untitled
|
|
- 대연 빙
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Anesth Pain Med 2011; 6: 195~201 임상연구 시뮬레이션을응용한심폐소생술훈련의반복이피교육자의교육에대한만족도에미치는영향 부산대학교의학전문대학원마취통증의학교실, * 응급의학교실 변경조ㆍ이현정ㆍ김해규ㆍ송봉재ㆍ김재연ㆍ염석란 * The effect of repetition of simulation-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on the satisfaction of the trainee Gyeong Jo Byeon, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Hae Kyu Kim, Bong Jae Song, Jae Yun Kim, and Seok Ran Yeom* the groups. Conclusions: Simulation is a powerful tool to get trainees excited about applying the skills they learned in the classroom. Most trainees in both groups agreed that the exercises were a great experience helpful and exciting. We postulate that the repetition of simulation-based training will not decrease the effectiveness of the training. (Anesth Pain Med 2011; 6: ) Departments of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, *Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Key Words: Education, Effectiveness, Intern, Repetition, Resident, Simulation-based training Background: Simulation-based training is becoming more widespread in clinical education because of the increased technology of patient simulators in conjunction with their increased use by many medical centers. Simulation-based training enhances the learning, clinical skills and judgment of the trainees. However, the effect of repetition of simulation-based training has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this presentation will be to examine whether the number of experiences could have an influence on the interest of the trainee. Methods: Simulation-based training was designed as an introductory course for new interns and residents. The training course was divided into three sessions: Airway management training, cardiac massage training and advance cardiac life support mega code training. All the trainees were divided into the new interns and residents group. The two group s performances during conducting the three sessions were monitored by video equipment. All the trainees were debriefed and given a post intervention survey to assess their satisfaction with the simulation-based training. Results: A total of 110 trainees completed the survey. On a four point scale, the students rated their stimulation of interest, the usefulness of the knowledge that they learned and if they enjoyed the simulation. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the three sessions of simulation-based training among Received: September 14, Revised: September 25, Accepted: December 9, Corresponding author: Hae Kyu Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , hakykim@pusan.ac.kr This work was supported for two years by Pusan National University Research Grant. 서론의료교육에있어서중요한목표중의하나는임상을반영하는상황을설정하여실제의료인들의수행능력을측정하는방법들을연구하고이를적용하고평가하는것이다 [1]. 전통적으로표준화환자 (standardized patient) 가의과대학생과졸업후의임상의의병력청취와신체검사술기의평가에이용되어왔다 [2,3]. 마찬가지로급박한상황에서의환자치료에필요한지식을평가하기위해지필평가가이용되어왔으나공교롭게도이런치료의경우표준화환자를통해평가하기힘들고, 이런위급한상황이빈번하게일어나는것이아니고거의무작위적으로발생하기때문에치료에대한지식이있는경우에도실제로치료를잘시행할수있는지는알수없었다. 특히, 다양한임상경험이부족한수련의및전공의들의경우이런위급한상황을경험할기회가없거나, 있는경우에도술기가제대로갖춰져있지못하면치명적인결과를초래할수있다. 의료인들의임상적인능력즉, 특정한상황에재빨리진단하고치료할수있으며필요한때에적절한술기를시행할수있도록교육하고평가하는것은쉽지않다. 의료용마네킹 (mannequin) 과시뮬레이션 (simulation) 교육은의과대학생이나수련의, 그리고수련을마친전공의들에게이처럼특정한의료상황에서환자에게필요한술기를배우고연습할수있는기회를제공할수있다 [4-6]. 현재까지많은시뮬레이션교육에대한연구들이발표되었고주로시뮬레이션을이용한교육을통해피교육자들이 195
2 196 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 Table 1. Demograhpic Information I group R group P-value Age 26.8 ± ± Sex (M/F) Male Female Number of years went 6.0 ± ± to medical school Number of years Entered to 0.3 ± ± hospital after graduating Values are mean ± SD. 얼마나임상환경을잘적용하고진단과치료를내리는지에중점을교육자위주의주관적평가에관한연구가주를이룬다. 하지만국내에서는이러한시뮬레이션을이용한교육의효과에대한연구가드물며, 해외에서도피교육자위주의주관적평가및시뮬레이션을이용한교육의료진에대해지속적으로재교육도구로써유용한지여부는연구가부족한실정이다. 본연구에서직무교육의일환으로써신규수련의와 1년전동일한시뮬레이션교육을받았던전공의들을대상으로다양한시뮬레이션을이용하여기도관리교육 (airway management training), 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training) 및전문심장소생술팀교육 (advanced cardiac life support [ACLS] team training) 을시행하고피교육자가느끼는주관적인피드백 (feedback) 을이용하여교육에대한만족도부분을다각도로조사하여이러한시뮬레이션교육의반복이신규수련의및전공의들의교육에대한만족도에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 본연구는병원기본직무교육을받는신규수련의와신규전공의들을대상으로조사하였다. 대상은 I군과 R군, 두군으로분류하였는데, I군의경우시뮬레이션을이용한교육의경험이없는신규수련의 51명을대상으로하였으며, R군의경우에는전년도에같은형태의시뮬레이션을이용한교육을받았던전공의 59명을대상으로하였고전공과목에특별한제한을두지않았다. 모든참가자에게시뮬레이션교육후설문지를통한자료수집에대하여사전동의를얻었다. 설문지를통해나이, 성별, 의과대학입학연도, 졸업연도등에대한정보를수집하였다 (Table 1). I군과 R군모두에서교육방법은무작위로각각 5명씩조로나누어조별교육을시행하였는데교육내용은 1) 기도관리교육 (airway management training), 2) 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training), 3) 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 세가지교육으로나누어시행되었다. 각교육은모두독립된공간에서시행되었다. 기도관리교육의경우우선강사에의해기관내삽관실습용마네킹 (Laerdal R Airway Management Trainer, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 에매킨토시후두경을이용하여 7 mm 삽관튜브를속심 (stylet) 을넣어삽입하는모습을보여주었으며, 기도로들어간것을확인할수있는폐모양의풍선이달린모형을사용하였다. 기관내삽관이성공하였을경우 Ambu-bag을이용해튜브를통하여마네킹의폐로공기를불어넣어팽창하는지의유무로성공여부를판단하였다. 심장마사지교육은심폐소생술용마네킹 (Resusci R Anne SkillGuide TM, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 을놓고먼저기본소생술 (Basic Life Support) 과동일한상황으로가정하여의식유무확인, 기도확보, 심장마사지대인공호흡의비율을 30 대 2로하는모습을보여주고각조별로한명씩실제로해보게하고각각에대해강사가설명을해주는방식을택하였다. 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 의경우 5명이한조가되어컴퓨터프로그래밍과연동된시뮬레이터 (simulator) 인 SimMan 마네킹 (SimMan R, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 에주어진응급상황시나리오 (scenario) 에어떻게대응하는지를감시하였다. 주어진가상시나리오는응급실에내원한환자가검사를위해수면진정제투약후수분내에호흡이멎고피교육자가적절한기도관리를수행하는지여부에따라심실세동 (ventricular fibrillation) 및심정지 (cardiac arrest) 가발생한상황이설정되었다. 강사는피교육자가어떻게환자모형을처치해나가는지를감시하고가상시나리오가종료된후, 환자처치방법등에대해디브리핑 (debriefing) 후다시한번수행하게하였다. 모든교육이끝난후에는전체피교육자를대상으로설문지를통해 (Appendix 1), 시뮬레이션교육에대한만족도평가를다각도로접근하여조사하였는데, 세부적으로시뮬레이션교육이얼마나도움이되었는지에대한유용성, 교육에대한흥미도, 실제환자를대할때와비교시느낄수있는실제감, 임상환경과유사한지를판단할수있는긴장도, 상황판단력등에대한정도를 4지선다의질문으로조사하였다. 그리고각교육을통해본인이느낀장점, 단점을파악해피교육자가느끼는주관적인느낌의피드백을조사하여이를정리하였다. 모든통계학적분석은 SPSS (version 12.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하였다. 참가자들의나이는평균과표준편차를구하였으며, 여러가지결과에따른 I군과 R군의차이를평균분석에서 unpaired t-test와범주형변수의경우 Chi-square test 및 Fisher's extract test를시행하였으며 P
3 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 197 Table 2. Difference of the Statement about Questionnaire Question I group R group Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 P value Airway Helpful 41 (80%) 9 (18%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) 46 (78%) 12 (20%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 25 (49%) 23 (45%) 3 (6%) 0 (0%) 31 (53%) 22 (37%) 4 (7%) 2 (3%) Reality 25 (49%) 17 (33%) 6 (12%) 3 (6%) 23 (39%) 18 (31%) 9 (15%) 9 (15%) Cardiac massage Helpful 38 (74%) 12 (24%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) 37 (63%) 21 (35%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 15 (29%) 24 (47%) 12 (24%) 0 (0%) 22 (37%) 22 (37%) 15 (26%) 0 (0%) Reality 20 (39%) 19 (37%) 7 (14%) 5 (10%) 21 (36%) 19 (32%) 10 (17%) 9 (15%) ACLS team training Helpful 37 (72%) 12 (24%) 2 (4%) 0 (0%) 48 (81%) 10 (17%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Attraction 38 (74%) 9 (18%) 3 (6%) 1 (2%) 44 (75%) 13 (21%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) Reality 20 (39%) 22 (43%) 6 (12%) 3 (6%) 22 (37%) 21 (35%) 12 (20%) 4 (8%) Tension 13 (25%) 29 (57%) 7 (14%) 2 (4%) 9 (15%) 34 (58%) 9 (15%) 7 (12%) Decision making 38 (74%) 11 (22%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%) 49 (83%) 9 (15%) 1 (2%) 0 (0%) Grade 1: very much, Grade 2: common, Grade 3: a little, Grade 4: not at all. Gr.: Grade; ACLS: advanced cardiac life support. < 0.05를통계적으로유의성이있는것으로간주하였다. 결과전체 51명의 I군중 36명 (70%) 은남자였고, 15명 (30%) 은여자였으며, R군은 59명의중 30명 (51%) 은남자, 29명 (49%) 은여자로모두설문에응해주었다. 이들의졸업후수련의가된시기나수련의과정을마친후전공의가된시기의단순비교에서는통계적유의성을보이진않았다 (Table 1). 마네킹을통한기관내삽관의경우 I군에서는기관내삽관이성공할때까지시도한횟수가 1.32 ± 0.75회로, 첫회시도로성공한경우가 39명 (76%), R군의경우기관내삽관이성공할때까지시도한횟수가 1.24 ± 0.42회, 첫회시도로성공한경우는 40명 (68%) 로 I군과 R군의단순비교에서 I군이첫회에서더많이성공하는모습을보였으나, 두군간통계적유의성은없었다. I군과 R군의시뮬레이션교육을하면서느끼거나생각한것들을설문지를통해조사하였는데, 먼저, 기도관리교육에서는본인의술기향상에도움이되는지에대한설문에 I 군과 R군이각각 41명 (80%) 과 46명 (78%) 에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며, 흥미도조사에서는 25명 (49%), 31명 (53%) 에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며, 실제상황과같은실재감이느껴지는지에대한조사에서는각각 25명 (49%), 23명 (39%) 이매우그렇다고대답하였고두군간통계적유의점은없었다. 심장마사지교육에서는본인의술기향상에도움이되었는지에대한설문, 흥미도조사에대한설문, 실재감이느껴지는지에대한설문에서두군간통계적유의 성은없었다 (Table 2). 전문심장소생술팀교육에대해서는술기향상에도움이되었는지에대한설문, 흥미도에대한설문, 실재감에대한설문에서두군간통계적유의성은발견할수없었다. 그리고, SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이실제환자를대하는것과같은긴장감이느껴지는지에대한설문에서는 I군과 R군에서각각 13명 (25%), 9명 (15%) 이매우그렇다고했으며, 29명 (57%), 34명 (58%) 에서대체로그렇다고대답하였다. 그리고, I군에서 38명 (74%), R군에서 49명 (83%) 이본인의환자를대하는의학적판단및처치향상에도움이되었는가에대한설문에서매우그렇다고대답하였으며두군간통계적유의점은없었다 (Table 2). 설문지를통해각군의시뮬레이션에대한피드백을살펴보았을때 I군과 R군에서각각의시뮬레이션교육에대한여러가지다양한장 단점을개진하였고, 비슷한유형의대답끼리모아정리해보았는데, 두군모두에서부정적인의견보다긍정적인의견이많이나왔음을알수있었고, 두군간의차이점은발견되지않았다 (Table 3). 고찰 1960년대후반 University of Southern California의 Abrahamson, Denson 등이 Sim One 이라부르는마네킹시뮬레이터 (mannequin based simulator) 를개발한이후 [7,8], 1980년대컴퓨터의등장과함께그발전이현저해지면서다양한형태를띌수있었고, 의료분야에는 1990년초마취통증의학과영역에처음도입된후 Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM) 과정으로정착되어현재외국의주요마취통
4 198 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 Table 3. Feedback Response from I Group and R Group I group R group P value Positive comment-airway management training Helpful to understand the anatomic position of airway Real and easy to learn without any burden A lot of time to practice Preparation to the emergency case Real patient was not hurt Can imagine any difficult situation Know how to intubate exactly Confidence Negative comment-airway management training No tension & reality & variation Tongue fixed so it is not real Too easy than real situation No real situation (for example, agitation or oral secretion) Positive comment-cardiac massage training Good to learn how to compress chest exactly Easy and a lot of time to practice Reality No harm to the patients Memorize the guideline about CPCR Prepare to the emergency case Negative comment-cardiac massage training No reality & tension Difficult to compress the chest & mouth fitting So hard Limitation of chest inflation Difficult to confirm the aeration Positive comment-acls team training Experience about ACLS Most real Understanding about patients' rhythm, SpO 2, pulse Variety about situation setting Preparation about clinical event Reaction to practitioner's action Negative comment-acls team training Difficult Not nervous as much as real clinical situation It need sufficient briefing about the situation and knowledge Not so many cases Positive and negative comments collected from all interns and residents multiple choices were allowed. CPCR: cardio pulmonary cerebral resuscitation; ACLS: advanced cardiac life support; SpO 2: pulse oximeter oxygen saturation. 증의학과수련프로그램이나수술팀훈련과정에적용되고있으며 [9], 최근의사국가시험에실기시험이도입되면서국내여러의과대학에도임상술기실습실이나시뮬레이션센터가갖추어지고다양한기본술기훈련모형들이활발히이용되고, 이와더불어재현성이높은환자시뮬레이터역시도입되어학생및의료진의교육에활용되기시작하고있다. 시뮬레이션을통한모의교육의장점으로는우선, 환자도피교육자도안전하다는것이다. 참가자가몰라서혹은실수로만든과실들이환자의안전을위협하지않고도피드백, 반복실습그리고재교육으로연결될수있다. 위험부담이있는술기가포함된응급처치훈련환경이환자와학생모두에게안전하다. 그리고, 시뮬레이션상황에서도참가자는실제상황과같은긴장감을느끼며임상수행능력에따라의사결정을하게된다. 또한자주발생하지않아서잊어버리기쉬운, 복잡하지만치명적일수있는급박한상황에대한대비를할수있게하고즉각적인피드백을통해학습효과를심도깊게한다. 이외에도같은상황을여러피교육자들에게적용함으로써서로를비교할수있게해주며, 이러한피교육자들의행위들이객관적으로측정이될수있다는점등을들수있다 [10,11]. 본실험에서도피교육자들의주관적인피드백을조사해본결과 I군과 R군모두위와같은모의교육의장점들을개진하였고군간의차이는보이지않았다. 이전의시뮬레이션교육에대한연구들은주로실험이행하여지는시점에서대상군들이시뮬레이션을통해얼마나임상환경을잘적용하고진단및치료를내리는지에중점을두었고반복적인실험을통해시뮬레이션교육에대한관심, 흥미도의변화에대한자료들은없었기에이같은연구를계획하게되었다. 이번연구의경우직무교육의일환으로행하여진교육을기본으로한것으로수련의와전공의들이교육을시행하고이러한교육을유익하다고느끼는지, 반복적인교육을통한흥미도의차이는발생하지는않는지, 반복된교육을통해기술의숙련이있는지등을비교해보려하였다. 흥미나술기향상의도움유무는설문지의형식을통하여파악했는데대부분의경우자신의술기향상에도움이되었다고대답하였고이는기도관리교육, 심장마사지교육, 전문심장소생술팀교육에상관없이두군모두에서동일한대답을하였다. 특히, 마네킹을통한교육이라서실제사람에게시행하지않고연습할수있어서좋다는반응이다수에서보이는것으로보아시뮬레이션교육에대해피교육자들이실제임상에서환자의안전을위협할수있는상황을피해연습할수있는점에만족감을느끼는것을알수있었다. 처음에교육을시작하기전에는기도관리를위한기관
5 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 199 내삽관의경우수련의과정을수료하고전공의가된후교육을받는경우더잘해낼것이라고예상하였으나두군간통계적으로유의성을보이지는않았다. 이연구의결과를살펴보면반복된시뮬레이션교육이객관적인교육의평가가될수있는수행능력의비교에서는큰도움이되지않는것을알수있었지만, 이러한교육의주관적인평가가될수있는피교육자의주관적인느낌이다각도로반영된교육에대한만족도측면에서는두군모두술기향상에도움이되었다는것을알수있었다. 그러므로이러한시뮬레이션교육은피교육자의위주의주관적평가에서더욱유용한교육방법으로생각되는것으로해석할수있다. 그리고수행빈도의차이에서 I군과 R군에서통계적인차이를나타내지않은이유로의사면허시험제도에실기평가의중요성이강조되고그로인해해마다달라지는교육여건및환경의변화로 I군의경우 R군에비해의료에사용되는실기에많이노출되었을수있을것으로생각된다. 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 의경우에는주어지는시나리오에따라환자에게필요한처치를하도록하게하였으며대부분의경우실제에근접한모형에만족하였고디브리핑 (debriefing) 후새로수행을하는데에도흥미를잃지않고적극적으로하는모습을보였다. 환자시뮬레이션후진행되는디브리핑과정은참가자들로하여금시뮬레이션동안의그들의행동을스스로회상하고또한강사로부터건설적인피드백 (feedback) 을받게되는과정으로시뮬레이션교육후필수적인과정으로이과정에서의료의구체적인정보가전달되고전문지식에대한지적호기심이유발된다 [12]. 한편, 전문심장소생술팀교육과정에서 SimMan 마네킹을대할때의느낌과실제환자를대할때의긴장감과실재감을비교한조사에서두군모두에서비교적긴장감및실재감에대해매우그렇거나대개는그렇다고대답하였다. Reznek 등은 [13] 실재감이떨어지는교육은진행이강사에의존하는경우가많으며효과적인경험학습을제공하기에는한계가있고또한디브리핑과정에서학생들의효과적인회상학습을하기에는부족하다는문제점을제기하였고, 현실과유사한환경과상황에서시행하는시뮬레이션교육이보다실재감있는경험을제공하여긍정적인반응과교육의효과가있다고하였다 [14,15]. 이번실험에서도자신들의의사결정에의해변화되는환자의상태나상황을경험하면서앞으로실제응급상황에서느끼게될당황감이나어려움을미리체험해볼수있었던점등을높이평가하였다. 의료진을대상으로한실험에서도시뮬레이션을이용한위기관리훈련과정을수료한마취과의사들을대상으로한조사연구에의하면시뮬레이션을이용한위기관리훈련과정은참가자들의임상에서위기관리의자신감을향상시키는것으로나타났는데그이유로는실습의기회, 팀 워크기술과임무부여능력향상, 위기상황에대한제어능력의향상및불안감의감소, 보다나은의사소통, 검토하고재평가할수있는능력, 도움을청하는의지가커진점등이었다 [16]. 그리고, 각각의교육에대한만족도와흥미도에서는대부분의경우 매우재미있었다. 나 재미있었다. 는응답을해주어서한번교육을받았다고해서시뮬레이션교육에대한흥미가떨어지는것은아니라고생각할수있었다. 국내다른논문에서도마취과내에서심폐소생술에대한만족도를보면대부분의사람들은교육의내용에대하여보통이라고생각하거나비교적유용하다고생각했으며이중심폐소생술에대한교육을많이받거나, 강의보다는인형이나모의연습으로교육을받은경우일수록심폐소생술에대한유용성에대한만족도가더높은것으로나타났다 [17]. 이번연구에있어제한점으로생각할수있는것은우선, 교육의효과에대한연구수행시피교육자의개개인의성향이교육의효과에많은영향을미친다고알려져있지만 [18], 본연구에서는이러한점에대한분석이되지않았다. 또한 R군의경우 1년의수련의과정에서겪은개인적인임상경험, 특히응급상황의경험빈도에대한조사가이루어지지않았다. 성향및경험빈도에따른시뮬레이션교육의효과및반복적교육의유용성에대해서는더많은피교육자를대상으로한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구는교육의평가에있어강사의피교육자에대한술기나태도및팀워크행동등에대한객관적인평가는없었고피교육자의주관적인반응만설문조사를통해평가하였다. 강사의객관적인평가에동반된피교육자의반응또한간과될수없는부분이기에이점에대해서는추후보충이필요하다하겠다. 시뮬레이션교육은의과대학생들이강의실에서배웠던술기를실제적으로적용해볼수있고, 이후경험할수있는응급상황을미리경험해볼수있는가장효과적인교육도구이다. 시뮬레이션교육의반복이실제임상의들에게어떤영향을주는지를알아보고자한이번실험의경우수련의와전공의라는두군간의비교에서유의한차이를찾을수는없었다. 이는한번의직무교육을통해시뮬레이션교육의경험이있더라도그로인해반복적인시뮬레이션교육에서특별히흥미가떨어지는모습을보이지는않는다는것을알수있었다. 그러나본연구는강사의피교육자의수행능력에대한평가가부족하여시뮬레이션교육의반복이미치는효과에대해객관적인평가가힘들며이에대해서는추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결론적으로, 이연구를통해의료진의응급소생술기본교육도구로써시뮬레이션을이용하여피교육자의주관적인교육에대한만족도를교육의유용성, 흥미도, 실제감, 긴장도, 상황판단력등에대해다각도로평가한결과이러
6 200 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011 한시뮬레이션을이용한교육의반복이피교육자의만족도를떨어뜨리지않는다는것을알수있었다. 참고문헌 1. Murray DJ. Clinical simulation: technical novelty or innovation in education. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Hart IR, Mayer JW, Felner JM, Petrusa ER, et al. Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment. JAMA 1999; 282: Ziv A, Ben-David MF, Sutnick AI, Gary NE. Lessons learned from six years of international administrations of the ECFMG's SPbased clinical skills assessment. Acad Med 1998; 73: Gaba DM, Howard SK, Flanagan B, Smith BE, Fish KJ, Botney R. Assessment of clinical performance during simulated crises using both technical and behavioral ratings. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, Lee Gordon D, Scalese RJ. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2005; 27: Murray DJ, Boulet JR, Kras JF, Woodhouse JA, Cox T, McAllister JD. Acute care skills in anesthesia practice: a simulation-based resident performance assessment. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: Denson JS, Abrahamson S. A computer-controlled patient simulator. JAMA 1969; 208: Abrahamson S, Denson JS, Wolf RM. Effectiveness of a simulator in training anesthesiology residents. J Med Educ 1969; 44: Gaba DM, Howard SK, Fish KJ, Smith BE, Sowb YA. Simulationbased training in anesthesia crisis resource management (ACRM): a decade of experience. Simul Gaming 2001; 32: Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. The anesthesia simulator-recorder: a device to train and evaluate anesthesiologists' responses to critical incidents. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: Gaba DM, DeAnda A. The response of anesthesia trainees to simulated critical incidents. Anesth Analg 1989; 68: Fanning RM, Gaba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc 2007; 2: Reznek M, Harter P, Krummel T. Virtual reality and simulation: training the future emergency physician. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: Morgan PJ, Cleave-Hogg D, Desousa S, Lam-McCulloch J. Applying theory to practice in undergraduate education using high fidelity simulation. Med Teach 2006; 28: e Takayesu JK, Farrell SE, Evans AJ, Sullivan JE, Pawlowski JB, Gordon JA. How do clinical clerkship students experience simulator-based teaching? A qualitative analysis. Simul Healthc 2006; 1: Weller J, Wilson L, Robinson B. Survey of change in practice following simulation-based training in crisis management. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: Kim JY, Kim DU, Ahn WS, Shin TJ, Bahk JH. The education programs of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for resident and their effects assessed by anesthesiologists. Korean J Anesthesiol 2004; 46: Jessee SA, O'Neill PN, Dosch RO. Matching student personality types and learning preferences to teaching methodologies. J Dent Educ 2006; 70:
7 변경조외 5 인 : 시뮬레이션교육의반복과만족도 201 Appendix 1. questionnaire 나이 : 세 ( 년생 ) 성별 : 여자 / 남자의과대학입학연도 : 의과대학졸업연도 : 1) 기도관리교육 (airway management training) 기도관리를위한기관내삽관이성공할때까지삽관시도횟수 : 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐기도관리교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음기도관리교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 기도관리교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 2) 심장마사지교육 (cardiac massage training) 심장마사지교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐심장마사지교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 심장마사지교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 3) 전문심장소생술팀교육 (ACLS team training) 실제상황과같은긴장감이얼마나느껴지는지? 1. 매우 real 함 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. realism 이전혀안느껴짐 SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이본인의술기향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. SimMan 마네킹을이용한전문심장소생술팀교육이본인의환자를대하는의학적판단및처치향상에도움이되었는가? 1. 매우 2. 보통 3. 조금 4. 전혀도움이안되었음. 전문심장소생술팀교육의장점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. 전문심장소생술팀교육의단점에대해본인이느낀바를쓰시오. SimMan 마네킹을대할때의느낌과실제환자를대할때의긴장감을비교한다면? 1. 매우비슷 2. 어느정도비슷 3. 비슷하지않다 4. 비슷하진않지만 SimMan 마네킹이그냥신기하다. 4) 다음교육이본인에게어느정도흥미있는교육이었는지 check하시오. 1. 기도관리교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다. 2. 심장마사지교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다. 3. 전문심장소생술팀교육 1) 매우재미있었다. 2) 재미있었다. 3) 보통 4) 시시했다.
untitled
대한마취과학회지 2008; 55: 190~6 Korean J Anesthesiol Vol. 55, No. 2, August, 2008 임상연구 대한민국의 마취통증의학 임상실습 현황 연세대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 및 마취통증의학연구소 장동진ㆍ안소운ㆍ안지원ㆍ김종훈 The current status of anesthesiology clerkship in Korea
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;
,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.65-89 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.65 * Suggestions of Ways to Improve Teaching Practicum Based on the Experiences
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: (LiD) - - * Way to
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.353-376 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.353 (LiD) -- * Way to Integrate Curriculum-Lesson-Evaluation using Learning-in-Depth
More information본문01
Ⅱ 논술 지도의 방법과 실제 2. 읽기에서 논술까지 의 개발 배경 읽기에서 논술까지 자료집 개발의 본래 목적은 초 중 고교 학교 평가에서 서술형 평가 비중이 2005 학년도 30%, 2006학년도 40%, 2007학년도 50%로 확대 되고, 2008학년도부터 대학 입시에서 논술 비중이 커지면서 논술 교육은 학교가 책임진다. 는 풍토 조성으로 공교육의 신뢰성과
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty
More information:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )
:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * The Participant Expe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.17-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.17 * The Participant Experiences and Expectations of Pre-service Teachers for
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * Experiences of Af
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.201-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.201 * Experiences of After-school Class Caring by Married Early Childhood
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More information230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Grounds and Cons
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.63-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.63 * The Grounds and Consequences of the Elementary School Teachers' Trust Formation
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family
More information204 205
-Road Traffic Crime and Emergency Evacuation - 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 Abstract Road Traffic Crime
More information도비라
광고학연구 : 제24권 5호(2013년) The Korean Journal of Advertising, Vol.24, No.5 (2013). pp.99 116 대학생 광고공모전이 광고업계 취업에 미치는 영향: 대학생과 실무자의 인식 비교를 중심으로 차 유 철 우석대학교 광고이벤트학과 교수, 언론학박사 이 희 복 상지대학교 언론광고학부 교수, 언론학박사* 신
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information005송영일
Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.379-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.379 : A basic research for the after-school forest activities program models:
More informationOutput file
240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 An Application for Calculation and Visualization of Narrative Relevance of Films Using Keyword Tags Choi Jin-Won (KAIST) Film making
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More informationePapyrus PDF Document
1. 2009 ASEE 2009 ASEE Texas Austin Austin Convention Center 6 14 17 3 4. 2008 Pennsylvania Pittsburgh ASEE ASEE. AI Austin Convention Center 1. 4 ASEE ( 3,400 ),. 1) 2007 ( ) 92 . ASEE plenary session
More information27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :
27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,
More information<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>
주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율
More informationÀå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö
Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions
More informationAnalysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
More information충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교
충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI: * A Study on Good School
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.1 * A Study on Good School and School Evaluation Purpose: This study was to examine
More informationPage 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not,
Page 1 of 5 Learn Korean Ep. 4: To be and To exist Of course to be and to exist are different verbs, but they re often confused by beginning students when learning Korean. In English we sometimes use the
More information04-07도현수
대 한 외 상 학 회 지 Vol. 19, No. 2, December, 2006 원 저 임상실습과정 의과대학생을 대상으로 카데바 모델을 이용한 단순 봉합술 교육의 효율성 충남대학교 의과대학 응급의학교실 Abstract 도현수 민진홍 홍승우 한상균 김인수 유@ 승 이진웅 김승환 유인술 Evaluation of the Educational Efficacy of
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770>
延 世 醫 史 學 제12권 제2호: 29-40, 2009년 12월 Yonsei J Med Hist 12(2): 29-40, 2009 특집논문 3 한국사회의 낙태에 대한 인식변화 이 현 숙 이화여대 한국문화연구원 1. 들어가며 1998년 내가 나이 마흔에 예기치 않은 임신을 하게 되었을 때, 내 주변 사람들은 모두 들 너무나도 쉽게 나에게 임신중절을 권하였다.
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: : A Study on the Ac
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.269-293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.269 : A Study on the Actual Condition of Character Education in Early Childhood
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:
More informationstep 1-1
Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall STEP BY STEP Korean 1 through 15 Action Verbs Table of Contents Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action Verbs Introduction Review Exercises
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: An Exploratory Stud
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.423-441 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.423 An Exploratory Study on the Improvement of Democratic Consultative Culture
More information대한한의학원전학회지24권6호-전체최종.hwp
小兒藥證直訣 의 五臟辨證에 대한 小考 - 病證과 處方을 중심으로 1 2 慶熙大學校大學校 韓醫學科大學 原典學敎室 ㆍ 韓醫學古典硏究所 白裕相1,2*1)2) A study on The Diagnosis and Treatment Using The Theory of Five Organs in Soayakjeungjikgyeol(小兒藥證直訣) 1 Dept. of Oriental
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency
More informationYI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w
497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More information., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,
* 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,
More information27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability
27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제
More information상담학연구. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: /
. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: 063-270-2746 / E-mail : tgeunmi@jbnu.ac.kr . 2,... 2011 (, 2011), (, 2010),., (, 2004;, 2011). (,, 2006), (,, 2005; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005:
More information歯14.양돈규.hwp
: The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
27(2), 2007, 96-121 S ij k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT j ij i j S ij S ij POP j SEXR j AGER j BEDDAT j k i a i i i L ij = S ij - S ij ---------- S ij S ij = k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More information` Companies need to play various roles as the network of supply chain gradually expands. Companies are required to form a supply chain with outsourcing or partnerships since a company can not
More information歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF
13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 20 36 June 2004 ISSN 1225 505X * 1 1886 ( ) 1) 1905 * 1) 20 2) 1910 1926 1910 1926 1930 40 2 1899 1907 3) 4) 1908 1909 ( ) ( ) ( 2) 1995 1998 3) 1997 p 376 4) 1956
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More information433대지05박창용
Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This
More information.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201
4 21.,,,.,,. 1, 2, 3, 4.,,,,,,.,,,,., ( ). 60-66,,,,,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-220-2495/ E-mail: ikkim@jj.ac.kr .,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;,
More information나하나로 5호
Vol 3, No. 1, June, 2009 Korean Association of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation Korean Association of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation(KACPR) Newsletter 01 02 03 04 05 2 3 4 대한심폐소생협회 소식 교육위원회 소식 일반인(초등학생/가족)을
More information<3137B1C731C8A3BABBB9AE2E687770>
한국의학교육 : 제 17 권 제 1 호 2005 원 저 부산지역 의과대학생을 대상으로 한 응급처치 및 심폐소생술 교육 경험 부산대학교 의과대학 가정의학교실, 의학교육실 1, 생명의료정보학실 2, 외과학교실 3, 응급의학교실 4 및 1339 응급의료센터 5 오인호 이상엽 1 민홍기 김영주 임지향 김형회 2 전태용 3 김윤진 조석주 4 배석주 5 = Abstract
More information16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
More informationPage 2 of 6 Here are the rules for conjugating Whether (or not) and If when using a Descriptive Verb. The only difference here from Action Verbs is wh
Page 1 of 6 Learn Korean Ep. 13: Whether (or not) and If Let s go over how to say Whether and If. An example in English would be I don t know whether he ll be there, or I don t know if he ll be there.
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: NCS : * A Study on
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.157-176 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.157 NCS : * A Study on the NCS Learning Module Problem Analysis and Effective
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.91-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.91 : * Research Subject Trend Analysis on Educational Innovation with Network
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information04-다시_고속철도61~80p
Approach for Value Improvement to Increase High-speed Railway Speed An effective way to develop a highly competitive system is to create a new market place that can create new values. Creating tools and
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: NCS : G * The Analy
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.133-158 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.133 NCS : G * The Analysis of the Cognitive Level of Basic Job Skills of Specialized
More information(5차 편집).hwp
(215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)
More informationuntitled
대한수혈학회지:제권 제호, 0 한 대학병원의 혈액 폐기 분석 김병철ㆍ서영익ㆍ채금란ㆍ신정원ㆍ최태윤 = Abstract = 순천향대학교 의과대학 서울병원 진단검사의학교실 Analysis of Discarded Blood Components at a University Hospital in Korea Byung Chul Kim, Young Ik Seo, Gum Ran
More information歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF
13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information118 김정민 송신철 심규철 을 미치기 때문이다(강석진 등, 2000; 심규철 등, 2001; 윤치원 등, 2005; 하태경 등, 2004; Schibeci, 1983). 모둠 내에서 구성원들이 공동으 로 추구하는 학습 목표의 달성을 위하여 각자 맡은 역할에 따라 함께
과학교육연구지,37권 1호,pp.117-130(2013.5) Jour.Sci.Edu,Vol.37,No.1,pp.117-130(2013.5) 생물 학습을 위한 고등학생 소집단과 교사의 면담에서 나타나는 상호작용 유형 분석 김정민 송신철 1 심규철 2 * 환경생태교육연구소 1 경기신길고등학교 2 공주대학교 The Patterns of Interaction in
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * Early Childhood T
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.243-269 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.243 * Early Childhood Teachers' Perception on Reconstruction of Curriculum
More information상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /
,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More information<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 2 pp. 866-871, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.2.866 증강현실을 이용한 아동교육프로그램 모델제안 권미란 1*, 김정일 2 1 나사렛대학교 아동학과, 2 한세대학교 e-비즈니스학과
More information<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770>
에너지기후변화교육 4(2):203~211(2014) 203 초등학교 교과서 에너지 단원의 탐구활동과 시각자료 기능 분석 사례 연구 신명경 권경필 * 경인교육대학교 Abstract : This study aimed to analyze energy related inquiry activity and visual materials in elementary textbook.
More information