PHI Health Equity Report ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (, ) ( ) : : : :
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1 PHI Healthy Equity Report 한국의담배규제정책과건강불평등 People's Health Institute
2 PHI Health Equity Report ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (, ) ( ) : : : : phikorea@gmail.com ISBN
3 2010 < >.,.,. 1 5,.,,. 2012, 5..,.,, ( ) - i -
4 1.. OECD,.,.,,,.,,.. 2., 4, ,. 500,,, i -
5 ,..., ,,.,.,. 85% 5. /,., WHO.. - ii -
6 (paternalism),.,. WHO ( ),., 2003.,. 2010,. 4., iii -
7 30.0%, 2.5%, 20 20% 20% 25%..,.,,.,.,,. 6,.,,.,,,,.,,,,., PC., - iv -
8 .,. 5.?,.,.,., (inequality) (equity). (equity-focused health impact assessment) (gender-based analysis).,,,...,.,. - v -
9 ..,.,.,,.,, (national action plan)..,...,.,,., - vi -
10 .,.. - vii -
11 , , , ,, ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 12 ) ( 11 ) , ( 13 ) ( 14 ) viii -
12 5.? ? ? < > ix -
13 < > 1 15 (%), 2005 OECD (%) (%) (%) KT&G KT&G BI KT&G MBC 86 30, x -
14 ~ ~ , TV , / 153
15 PHI 2010 (World Lung Foundation), (American Cancer Society) Tobacco Atlas Online ( l (environmental tobacco smoke, ETS; secondhand smoker, SHS):. (mainstream smoke) (sidestream smoke),. l (smoking reduction):,.,. l (health warning):,. l (advertising):.,,,,,. l (advertisement ban):,,,. l (cigarette):, ( roll your own ).. l l (smoking cessation):. (smoke-free area):. < 1 >
16 l (nicotine replacement therapy, NRT):. (patch),,, (lozenge, ). l (nicotine dependence): (tobacco dependence).., (Fagërstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence). l (tobacco use): (cigarette). (tobacco addiction) (nicotine addiction). (smoking),. l (tobacco product):,,,. l (point of sale advertisement, POS advertisement):.. l (Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, FCTC):,. l (tobacco control policy):..,,,, < 2 >
17 PHI 2010,,. l (tobacco taxes):.. (nominal taxes) ( ),. (ad valorem taxes) ( ).. l (marketing):,,,. l (smokeless tobacco):., (snus, ),.,. l (plain packaging):..,,.. l (contraband):,,. l (counterfeit tobacco products):. < 3 >
18 l (promotion):.,,,,,,. l (harm reduction):.,,. < 4 >
19 PHI (World Health Organization, WHO) (WHO 2008). 500, (Mathers 2006)., , 31%, 37%, 27% (Lee 2010) , ( 2006). 8~10 ( 2007).., 1980 OECD. 1, 2005 OECD 17., ( 1)., 1995, 2002, 2004,. 2008, ( 2). < 5 >
20 1 15 (%), 2005 OECD 17 ( : OECD Health Data 2009) 년 2005년 2007년 2008년 남자 여자 2 (%) ( : ), % (Khang 2008). < 6 >
21 PHI 2010 (Khang 2006; Khang 2009).,.., ( 3). 3 ( ),. 4,. ( 4). < 7 >
22 ( ) ( ) ,,.. < 8 >
23 PHI ,,,, , 4, ,.,,,,,,,, DDT,,,,,.. 1) l :,,,,.. 1) < 9 >
24 l :, l :.,. < 10 >
25 PHI ( 1) (WHO 2008). 1 Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ : Advertising Council. Healthy lifestyles and disease prevention media campain: Take a small step to get healthy. United States Department of Health and Human Services, (Doll 2004), 2-4, (WHO 2009). < 11 >
26 l : WHO 5, 1 10 (WHO 2008)., 3 (Doll 2004). WHO 35-69, 8 6 (WHO 2008).,, ( 5) (U.S. DHHS 2004). 31%, 37%, 27% ( 2006). 5 (WHO 2008) l : WHO (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) < 12 >
27 PHI 2010 (IARC 2004).,,,, ( ),,,,,,.,., 90% (IARC 2004)., 25 (Doll 2004). l :, (Doll 2004) (Peto )., (Prescott 1998a, b). (Advertising Council, U.S. DHSS 2004),,.,,,. l :,,. (Advertising Council, U.S. DHSS 2004). 1.6, 1.9 (Doll 2004).,, 60 2, 50 3,. < 13 >
28 6 ( : WHO 2008) l. 2003, 4 6, , , ( 2006).,, , , ,, < 14 >
29 PHI 2010 ( 7) ( 2007). 7 ( : 2007) 2.2, %, 26%., , 3.6, 2.8, 4.2, 2.1, ( 1999). < 15 >
30 2.1.3.,,. (environmental tobacco smoke, ETS), (secondhand smoking), (involuntary smoking), (passive smoking). (side-stream, 85%) (main-stream, 15%), (National Research Center 1986) ,,,. l : IARC , 20-30%, 16-19% (IARC 2004). l :,., (Coultas 1998). l : 25% (IARC 2004). < 16 >
31 PHI 2010 (Bonita 1999; Iribarren 2004). l ( 2005), ( 2006). 2 Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ < 17 >
32 ( 2009)...,, (U.S. DHHS 1994) , 25 4, 15 8 (Fielding 1998).,. 2005,,,, ( 2007).,,,, (Advertising Council 2006). < 18 >
33 PHI ( 2006),, ( 2007) ,,,,,.,,.,. 2).,,,,,, ,., , 2, , 2) < 19 >
34 276, 691, 34,350, 1,721, ,591.,, 6 2,344 ( 2001) ,603, 1 4,252 ( 2007).,?,,, ( 1999)., ,817, 6 2,344, 3 9, ( 1999)..,. < 20 >
35 PHI (Mackenbach 2008). (Woods 2001),.,., % % (Cho 2004)., (Khang 2005).,, %, 71.9% 6.2% %.., ( 2007)..,. ( 2007). < 21 >
36 ,, , ( 8) 분위 ( 저 ) 2 분위 3 분위 4 분위 ( 고 ) 1 분위 ( 저 ) 2 분위 3 분위 4 분위 ( 고 ) 초졸이하중졸고졸대졸이상초졸이하중졸고졸대졸이상 < > < > 8 (%) ( : ).., < 22 >
37 PHI 2010 ( 2009)., ( 9) 년 2006 년 2007 년 학년 2 학년 3 학년 1 학년 2 학년 3 학년 남학생 여학생 9 ( : )., ( 10). 10 (%) ( : 2007) < 23 >
38 %, 40% (Khang 2008) % (Khang 2009). < 24 >
39 PHI ,...,,. < 25 >
40 ,,. 3,., ,..,..,.,. 19 (social reality). < 26 >
41 PHI 2010 (Lopez) (1994) (tobacco epidemic model)...,... (Link 1995).,,,,..,., -.???,, < 27 >
42 !,.,.?. 2,,,,,,. (Lynch 1997)., , 30%, 35.9%, % %, 62.5% (Graham 2006)... (Hillary Graham).,,.,, < 28 >
43 PHI , (Graham 1993)..., (Wilson 2005). 2,,., (norm) (Barbeau 2004)..,.,,,,,.. (Siahpush 2006)., 20-30,. < 29 >
44 . (ICD-10) ( F17),. 3),, (The World Bank 1999).,..,, (unequal choice context) (Voigt 2010).,.,,..,, ),. < 30 >
45 PHI , (self-control), (self-efficacy)...,.,.. 16,. 4) 1880, ,. 6, 5), (Yach 2007). 4) 5) < 31 >
46 ,,,.? 10, ( 11). 6) 11 1 ( : Tobacco Atlas Online) 85% 5., 3/4 4. (Malboro), (Parliament), (Virginia Slim) (Philip Morris), 7) (Mild Seven) (Winston), (Camel) 6) 7) Altria Group. < 32 >
47 PHI 2010 (Japanese Tobacco International), (Dunhill), (Kent), (Lucky Strike) (British American Tobacco), (Davidoff) (Imperial Tobacco) ( 12). 12 ( : Tobacco Atlas Online) 1980,. ( ),. (Gilmore 2004a, b).,, (Hammond 1998). ( 13). < 33 >
48 ( ) 13 KT&G ( : ,,. 301 ( 301 ) (U.S. Trade Representative, USTR) 8), 1. USTR. 1985, USTR 301, 1986., , USTR, 5 8) FTA USTR,. < 34 >
49 PHI USTR, ( 250 )., 1 6% (Frankel 1996). /.,,.., ,, ( 14). < 35 >
50 : : Salem : Spirit of USA 14 ( : (, ), F-1 (, ). (glamour) (Knight 2004).. ( ). 2, 1960,. < 36 >
51 PHI 2010 ( 15 16) ( : ( : < 37 >
52 KT&G,, ( 17). 17 KT&G ( : , 1962, (Yach 2007) TASSC (The Advancement of Sound Science < 38 >
53 PHI 2010 Coalition, ), (junk science) The Whitecoat Project ( ),,,,,,,,.. Covington & Burling. 9).,., ( ( : ) ,, 9) < 39 >
54 ., 21,. 10). (Bero 2003) ( ) (Yach 2007).. ISO (Holden 2009).,.. ( ) (Balbach 2009). (smokers right group), (Smith 2007). 10) < 40 >
55 PHI 2010 (Holden 2009),., WHO. WHO, WHO. WHO, /, WHO. UN ( Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO) WHO,. WHO ( ), WHO, WHO (Zeltner 2000)..,.. < 41 >
56 3.1.3,,.,.,?.?,? (Voigt 2010).... (Wikler 2002).? l (autonomy) ( ) (paternalism) (bioethics) (Immanuel Kant), (John Stuart Mill)., ( ).,, < 42 >
57 PHI (Tom L. Beaucham) (James F. Childress) ( 2003).,,.,, 11).,, (Goodin 2007).,.?,. ( ),.,., (Bayer 2007). 11) ( ), (for other's good) (interference) ( ;12(1): ) < 43 >
58 (Bayer 2007)..,. (sin tax),,..,,.,. 12) ,.. ' ' 100, 110% ) <44>
59 PHI 2010., ( 19). 13), , ).,.,.,. 2 1?.,,. 13), ). GS? <45>
60 l,. (Healton 2004).,,,.,.,,.,.,.,.,,..,,.,., (Wilson 2005). <46>
61 PHI 2010,.,, ( 5 ). <47>
62 (World Bank), WHO.., - -,,. ( 20) ( 2008). <48>
63 PHI , ( : 2008),.,., FTA 40% 10, 15),. FTA (Shaffer ).,., KT&G 15) <49>
64 , ( 21). 3.1,,.,? l,.,.,, ( 2010; 2008).,..,.,,,,.,. <50>
65 PHI 2010,.,,,., (2008),,,.,,.,,,.,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,,.,,,.. ( 2010),,,,,..,, <51>
66 ..,. l (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC) ( : ). 192, , 172, ( 22) ( 2008) ) 16) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( ( <52>
67 PHI 2010., , WHO...,,. 5,. 23, <53>
68 23 ( : 2010) <54>
69 PHI , 1 ~ 2 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 38 ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ), ( 17 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : WHO 2008 <55>
70 (WHO 2003; WHO 2010a). (1) , 2..,,., 3. ( 135 ) : 90 (67%), 39 (29%), 71 (53%) ( 80 ): 50%, 10% ( ) 95%( ). 45% 50% 75%. ( 122 ): 1 1 USD 12 USD 2.53 USD. ( ),,., : 61 (45%), 70 (52%), 4 : 13 (10%) 7. 13, ( ) <56>
71 PHI ,,, ( 104 ) : 87 (84%), 9 (9%), 8 : 86 (83%), 10 (10%), 8 : 81 (78%), 16 (15%), 7 19 (135 14%) ,, ( ) ( 135 ) : 59 (44%), 69 (51%), 7 : 59 (44%), 68 (50%), 8 : 66 (49%), 59 (44%), 10 : 62 (46%), 64 (47%), ,, ( 135 ) : 84 (62%), 48 (36%), 3 : 71 (53%), 58 (43%), 6 <57>
72 ,.,,,,.,,,.. (1) (2) (3),, (4) 50%, 30% (5), 2.,, ( 135 ) : 88 (65%), 37 (27%), 10 : 111 (82%), 15 (11%), 9 : 100 (74%), 25 (18%), 10 : 81 (60%), 45 (33%), 9 : 100 (74%), 26 (19%), 9 ( 30% ): 87 (64%), 38 (28%), 10 : 44 (33%), 82 (61%), 9 : 79 (59%), 46 (34%), 10 : 90 (67%), 35 (26%), 10 <58>
73 PHI ,,, 2010,....,,,,,,.,.,, ( 135 ) : 114 (84%), 14 (10%), 7 : 65 (48%), 48 (36%), 22 (16%) : 19%, 67%, 50%, 50% (104 ): 69%, 55%, 50%, 55%, 66%, 55%, 51%, <59>
74 13, , 2.,. 5, 3.,,. 4..,.,...,., 5., / 6. 7.,,,, ( 135 ), : 74 (55%), 59 (44%), 2,, : 32 (24%), 63 (47%), 39 (29%) : 66 (49%), 42 (31%), 27 (20%),, : 50 (37%), 45 (33%), 40 (30%) : 61 (45%), 45 (33%), 29 (22%) : 16 (12%), 82 (61%), 37 (27%), : 64 (47%), 43 (32%), 28 (21%), : 65 (48%), 41 (30%), 29 (22%) <60>
75 PHI ,, 2..,,,.,,.,,. ( 135 ) : 59 (57%), 38 (37%), 7, : 50 (48%), 57 (55%), 47 (45%), 39 (38%) <61>
76 (2) ,,,,, 3., 4.., , 7., ( 135 ), : 93 (69%), 40 (30%), 2 : 83 (61%), 89 (66%), 91 (67%) : 76 (56%), 54 (40%), 5 : 85 (63%), 48 (36%), 2 <62>
77 PHI ,.,..,,., 2., , ( 135 ) : 106 (79%), 26 (19%), 3 : 15~21, 81 18, : 94 (70%), 40 (30%), 1 : 94 (70%), 40 (30%), 1 : 96 (71%), 35 (26%), 4 <63>
78 ( 80 ): GDP %( ) 0.045%( ) : 10, 13, 67% WHO, 5,. ( 8 ), ( 11 ), ( 12 ), ( 16 ), ( 9 ), ( 13 ), ( 17 ) (WHO FCTC 2010a).,,,.,,, (WHO FCTC 2010a). <64>
79 PHI [1] [1-1] [1-2] [1-2-1] [1-2-2] [1-2-3] [1-2-4] [1-2-5],, [1-2-6], [1-3] [2] [2-1] [2-2] [2-3] ( ).,,. <65>
80 [1] [1-1] ( 9932, , 3 19 ) ( 2010:180 ). ( 10409, , ) , 10%.. 17) ( , ) 52 1 ( 5) : : 50 1, : 50 3, ) : 50 1, : : 50 1, : ), 200. <66>
81 PHI , % ( 9433, , ) 12 ( 22535, , ) , 2 ( ) 20 ( 20 ) 7. ( 10221, , ) (2008) 2, ( 6). 6 (2,500 ) , % :, 2008:12., 19 ( ), ( 22003, , ) 7 18) ( ), ( 60 4 ). <67>
82 , 54, ,. ( 7). <68>
83 PHI ,,,,,, 200 ( 8) , - -, <69>
84 1986,, ( 9) ( 2008:11 ) % , ,,,, [1-2] [1-2-1] 9 4. ( 1, ) 6 ( 10). <70>
85 PHI , 300 1, ( ) 1,, 16,, 150,,, <71>
86 300 ( ). 200 ( ). 10 ( 34 3 )....,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,.. (200 ).,. ( 11). <72>
87 PHI *, * * ( 4217, , 4 14 ). ( 860, ),, 50,. 50 ( 43 ). ( 4914, , 9 1 ).. <73>
88 ,,,,,,., 50 ( 34 ). 100 ( 5856, , 8 9 ). ( 136, ) ,,.. 300, <74>
89 PHI ( 243, ).,,,, ( 357, ) PC ( 70, , ) ( 10327, , 8 28 ) ( 9 5 ). 10 ( 34 3 ). [1-2-2] , (ISO) 4387 ISO <75>
90 [1-2-3] 1 19) ( ), ( ). (, 2010:183). 20), , ,, ,,, , ( 24). 19) ) [ ] [ ]. <76>
91 PHI [1-2-4] ,,, , 3 2 ( 15 2 ) ,. <77>
92 , ( 4 1 ), ( 25). <78>
93 PHI [1-2-5],,,, 8 1,.,,,, (Smoke-Free),,, (brand identity, BI) ( 26), ( 2010b:666 ). 21) 26 BI <79>
94 [1-2-6], , 16, , 5 (positive list) ( ). ( 12) , 2. 60, 1 2., , ( 13) ). <80>
95 PHI 2010, , 19,,,.,,. [1-3],., , , ( 2010b:662 )..,. 253,. 3,, 6.,.,,., <81>
96 (Quitline, ) ( 27) ( 8 ) ( 9 ). 27 ( [2] [2-1] ( 11 1 ) ( 13 1 ). ( 16 1 ).,, <82>
97 PHI 2010 ( 12 3 ) ( 12 4 ) ( 27 2)., 500 ( 27 3).,, ( 28 1 ). [2-2] ( 20 1 ). 2 1 ( 51 ). <83>
98 ( ) ( 34 1 ). ( ) ( ). 200 ( 34 2 ). ( 18 5 ) 100 ( 28 2 ). ( 20 1 ). 200 ( 28 1 ). <84>
99 PHI 2010 l. ( 2008)., (70%) (62%). ( 7 ).,..,.,.,,,..,,., ( 28).,. <85>
100 ..,.,., ( 29). 28 KT&G 29 MBC ( ). 24., 20% 20% 20 25%.. 22) <86>
101 PHI ( ),. 4,. 22). <87>
102 4.. 6 ( 14) ) 2) ( 6 ) 3) ( 8 ) 4) ( 12 ) 5) ( 11 ) 6) ( 13 ) 7) ( 14 ), ,, ,,,,. /,, /,, / /, <88>
103 PHI , 5, (, ), /. ( ),,,.,, (Methods for Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies). 6,, 15.,,,,,,..,.. <89>
104 Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ - Ÿ - Ÿ - Ÿ, Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ, Ÿ, Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ - Ÿ Ÿ, Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ - Ÿ Ÿ - Ÿ - Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ / Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ,, Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ - - <90>
105 PHI Health Plan ~2010 4, 24 ( 2005). 4,,,. 1.,,,, %, 2.5%, 23) 20% 20% 20 25%. 24) %, 30%. 25) 2.2%, %, 7.4%. 2010, , % %. 23) %, 5.4% % 3.1%. 24) % 20% 8.8% %. 25). 30% <91>
106 ., % 50% ( 30).,,,. 30, ( : ) <92>
107 PHI ,, (2009).,, (2010).,, (2005). (2009) 1995, 1999, 2003, ~2006, 1995/1999, 1999/2003, 2003/2006., 2003/ (2010) 1998/2001/2005/2007.,,,,,,,,,., , 1998/2001, 2001/2005, 2005/2007., <93>
108 ,.,. (2005) 1980~ , 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997 ( ), 2001, 2002, 2005 (,, ). 1988, 1989, 2006 KT&G., 2002, )., ,., 2007,,. ( 16). 26) <94>
109 PHI ( ) (2009) (2010) (2005) 1995/1999/2003/ /2001/2005/ 2007,,, ~ (, ) , : : 1998~2007 ( ), : 1998~2001,, 2001~2005,, 2005~2007, : 2002 (, ), 2004 (, ) 2001, 2002, 2004, , (Thomas) (2008) 1997~2004,,,, 5,,,.,. <95>
110 4.2.,, ( 6 ) l, ( 2007)..,..... <96>
111 PHI 2010 / " " (60).. < > l, (WHO 2008)., 2-3 (WHO TFI 2004). (Jha 2000)., (IARC 2008; <97>
112 WHO 2008), (Chaloupka 2000),.., (Chaloupka 2000).,. l, 10% (Ranson 2000). 10% 2.5~5%, 8% (Chaloupka 2000) % 2~7% (Gallus 2006)., 10%, (van Walbeek 2003).,,,,, 6 27) -0.5 ~ -0.7, -0.9 ~ -1.0 (Giskes 2007). 27) -0.5 ~ % 5 ~ 7%. <98>
113 PHI ~ ( 33, 3,,,,, ), 4, 3. 20,,,.,,,, (Thomas 2008). l?., ( 2005), ( 2003), ( 2002) , 3, 6, -0.69, -0.62, ( 2006)., (2003) (2004),. (2007)., (2006) (2009), ( 17). <99>
114 17 ( ) (2003) (2004) (2006), (2007) (2009) ( ) /1 /3 /6 ) 2005,, 1 ( 1,424 ) , 225 * : : , : -0.57, : : *, : : , 195. :,,. * 28.6%, 27.9%, 33% :, * 39.0%, 34.3%, 33.0% :, * 28.9% :, * : , : , , , : , , , , 400 : <100>
115 PHI 2010 (2006) 2004 (%), (%), ( ) ( 31).,. ( / / / ).,.,,, 28) (Siahpush 2009) ( : (2006) ) 28),,.. <101>
116 , ITC,, ( 32) ( 2009). 32 ( : 6?, 2008),, , ( 2002), , ( -0.35~-0.36, -0.38~-0.43) ( 2005). <102>
117 PHI , 1989, 1992, 1995, 1997 ( ) ( ) ( 2006).? ( 33) ( 2008).. 33 ( : 2008),.,. (Wilson. 2005)., <103>
118 . ( %), ( 18). 18 ( : ) ( ) 1,423,542 1,907,628 1,754,900 1,602,700 1,906,389 ( ) 25,961 31,502 31,195 26,886 28, % 1.65% 1.78% 1.68% 1.48% l ,,.,,,., , <104>
119 PHI 2010 (Peck 2005),.., 3 62% OECD (70%) WHO (75%), 29) (67~80%) 30).,,,.,. IARC,,,,,, (IARC 2008),,, (Peck 2005). 29) WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 30) Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Taxation and Price - essential facts. Washington, DC 2009; Available from: <105>
120 4.2.2 ( 8 ) l, ( 2007). 8,.. ( ) ( ),.., <106>
121 PHI ,...,..... / < > PC. 60, 70 PC. 2 3m.. ' '... / < > l.,,., (WHO 2008; WHO FCTC <107>
122 2007).,, (WHO 2008).,,.,. (Jha. 2000)..,.?,,,... (WHO 2008). 3. <108>
123 PHI 2010 l, 39% (Haw 2007), 2.8~8 (Borland. 1992). 22~33% (Pickett 2006)..,, (WHO 2008). 3.8% 3.1 (Fichtenberg 2002). 5% 10% (Evans 1999), 1.9~2.3, 3.85 (Bauer 2005)., 1 5~20% (Levy 2001), 46%, 80% 88% (Fong. 2006). (Borland 2006; Wipfli 2008) (Albers 2008). <109>
124 ?,,,,, ,., (Thomas 2008). 6 (,,,,, ), (Giskes 2007).,. l, ( 2007)., 2005 (Kim 2009).?,,,,., PC, 50%, <110>
125 PHI PC, ( 2002; 2000; 2000). PC, ( 2010).,, ( 2007) , ( 34)., /, 2005, 2007, ( 35). <111>
126 ~2008 ( : ) <112>
127 PHI ~2008 ( : ) <113>
128 ?,,,, ( 36) ( 2009).. 36 ( : 6?, 2008) , , ( 37). <114>
129 PHI ( : 2005 )., /, ( 38).,,,. <115>
130 38, 2005 ( 2005 ) (2009) 2007, <116>
131 PHI 2010,.,.., ).,., 2003 (Edwards 2008), (Luk 2005). l , 2., 2005,,,. 2006, /, 31),, , 1. <117>
132 .,,. 4.,.,.,,,,.,,.,,. 8 (, ),,,,,,., (IARC 2008; WHO FCTC 2007)., 3,. <118>
133 PHI ( 12 ) l,, (IARC 2008).,. ( ) ( 2007)., 10 20, 30, 15~39 ( 2007) l,. 32) TV,,, (Biener 2006). 32) Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Public Education Campaigns Are Effective. Available from: <119>
134 , (Emery 2005). (U.S. CDC 2007), (U.S. DHHS 2000).,,. (Jha 2000). l %, 34.4% (Hu 1995), 4.5% (Mudde 1999). (NY State DH 2006),, (Australia s NTC 2000)., <120>
135 PHI 2010 (Pechmann 1994). 6 10%. 33), (Giskes 2007). l,.,,, ( 2009). ( 2001)..,,,, ( 2003)., TV. TV,,,, / /. TV,, ( ) 33) Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Public Education Campaigns Are Effective. Available from: <121>
136 , /,,, ( 40).., ( ) ( ) 40 TV, , %, 94.0%, % %, % ( 41).,,,, ( 42). 41 ( : ) <122>
137 PHI , ( : ) l,, , <123>
138 ,,,,,. 19, ( 19). 19 : / / ,423,542 1,907,628 1,754,900 1,602,700 1,906,389 25,961 31,502 31,195 26,886 28,136 25,961 31,502 53,700 68,000 83, % 100.0% 58.1% 39.5% 33.7% 1.8% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% 1.8% 1.7% 3.1% 4.2% 4.4% 7,799 8,100 9,100 7,400 7,400 7,799 8,100 13,000 15,000 18, % 100.0% 70.0% 49.3% 41.1% 30.0% 25.7% 29.2% 27.5% 26.3% 30.0% 25.7% 24.2% 22.1% 21.6% ( : ) 12 4.,., <124>
139 PHI 2010.,..,,.,,,,,,, (IARC 2008). <125>
140 4.2.4 ( 11 ) l. 11,, (IARC 2008).,. 3,.,. l.,,.., (WHO 2008; WHO FCTC 2008b). <126>
141 PHI 2010,.,,, (ISO). (IARC 2002).,. (U.S. NCI 2001), (Bialous 2001; IARC 2008).,,,. (U.S. NCI 2001)., (IARC 2008).. (WHO 2008)... (IARC 2008) % 15 ( 43). <127>
142 OECD 23 ( ) 2 ( 2009). 43 (16 ) ( : ),.,,,.,,. (Jha 2000).,,. <128>
143 PHI 2010 l (Borland 1997; Hammond 2006). (Mahood 1995).,, 50%, (Hammond 2008)., (Hammond 2008; White 2008), (Hammond 2008).,,. (U.S. NCI 2001).,.,., (Stellman 1997). <129>
144 l , ,,,,. 34), ( 20) ( 2002; 2002; 2004; 2005; 2006; 1998; 2006). 20 ( ) (2006) (2006) (2005) (2004) (2002) (2002) (1998).,,,,. 34) 3 <130>
145 PHI 2010,,,, ( 44). < JTI > < BAT > < KT&G > 44 ( 45). < KT&G > 45 16, 6, ,., <131>
146 , ( 2007).,,. ( 1998).,,, (, ) (,, / ) ( 2009). ITC, ( 46). 46 ( :?, 2008) <132>
147 PHI 2010 l,., (WHO 2003). 50%, ,, (,, ) ,..,,,, <133>
148 ,.,.,,,,.,,,,.,. IARC,,,,,,,,,, (IARC 2008). <134>
149 PHI , ( 13 ) l,,,,, ( 2005). 13 1,,. 1,,,,,,,, (WHO 2003)., ( 13 ) ( 12 )., ( 11 ),,,, (WHO 2008).., ( ). <135>
150 KT&G =? 25. KT&G. 2 KT&G. KT&G. KT&G. KT&G,. KT&G KT&G. 95% KT&G. KT&G, KT&G=.. KT&G T (tobacco) (tomorrow) KT&G. KT&G. T. < > l (WHO 2008) ~3% 5.9% (Saffer 2000). <136>
151 PHI 2010,,,, (WHO 2008). ( 2007),, (, 2009)..,...,.,,,,..,,.,, (WHO 2008).,, (Saffer 2000).., ( 2007; 2002). <137>
152 (Jha 2000), WHO (2008).,.. l. 9, (Lovato 2003) % (Moodie 2008), (Lopez 2004) (Slater 2007), (Upadhyaya 2004) , TV 50 (Shafey 2004) % % (Chaloupka 1996). <138>
153 PHI ,,. TV (point of purchase),. 2008, 25.2%, 38%, 33.9%. 31.4% (Wakefield 2008)., (WHO 2008) , % (Saffer 2000), %, 13.6% (Blecher 2008).,.,. TV,,,,, (WHO 2008).,,,,. <139>
154 l, ,, 156,,, ( 2002). KT&G 334,.,,,,.,,,., ( 2007)., 427,. KT&G,, 3,.,,, <140>
155 PHI 2010,.,. ( 2007),, ( 47). 47.,,,..,. <141>
156 ( 48). 35) 48,,,, (, 2009). l.,, , , 35) : <142>
157 PHI 2010,,,.,,.,,.., 13 4.,,....,,.,,.,. IARC, (,,,, ),,, /, /,,,,,,,, (IARC 2008). <143>
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