strategy versus the US' Air-Sea Battle Concept : Implication for the Korean Peninsula and East Asian Security,, 8 1. Love, Kenneth(1969), Suez : The Twice-Fought War, N.Y.; McGraw Hill. May, Ernest R.(1973), Imperial Democracy : Emergence of America as a Great Power, New York : Joanna Cotler Books. Noble, Dennis L.(1990), The Eagle and the Dragon : The United States Military in China, , West Point : Greenwood. Office of the Secretary of Defense(2018), Nuclear Posture Review, February. Orde, Anne(1996), The Eclipse of Great Britain : The United States and British Imperial Decline , New York : Palgrave. O'Sullivan, Chris (2014), Sumner Welles : Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order , Ph.D Thesis, London School of Economics International History. Parry, J. H.(1982), The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery Exploration and Settlement , Oakland : University of California Press. Pedrozo, Raul (Pete)(2010), Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms : The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China's Exclusive Economic Zone, Chinese Journal of International Law 9. Perlez, Jane(December 14, 2013), American and Chinese Navy Ships Nearly Collided in South China Sea, New York Times. Permal, Sumathy(2014), China's Military Capability and Anti-access Area-Denial Operations, Maritime Affairs : Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, Volume 10-Issue 2. Pethick, Derek(1980), The Nootka Convention, Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre. PLA Daily(May 12, 2016), U.S. warships abusing FON operations in South China Sea.

50 88 해항도시문화교섭학 18 Roy, Stapleton(July 25, 2016), The Changing Geopolitics of East Asia, working paper, Paul Tsai China Center/Yale Law School. Sacher, Howard M.(1976), A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to our Time, New York : Alfred A. Knoph. Saunders, Phillip C. & Bowie, Julia G.(2016), US-China military relations : competition and cooperation, Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 39, Issue 5-6. Seldon, John(2014), Mare Clausum. Of the Dominion, Or, Ownership of the Sea, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey : Clark Ltd. The White House. Office of the Press Secretary(November 17, 2011), Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament. Tolley, Kemp(2013), Yangtze Patrol : The U. S. Navy in China, Annapolis : Naval Institute Press. US Department of State(November 16, 2011), Remarks Abroad USS Fitzgerald Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty. Wagner, Benjamin(2016) K., Lessons from Lassen : Plotting a Proper Course for Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea, Journal of East Asia and International Law, 9(1). Williams, William A.(1980), Empire as a Way of Life, New York : Oxford University Press. Yoshida, Toshi and Holmes, James R.(2010), Red Star over the Pacific. China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy, Annapolis : Naval Institute Press.

51 89 국문초록 남중국해와항행의자유 1/3, ,., , 1960.

52 90 해항도시문화교섭학 :,,,,

53 91 Abstract The Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea Lee, Hak-Su The U.S.-China disputes in the South China Sea have intensified since 2015 when naval vessels of the two countries went to the brink of a military conflict. It seems that the core of the U.S.-China disputes is the conflict arising from the exercise of the freedom of navigation by U.S. naval vessels and China s denial on this maneuvering drills. The U.S. has conducted the freedom of navigation operations since 2015, in the name of protecting interests of the U.S. and its allies. In response, China has strongly countered the U.S. naval operations, strengthening its anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) strategy and preparing to declare an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the South China Sea. In this situation, many maritime strategists even entertain a possibility that the U.S.-China disputes in the South China Sea can develop into a warfare. Then, we should not exclude the possibility that the U.S.-China disputes in the South China Sea will lead to a contingency or a limited war due to a misjudgement on the situation. Then, is there any solution regarding the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea at the current phase? The first solution is to establish a new maritime order that embraces the maritime supremacy of both China and the U.S. To this end, U.S. should join the UNCLOS, and the UNCLOS should contain clear provisions on the innocent passage and military activities in EEZs. The second solution is for the U.S. to step back from the 20th-century

54 92 해항도시문화교섭학 18 maritime order it had established. This implies the acknowledgement of China, which has grown into an economic power, as its companion, as well as an agreement not to perform military activities in China s territorial waters and EEZ. This move has the possibility to derive a promise from China to withdraw weapons from their artificial lands in the South China Sea. Key Words: South China Sea, the freedom of navigation, the U.S.-China disputes in the South China Sea, CADIZ, A2/AD