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1 Anesth Pain Med 2011; 6: 195~201 임상연구 시뮬레이션을응용한심폐소생술훈련의반복이피교육자의교육에대한만족도에미치는영향 부산대학교의학전문대학원마취통증의학교실, * 응급의학교실 변경조ㆍ이현정ㆍ김해규ㆍ송봉재ㆍ김재연ㆍ염석란 * The effect of repetition of simulation-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on the satisfaction of the trainee Gyeong Jo Byeon, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Hae Kyu Kim, Bong Jae Song, Jae Yun Kim, and Seok Ran Yeom* the groups. Conclusions: Simulation is a powerful tool to get trainees excited about applying the skills they learned in the classroom. Most trainees in both groups agreed that the exercises were a great experience helpful and exciting. We postulate that the repetition of simulation-based training will not decrease the effectiveness of the training. (Anesth Pain Med 2011; 6: ) Departments of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, *Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Key Words: Education, Effectiveness, Intern, Repetition, Resident, Simulation-based training Background: Simulation-based training is becoming more widespread in clinical education because of the increased technology of patient simulators in conjunction with their increased use by many medical centers. Simulation-based training enhances the learning, clinical skills and judgment of the trainees. However, the effect of repetition of simulation-based training has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this presentation will be to examine whether the number of experiences could have an influence on the interest of the trainee. Methods: Simulation-based training was designed as an introductory course for new interns and residents. The training course was divided into three sessions: Airway management training, cardiac massage training and advance cardiac life support mega code training. All the trainees were divided into the new interns and residents group. The two group s performances during conducting the three sessions were monitored by video equipment. All the trainees were debriefed and given a post intervention survey to assess their satisfaction with the simulation-based training. Results: A total of 110 trainees completed the survey. On a four point scale, the students rated their stimulation of interest, the usefulness of the knowledge that they learned and if they enjoyed the simulation. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the three sessions of simulation-based training among Received: September 14, Revised: September 25, Accepted: December 9, Corresponding author: Hae Kyu Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , hakykim@pusan.ac.kr This work was supported for two years by Pusan National University Research Grant. 서론의료교육에있어서중요한목표중의하나는임상을반영하는상황을설정하여실제의료인들의수행능력을측정하는방법들을연구하고이를적용하고평가하는것이다 [1]. 전통적으로표준화환자 (standardized patient) 가의과대학생과졸업후의임상의의병력청취와신체검사술기의평가에이용되어왔다 [2,3]. 마찬가지로급박한상황에서의환자치료에필요한지식을평가하기위해지필평가가이용되어왔으나공교롭게도이런치료의경우표준화환자를통해평가하기힘들고, 이런위급한상황이빈번하게일어나는것이아니고거의무작위적으로발생하기때문에치료에대한지식이있는경우에도실제로치료를잘시행할수있는지는알수없었다. 특히, 다양한임상경험이부족한수련의및전공의들의경우이런위급한상황을경험할기회가없거나, 있는경우에도술기가제대로갖춰져있지못하면치명적인결과를초래할수있다. 의료인들의임상적인능력즉, 특정한상황에재빨리진단하고치료할수있으며필요한때에적절한술기를시행할수있도록교육하고평가하는것은쉽지않다. 의료용마네킹 (mannequin) 과시뮬레이션 (simulation) 교육은의과대학생이나수련의, 그리고수련을마친전공의들에게이처럼특정한의료상황에서환자에게필요한술기를배우고연습할수있는기회를제공할수있다 [4-6]. 현재까지많은시뮬레이션교육에대한연구들이발표되었고주로시뮬레이션을이용한교육을통해피교육자들이 195

2 196 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 Table 1. Demograhpic Information I group R group P-value Age 26.8 ± ± Sex (M/F) Male Female Number of years went 6.0 ± ± to medical school Number of years Entered to 0.3 ± ± hospital after graduating Values are mean ± SD. 얼마나임상환경을잘적용하고진단과치료를내리는지에중점을교육자위주의주관적평가에관한연구가주를이룬다. 하지만국내에서는이러한시뮬레이션을이용한교육의효과에대한연구가드물며, 해외에서도피교육자위주의주관적평가및시뮬레이션을이용한교육의료진에대해지속적으로재교육도구로써유용한지여부는연구가부족한실정이다. 본연구에서직무교육의일환으로써신규수련의와 1년전동일한시뮬레이션교육을받았던전공의들을대상으로다양한시뮬레이션을이용하여기도관리교육 (airway management training), 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training) 및전문심장소생술팀교육 (advanced cardiac life support [ACLS] team training) 을시행하고피교육자가느끼는주관적인피드백 (feedback) 을이용하여교육에대한만족도부분을다각도로조사하여이러한시뮬레이션교육의반복이신규수련의및전공의들의교육에대한만족도에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 본연구는병원기본직무교육을받는신규수련의와신규전공의들을대상으로조사하였다. 대상은 I군과 R군, 두군으로분류하였는데, I군의경우시뮬레이션을이용한교육의경험이없는신규수련의 51명을대상으로하였으며, R군의경우에는전년도에같은형태의시뮬레이션을이용한교육을받았던전공의 59명을대상으로하였고전공과목에특별한제한을두지않았다. 모든참가자에게시뮬레이션교육후설문지를통한자료수집에대하여사전동의를얻었다. 설문지를통해나이, 성별, 의과대학입학연도, 졸업연도등에대한정보를수집하였다 (Table 1). I군과 R군모두에서교육방법은무작위로각각 5명씩조로나누어조별교육을시행하였는데교육내용은 1) 기도관리교육 (airway management training), 2) 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training), 3) 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 세가지교육으로나누어시행되었다. 각교육은모두독립된공간에서시행되었다. 기도관리교육의경우우선강사에의해기관내삽관실습용마네킹 (Laerdal R Airway Management Trainer, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 에매킨토시후두경을이용하여 7 mm 삽관튜브를속심 (stylet) 을넣어삽입하는모습을보여주었으며, 기도로들어간것을확인할수있는폐모양의풍선이달린모형을사용하였다. 기관내삽관이성공하였을경우 Ambu-bag을이용해튜브를통하여마네킹의폐로공기를불어넣어팽창하는지의유무로성공여부를판단하였다. 심장마사지교육은심폐소생술용마네킹 (Resusci R Anne SkillGuide TM, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 을놓고먼저기본소생술 (Basic Life Support) 과동일한상황으로가정하여의식유무확인, 기도확보, 심장마사지대인공호흡의비율을 30 대 2로하는모습을보여주고각조별로한명씩실제로해보게하고각각에대해강사가설명을해주는방식을택하였다. 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 의경우 5명이한조가되어컴퓨터프로그래밍과연동된시뮬레이터 (simulator) 인 SimMan 마네킹 (SimMan R, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 에주어진응급상황시나리오 (scenario) 에어떻게대응하는지를감시하였다. 주어진가상시나리오는응급실에내원한환자가검사를위해수면진정제투약후수분내에호흡이멎고피교육자가적절한기도관리를수행하는지여부에따라심실세동 (ventricular fibrillation) 및심정지 (cardiac arrest) 가발생한상황이설정되었다. 강사는피교육자가어떻게환자모형을처치해나가는지를감시하고가상시나리오가종료된후, 환자처치방법등에대해디브리핑 (debriefing) 후다시한번수행하게하였다. 모든교육이끝난후에는전체피교육자를대상으로설문지를통해 (Appendix 1), 시뮬레이션교육에대한만족도평가를다각도로접근하여조사하였는데, 세부적으로시뮬레이션교육이얼마나도움이되었는지에대한유용성, 교육에대한흥미도, 실제환자를대할때와비교시느낄수있는실제감, 임상환경과유사한지를판단할수있는긴장도, 상황판단력등에대한정도를 4지선다의질문으로조사하였다. 그리고각교육을통해본인이느낀장점, 단점을파악해피교육자가느끼는주관적인느낌의피드백을조사하여이를정리하였다. 모든통계학적분석은 SPSS (version 12.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하였다. 참가자들의나이는평균과표준편차를구하였으며, 여러가지결과에따른 I군과 R군의차이를평균분석에서 unpaired t-test와범주형변수의경우 Chi-square test 및 Fisher's extract test를시행하였으며 P

3 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 197 Table 2. Difference of the Statement about Questionnaire Question I group R group Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 P value Airway Helpful 41 (80%) 9 (18%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) 46 (78%) 12 (20%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 25 (49%) 23 (45%) 3 (6%) 0 (0%) 31 (53%) 22 (37%) 4 (7%) 2 (3%) Reality 25 (49%) 17 (33%) 6 (12%) 3 (6%) 23 (39%) 18 (31%) 9 (15%) 9 (15%) Cardiac massage Helpful 38 (74%) 12 (24%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) 37 (63%) 21 (35%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 15 (29%) 24 (47%) 12 (24%) 0 (0%) 22 (37%) 22 (37%) 15 (26%) 0 (0%) Reality 20 (39%) 19 (37%) 7 (14%) 5 (10%) 21 (36%) 19 (32%) 10 (17%) 9 (15%) ACLS team training Helpful 37 (72%) 12 (24%) 2 (4%) 0 (0%) 48 (81%) 10 (17%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 38 (74%) 9 (18%) 3 (6%) 1 (2%) 44 (75%) 13 (21%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) Reality 20 (39%) 22 (43%) 6 (12%) 3 (6%) 22 (37%) 21 (35%) 12 (20%) 4 (8%) Tension 13 (25%) 29 (57%) 7 (14%) 2 (4%) 9 (15%) 34 (58%) 9 (15%) 7 (12%) Decision making 38 (74%) 11 (22%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) 49 (83%) 9 (15%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Grade 1: very much, Grade 2: common, Grade 3: a little, Grade 4: not at all. Gr.: Grade; ACLS: advanced cardiac life support. < 0.05를통계적으로유의성이있는것으로간주하였다. 결과전체 51명의 I군중 36명 (70%) 은남자였고, 15명 (30%) 은여자였으며, R군은 59명의중 30명 (51%) 은남자, 29명 (49%) 은여자로모두설문에응해주었다. 이들의졸업후수련의가된시기나수련의과정을마친후전공의가된시기의단순비교에서는통계적유의성을보이진않았다 (Table 1). 마네킹을통한기관내삽관의경우 I군에서는기관내삽관이성공할때까지시도한횟수가 1.32 ± 0.75회로, 첫회시도로성공한경우가 39명 (76%), R군의경우기관내삽관이성공할때까지시도한횟수가 1.24 ± 0.42회, 첫회시도로성공한경우는 40명 (68%) 로 I군과 R군의단순비교에서 I군이첫회에서더많이성공하는모습을보였으나, 두군간통계적유의성은없었다. I군과 R군의시뮬레이션교육을하면서느끼거나생각한것들을설문지를통해조사하였는데, 먼저, 기도관리교육에서는본인의술기향상에도움이되는지에대한설문에 I 군과 R군이각각 41명 (80%) 과 46명 (78%) 에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며, 흥미도조사에서는 25명 (49%), 31명 (53%) 에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며, 실제상황과같은실재감이느껴지는지에대한조사에서는각각 25명 (49%), 23명 (39%) 이매우그렇다고대답하였고두군간통계적유의점은없었다. 심장마사지교육에서는본인의술기향상에도움이되었는지에대한설문, 흥미도조사에대한설문, 실재감이느껴지는지에대한설문에서두군간통계적유의 성은없었다 (Table 2). 전문심장소생술팀교육에대해서는술기향상에도움이되었는지에대한설문, 흥미도에대한설문, 실재감에대한설문에서두군간통계적유의성은발견할수없었다. 그리고, SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이실제환자를대하는것과같은긴장감이느껴지는지에대한설문에서는 I군과 R군에서각각 13명 (25%), 9명 (15%) 이매우그렇다고했으며, 29명 (57%), 34명 (58%) 에서대체로그렇다고대답하였다. 그리고, I군에서 38명 (74%), R군에서 49명 (83%) 이본인의환자를대하는의학적판단및처치향상에도움이되었는가에대한설문에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며두군간통계적유의점은없었다 (Table 2). 설문지를통해각군의시뮬레이션에대한피드백을살펴보았을때 I군과 R군에서각각의시뮬레이션교육에대한여러가지다양한장 단점을개진하였고, 비슷한유형의대답끼리모아정리해보았는데, 두군모두에서부정적인의견보다긍정적인의견이많이나왔음을알수있었고, 두군간의차이점은발견되지않았다 (Table 3). 고찰 1960년대후반 University of Southern California의 Abrahamson, Denson 등이 Sim One 이라부르는마네킹시뮬레이터 (mannequin based simulator) 를개발한이후 [7,8], 1980년대컴퓨터의등장과함께그발전이현저해지면서다양한형태를띌수있었고, 의료분야에는 1990년초마취통증의학과영역에처음도입된후 Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM) 과정으로정착되어현재외국의주요마취통

4 198 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 Table 3. Feedback Response from I Group and R Group I group R group P value Positive comment-airway management training Helpful to understand the anatomic position of airway Real and easy to learn without any burden A lot of time to practice Preparation to the emergency case Real patient was not hurt Can imagine any difficult situation Know how to intubate exactly Confidence Negative comment-airway management training No tension & reality & variation Tongue fixed so it is not real Too easy than real situation No real situation (for example, agitation or oral secretion) Positive comment-cardiac massage training Good to learn how to compress chest exactly Easy and a lot of time to practice Reality No harm to the patients Memorize the guideline about CPCR Prepare to the emergency case Negative comment-cardiac massage training No reality & tension Difficult to compress the chest & mouth fitting So hard Limitation of chest inflation Difficult to confirm the aeration Positive comment-acls team training Experience about ACLS Most real Understanding about patients' rhythm, SpO 2, pulse Variety about situation setting Preparation about clinical event Reaction to practitioner's action Negative comment-acls team training Difficult Not nervous as much as real clinical situation It need sufficient briefing about the situation and knowledge Not so many cases Positive and negative comments collected from all interns and residents multiple choices were allowed. CPCR: cardio pulmonary cerebral resuscitation; ACLS: advanced cardiac life support; SpO 2: pulse oximeter oxygen saturation. 증의학과수련프로그램이나수술팀훈련과정에적용되고있으며 [9], 최근의사국가시험에실기시험이도입되면서국내여러의과대학에도임상술기실습실이나시뮬레이션센터가갖추어지고다양한기본술기훈련모형들이활발히이용되고, 이와더불어재현성이높은환자시뮬레이터역시도입되어학생및의료진의교육에활용되기시작하고있다. 시뮬레이션을통한모의교육의장점으로는우선, 환자도피교육자도안전하다는것이다. 참가자가몰라서혹은실수로만든과실들이환자의안전을위협하지않고도피드백, 반복실습그리고재교육으로연결될수있다. 위험부담이있는술기가포함된응급처치훈련환경이환자와학생모두에게안전하다. 그리고, 시뮬레이션상황에서도참가자는실제상황과같은긴장감을느끼며임상수행능력에따라의사결정을하게된다. 또한자주발생하지않아서잊어버리기쉬운, 복잡하지만치명적일수있는급박한상황에대한대비를할수있게하고즉각적인피드백을통해학습효과를심도깊게한다. 이외에도같은상황을여러피교육자들에게적용함으로써서로를비교할수있게해주며, 이러한피교육자들의행위들이객관적으로측정이될수있다는점등을들수있다 [10,11]. 본실험에서도피교육자들의주관적인피드백을조사해본결과 I군과 R군모두위와같은모의교육의장점들을개진하였고군간의차이는보이지않았다. 이전의시뮬레이션교육에대한연구들은주로실험이행하여지는시점에서대상군들이시뮬레이션을통해얼마나임상환경을잘적용하고진단및치료를내리는지에중점을두었고반복적인실험을통해시뮬레이션교육에대한관심, 흥미도의변화에대한자료들은없었기에이같은연구를계획하게되었다. 이번연구의경우직무교육의일환으로행하여진교육을기본으로한것으로수련의와전공의들이교육을시행하고이러한교육을유익하다고느끼는지, 반복적인교육을통한흥미도의차이는발생하지는않는지, 반복된교육을통해기술의숙련이있는지등을비교해보려하였다. 흥미나술기향상의도움유무는설문지의형식을통하여파악했는데대부분의경우자신의술기향상에도움이되었다고대답하였고이는기도관리교육, 심장마사지교육, 전문심장소생술팀교육에상관없이두군모두에서동일한대답을하였다. 특히, 마네킹을통한교육이라서실제사람에게시행하지않고연습할수있어서좋다는반응이다수에서보이는것으로보아시뮬레이션교육에대해피교육자들이실제임상에서환자의안전을위협할수있는상황을피해연습할수있는점에만족감을느끼는것을알수있었다. 처음에교육을시작하기전에는기도관리를위한기관

5 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 199 내삽관의경우수련의과정을수료하고전공의가된후교육을받는경우더잘해낼것이라고예상하였으나두군간통계적으로유의성을보이지는않았다. 이연구의결과를살펴보면반복된시뮬레이션교육이객관적인교육의평가가될수있는수행능력의비교에서는큰도움이되지않는것을알수있었지만, 이러한교육의주관적인평가가될수있는피교육자의주관적인느낌이다각도로반영된교육에대한만족도측면에서는두군모두술기향상에도움이되었다는것을알수있었다. 그러므로이러한시뮬레이션교육은피교육자의위주의주관적평가에서더욱유용한교육방법으로생각되는것으로해석할수있다. 그리고수행빈도의차이에서 I군과 R군에서통계적인차이를나타내지않은이유로의사면허시험제도에실기평가의중요성이강조되고그로인해해마다달라지는교육여건및환경의변화로 I군의경우 R군에비해의료에사용되는실기에많이노출되었을수있을것으로생각된다. 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 의경우에는주어지는시나리오에따라환자에게필요한처치를하도록하게하였으며대부분의경우실제에근접한모형에만족하였고디브리핑 (debriefing) 후새로수행을하는데에도흥미를잃지않고적극적으로하는모습을보였다. 환자시뮬레이션후진행되는디브리핑과정은참가자들로하여금시뮬레이션동안의그들의행동을스스로회상하고또한강사로부터건설적인피드백 (feedback) 을받게되는과정으로시뮬레이션교육후필수적인과정으로이과정에서의료의구체적인정보가전달되고전문지식에대한지적호기심이유발된다 [12]. 한편, 전문심장소생술팀교육과정에서 SimMan 마네킹을대할때의느낌과실제환자를대할때의긴장감과실재감을비교한조사에서두군모두에서비교적긴장감및실재감에대해매우그렇거나대개는그렇다고대답하였다. Reznek 등은 [13] 실재감이떨어지는교육은진행이강사에의존하는경우가많으며효과적인경험학습을제공하기에는한계가있고또한디브리핑과정에서학생들의효과적인회상학습을하기에는부족하다는문제점을제기하였고, 현실과유사한환경과상황에서시행하는시뮬레이션교육이보다실재감있는경험을제공하여긍정적인반응과교육의효과가있다고하였다 [14,15]. 이번실험에서도자신들의의사결정에의해변화되는환자의상태나상황을경험하면서앞으로실제응급상황에서느끼게될당황감이나어려움을미리체험해볼수있었던점등을높이평가하였다. 의료진을대상으로한실험에서도시뮬레이션을이용한위기관리훈련과정을수료한마취과의사들을대상으로한조사연구에의하면시뮬레이션을이용한위기관리훈련과정은참가자들의임상에서위기관리의자신감을향상시키는것으로나타났는데그이유로는실습의기회, 팀 워크기술과임무부여능력향상, 위기상황에대한제어능력의향상및불안감의감소, 보다나은의사소통, 검토하고재평가할수있는능력, 도움을청하는의지가커진점등이었다 [16]. 그리고, 각각의교육에대한만족도와흥미도에서는대부분의경우 매우재미있었다. 나 재미있었다. 는응답을해주어서한번교육을받았다고해서시뮬레이션교육에대한흥미가떨어지는것은아니라고생각할수있었다. 국내다른논문에서도마취과내에서심폐소생술에대한만족도를보면대부분의사람들은교육의내용에대하여보통이라고생각하거나비교적유용하다고생각했으며이중심폐소생술에대한교육을많이받거나, 강의보다는인형이나모의연습으로교육을받은경우일수록심폐소생술에대한유용성에대한만족도가더높은것으로나타났다 [17]. 이번연구에있어제한점으로생각할수있는것은우선, 교육의효과에대한연구수행시피교육자의개개인의성향이교육의효과에많은영향을미친다고알려져있지만 [18], 본연구에서는이러한점에대한분석이되지않았다. 또한 R군의경우 1년의수련의과정에서겪은개인적인임상경험, 특히응급상황의경험빈도에대한조사가이루어지지않았다. 성향및경험빈도에따른시뮬레이션교육의효과및반복적교육의유용성에대해서는더많은피교육자를대상으로한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구는교육의평가에있어강사의피교육자에대한술기나태도및팀워크행동등에대한객관적인평가는없었고피교육자의주관적인반응만설문조사를통해평가하였다. 강사의객관적인평가에동반된피교육자의반응또한간과될수없는부분이기에이점에대해서는추후보충이필요하다하겠다. 시뮬레이션교육은의과대학생들이강의실에서배웠던술기를실제적으로적용해볼수있고, 이후경험할수있는응급상황을미리경험해볼수있는가장효과적인교육도구이다. 시뮬레이션교육의반복이실제임상의들에게어떤영향을주는지를알아보고자한이번실험의경우수련의와전공의라는두군간의비교에서유의한차이를찾을수는없었다. 이는한번의직무교육을통해시뮬레이션교육의경험이있더라도그로인해반복적인시뮬레이션교육에서특별히흥미가떨어지는모습을보이지는않는다는것을알수있었다. 그러나본연구는강사의피교육자의수행능력에대한평가가부족하여시뮬레이션교육의반복이미치는효과에대해객관적인평가가힘들며이에대해서는추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결론적으로, 이연구를통해의료진의응급소생술기본교육도구로써시뮬레이션을이용하여피교육자의주관적인교육에대한만족도를교육의유용성, 흥미도, 실제감, 긴장도, 상황판단력등에대해다각도로평가한결과이러

6 200 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 한시뮬레이션을이용한교육의반복이피교육자의만족도를떨어뜨리지않는다는것을알수있었다. 참고문헌 1. Murray DJ. Clinical simulation: technical novelty or innovation in education. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Hart IR, Mayer JW, Felner JM, Petrusa ER, et al. Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment. JAMA 1999; 282: Ziv A, Ben-David MF, Sutnick AI, Gary NE. Lessons learned from six years of international administrations of the ECFMG's SPbased clinical skills assessment. Acad Med 1998; 73: Gaba DM, Howard SK, Flanagan B, Smith BE, Fish KJ, Botney R. Assessment of clinical performance during simulated crises using both technical and behavioral ratings. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, Lee Gordon D, Scalese RJ. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2005; 27: Murray DJ, Boulet JR, Kras JF, Woodhouse JA, Cox T, McAllister JD. Acute care skills in anesthesia practice: a simulation-based resident performance assessment. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: Denson JS, Abrahamson S. A computer-controlled patient simulator. JAMA 1969; 208: Abrahamson S, Denson JS, Wolf RM. Effectiveness of a simulator in training anesthesiology residents. J Med Educ 1969; 44: Gaba DM, Howard SK, Fish KJ, Smith BE, Sowb YA. Simulationbased training in anesthesia crisis resource management (ACRM): a decade of experience. Simul Gaming 2001; 32: Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. The anesthesia simulator-recorder: a device to train and evaluate anesthesiologists' responses to critical incidents. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: Gaba DM, DeAnda A. The response of anesthesia trainees to simulated critical incidents. Anesth Analg 1989; 68: Fanning RM, Gaba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc 2007; 2: Reznek M, Harter P, Krummel T. Virtual reality and simulation: training the future emergency physician. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: Morgan PJ, Cleave-Hogg D, Desousa S, Lam-McCulloch J. Applying theory to practice in undergraduate education using high fidelity simulation. Med Teach 2006; 28: e Takayesu JK, Farrell SE, Evans AJ, Sullivan JE, Pawlowski JB, Gordon JA. How do clinical clerkship students experience simulator-based teaching? A qualitative analysis. Simul Healthc 2006; 1: Weller J, Wilson L, Robinson B. Survey of change in practice following simulation-based training in crisis management. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: Kim JY, Kim DU, Ahn WS, Shin TJ, Bahk JH. The education programs of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for resident and their effects assessed by anesthesiologists. Korean J Anesthesiol 2004; 46: Jessee SA, O'Neill PN, Dosch RO. Matching student personality types and learning preferences to teaching methodologies. J Dent Educ 2006; 70:

7 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 201 Appendix 1. questionnaire 나이 : 세 ( 년생 ) 성별 : 여자 / 남자의과대학입학연도 : 의과대학졸업연도 : 1) 기도관리교육 (airway management training) 기도관리를위한기관내삽관이성공할때까지삽관시도횟수 : 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐기도관리교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음기도관리교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 기도관리교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 2) 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training) 심장마사지교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐심장마사지교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 심장마사지교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 3) 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐 SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이본인의환자를대하는의학적판단및처치향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. 전문심장소생술팀교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 전문심장소생술팀교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. SimMan 마네킹을대할때의느낌과실제환자를대할때의긴장감을비교한다면? 1. 매우비슷 2. 어느정도비슷 3. 비슷하지않다 4. 비슷하진않지만 SimMan 마네킹이그냥신기하다. 4) 다음교육이본인에게어느정도흥미있는교육이었는지 check하시오. 1. 기도관리교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다. 2. 심장마사지교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다. 3. 전문심장소생술팀교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다.

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