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1 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing (Korean J Adult Nurs) Vol. 28 No. 4, , August 2016 ISSN (Print) / ISSN X (Online) 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 채민정 1 최순희 2 조선간호대학교조교수 1, 전남대학교간호대학교수 2 Effectiveness of Student Learning with a Simulation Program focusing on Cardiac Arrest in Knowledge, Self-confidence, Critical Thinking, and Clinical Performance Ability Chae, Min-Jeong, Ph.D., RN 1 Choi, Soon-Hee, Ph.D., RN 2 1 Assistant Professor, Chosun Nursing College, Gwangju 2 Professor, College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea Purpose: This study was designed to describe the effects of a nursing simulation focused on patients with cardiac arrest. The study was designed to measure knowledge, self-confidence, critical thinking, and clinical performance ability of nursing students. Methods: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used. Thirty students in the experimental group received two hours of pre-learning and three hours of skill and simulation practice. Another thirty students in the experimental group received a two hour conventional lecture and three hours for skill practice. The post survey was completed by both groups. Results: Students in the experiemetal group scored significantly higher than students in control group. The critical thinking disposition was not significantly different between the two groups of students. Conclusion: The results indicate that a simulation education program is more effective in a number of areas including knowledge, self-confidence, and clinical performance. It is recommended that simulation education should be expanded to various clinical situations. Key Words: Patient simulation, Knowledge, Education, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 서론 1. 연구의필요성 우리나라의경우심정지환자의생존율은 4.9% 로서의료선 진국의 7~12% 에비하면낮은수준이다. 그원인으로심폐소생술의수행시간, 심정지후심폐소생술지연, 자동제세동기사용지연, 지식과기술의부족등을들수있다. 심정지는예측이어렵고급성심장사환자의 80% 이상이심장으로인한심혈관상태의변화가발생한지 1시간이내에의식소실이되기때문 주요어 : 환자시뮬레이션, 지식, 교육, 심폐소생술 Corresponding author: Choi, Soon Hee College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , sh3749@hanmail.net - 본논문은제1저자채민정박사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. - This article is based on a part of the first author s doctoral dissertation from Chonnam National University. Received: Jul 5, 2016 / Revised: Aug 16, 2016 / Accepted: Aug 23, 2016 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing Vol. 28http:// No. 4,
2 채민정 최순희 에빠른시간내에심폐소생술이실시되어야한다 [1]. 심폐소생술은심정지환자에게가슴압박과구조호흡을제공하는기본소생술 (Basic Life Support, BLS) 과심전도감시, 제세동, 정맥로확보, 심정지후통합치료로서환자를소생시키기위한전문심장소생술 (Advanced Cardiac Life Support, ACLS) 로구성되어있다 [2]. 심정지환자의생존율을높이기위해서는효과적인기본소생술과전문소생술이시행되어야하며심폐소생술교육의확대와응급의료체계의효율화가이루어져야한다 [2]. 병원내심정지발생시대부분간호사가목격하므로최초로심폐소생술을시행하게되나최근심폐소생술교육을받았음에도불구하고이를제대로수행하지못하는것으로나타났는데그이유는전반적으로심정지상황에서무엇을해야할지에대한의사결정의기회, 수행능력및자신감의부족때문이었다 [3]. 따라서향후간호사가될간호학생들에게효과적인심폐소생술교육을제공하는것은심정지환자의생존율을높이는데기여할것이므로학교내학습현장에서부터체계적인반복교육이실시되어야한다 [4]. 국내외적으로의료인에게주로사용되고있는심폐소생술교육은미국심장협회가개발한기본소생술및전문심장소생술동영상을기반으로대한심폐소생협회 (Korean Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, KACPR) 가보급하고있는교육프로그램을이용하고있으며 [5], 대부분강사주도적인이론수업에치중해있거나동영상활용, 마네킹을이용해시범보이고개별또는집단이실습하는등전통적인교육방법으로술기를습득하고있다. 또한보건의료의급격한변화로인해환자의안전과권리가중요시되면서임상실습시학생들이수행할수있는간호활동이제한되고있어심폐소생술관련지식과기술습득이어려운상황이다 [4]. 이러한제한된임상실습환경은학생들이직접환자를대상으로실습하기가어렵고관찰위주로만이루어지기때문에간호사로서실무능력을저하시킬수있으므로실습교육을대체할수있는교육방법이필요하다 [4,5]. 임상실습을보완할수있는유용한방안으로추천되고있는것중시뮬레이션교육은간호교육과정을통해습득한이론과지식을실제임상현장에서적용하고학습자스스로문제를해결하고능동적으로참여하는데효과가있는것으로고도로컴퓨터화된환자시뮬레이터 (Human Patient Simulatior, HPS) 를이용해간호학생들이실무와유사한안정된상황에서반복적으로학습할수있는기회와환경을제공한다 [6]. 또한응급상황에서의시뮬레이션교육은환자나타인에게위험없이교육의기회를제공하고, 고위험상황에맞는다양한시뮬레이션시나리오를통해임상에서경험하기어려운간호활동들을반 복적으로연습할수있도록안전한실습환경을제공한다 [7]. 특히심정지와같은치명적인결과를초래할수있는위험한상황에대해환자의문제를안전하게해결하고신속, 정확한응급처치가이루어지도록지식과술기를통합하여적용할수있는시뮬레이션교육은매우유용한방법이다 [8]. 따라서간호학생 [7,9-12], 의대생 [13], 응급구조과학생 [14,15], 간호사 [16-19], 의사 [20] 를대상으로기본심폐소생술, 전문심장소생술및심폐응급간호에대한다양한형태의시뮬레이션교육의효과가확인되어왔다. 그동안국내에서전문심장소생술에시뮬레이션을활용하여효과를검증한연구로는단일군을대상으로한연구 [10,11,16,19] 가있었고, 전통적인방법과비교한연구들을살펴보면시뮬레이션교육이전통적교육군보다지식 [9,14,17,21], 비판적사고성향 [22], 자신감 [23,24], 문제해결력 [6,21], 임상수행능력또는술기수행도 [6,13,14,17,18] 및만족도 [15,24] 가더높았으나일부연구에서는이와반대로지식 [7,18,24], 비판적사고성향 [6], 자신감또는자기효능감 [13,15,18,21,25], 문제해결과정 [17], 임상수행능력 [7,21] 및만족도 [7] 에는유의한차이가없어상반된결과를보였다. 연구마다시뮬레이션교육효과에대한측정변인이다르고교육성과에따른결과도다양했으며, 실험군의시뮬레이션설계시에중요한능동적학습 [9,14], 시나리오 [7,12,13] 혹은디브리핑 [7,9,12,13,15] 이없거나전통적인방법과동일한이론강의제공 [12,17] 등다양한형태로시뮬레이션교육이이루어지고있었다. 또한대조군의전통적교육시에실습없이강의만제공되었고 [15,18], 소요된교육시간도실험군이대조군보다두배이상길거나 [17,18], 대조군이실험군보다크게 4~5배 [13,15] 더길었으며, 두집단간효과검정시사전점수를통제하지않는등여러가지제한점이발견되어시뮬레이션교육의효과를판단하기어려웠고연구방법론적약점을보완한효과를확인할필요가있었다. 간호교육에서시뮬레이션은효과적이고가치있는학습도구로서이를적용하기위한시뮬레이션학습의설계와조직화가중요시되고있다. 시뮬레이션을설계하여적용하고학습자의결과사정에이르는모든과정의지침이되는 Jeffries[8] 의시뮬레이션모델은교수자, 학생, 교육활동, 설계, 기대되는결과같은 5가지요소를조직화하고있으며, 특히고충실도의시뮬레이터를가지고교수자가교육을설계할때지침이된다. 실제 ACLS 교육은심정지환자의생존율을높이기위한필수적인요소로임상간호사로서습득해야할필수역량 [18] 이며심폐소생술은시간이지남에따라지식과술기능력이감소 [7] 될수있고, 임상실습을경험한고학년간호학생들의지식및 448 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
3 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 수행능력을향상시키기위해서는실제응급환자사례를가지고반복훈련과현실적인상황설정이가능한시뮬레이션기반교육이효과적 [26] 이므로기존의전통적인방법을고수하기보다는선행연구들의여러문제점을보완해서 ACLS 시뮬레이션교육의효과를확인할필요가있다. 따라서본연구자는 Jeffries[8] 의시뮬레이션모델을기반으로현실적으로제한된정규교육시간에적용할수있는심정지환자간호에대한시뮬레이션교육프로그램을개발및적용함으로써교육성과뿐만아니라시뮬레이션교육의적용확대에대한실증적인기초자료를제공하고자본연구를시도하였다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은심정지환자간호시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과를확인하기위함이다. 3. 연구가설 가설 1: 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다지식점수가더높을것이다. 가설 2: 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다자신감점수가더높을것이다. 가설 3: 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을 받은대조군보다비판적사고성향점수가더높을것이다. 가설 4: 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다임상수행능력점수가더높을것이다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는간호학생을대상으로심정지환자간호에대해시뮬레이션교육을받은군과전통적인강의와술기교육을받은군간에지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과를확인하기위한비동등성대조군전후설계를이용한유사실험연구이다 (Figure 1). 2. 연구대상실제수업과정을통해실험처치를해야하는실행조건에적합한일대학의심정지환자응급간호 ( 총 42시간중 5시간인 12% 에해당 ) 를수강한 4학년간호학생을편의표집하였다. 대상자들에게본연구의교육일정을공지한후 1부터 60까지번호를매긴후뽑도록하여연구자가짝수는실험군, 홀수는대조군으로무작위할당하였고, 두집단모두대상자자신이어느군에속해있는지알수없도록하였다. 표본수는 G*Power 3.1 을이용하여 effect size 0.4, 유의수준.05, 검정력.80으로산출 Pretest Treatment Posttest June 16, 2014 June 25, 2014 July 2, 2014 Exp. (n=30) - Knowledge - Self-confidence - Critical thinking disposition - Clinical performance ability Questionnaire/Checklist High fidelity patient simulation education pre-learning (2hrs) skill practice and simulation practice (3hrs) - Knowledge - Self-confidence - Critical thinking disposition - Clinical performance ability Questionnaire/Checklist June 16, 2014 June 24, 2014 July 1, 2014 Cont. (n=30) - Knowledge - Self-confidence - Critical thinking disposition - Clinical performance ability Questionnaire/Checklist Traditional lecture education lecture (2hrs) skill practice by DVD (3hrs) - Knowledge - Self-confidence - Critical thinking disposition - Clinical performance ability Questionnaire/Checklist Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group. Figure 1. Research design. Vol. 28 No. 4,
4 채민정 최순희 한결과각집단에최소 26명이필요하여본연구에서는탈락률을고려한 30명씩총 60명을선정하였다. 구체적선정기준은응급실실습경험이있는 BLS 자격증소지자이다. 3. 연구도구 1) 지식지식측정도구는 ACLS provider manual[27] 및 Hwang 과 Im[2] 의심폐소생술과전문심장소생술내용을토대로본연구자가총 20문항을개발하여사용하였다. 개발된도구는경력 10년이상의응급실간호사 1인, 응급의학교수 1인, ACLS Instructor 자격증을소지한간호학교수 1인과응급구조학교수 2인에게내용타당도를검증받았으며, 문항모두내용타당도지수 (Content Validity Index, CVI) 가 0.8 이상이었다. 도구는기본소생술, 심전도, 심실세동과무맥성심실빈맥, 무수축과무맥성전기활동, 제세동, 응급약물내용으로구성되었으며, 각문항이맞으면 1점틀리면 0점을주어총 20점만점으로처리하였고, 점수가높을수록지식이높음을의미한다. 을의미한다. Yoon[28] 의연구에서 Cronbach s 는.84였고, 본연구에서 Cronbach s 는.79였다. 4) 임상수행능력임상수행능력측정은 ACLS provider manual[27] 및 Hwang과 Im[2] 의심폐소생술과전문심장소생술을토대로본연구자가수정 보완한도구를사용하였다. 도구내용은기본소생술 11문항, 심실세동 26문항, 무수축 4문항, 자발순환회복 2문항총 43문항으로구성되었으며, 응급실간호사 1인과 4 인의교수들 ( 간호학 1인, 응급의학 1인, 응급구조학 2인 ) 에게내용타당도를검증받았고문항모두내용타당도지수는 0.8 이상이었다. 본도구의문항은미수행 1점, 부분수행 2점, 완전수행 3점으로배점하였고, 점수범위가최저 43점에서최고 129점으로점수가높을수록임상수행능력이높음을의미한다. 본측정도구의 Cronbach s 는.86이었다. 임상수행능력평가는 2 인이서로다른장소에서평가한점수의평균값을사용하였으며, 평가자간일치도계수는.87이었다. 4. 연구진행 2) 자신감심정지환자간호수행에대한자신감은 ACLS provider manual[27] 및 Hwang과 Im[2] 의심폐소생술과전문심장소생술을토대로본연구자가핵심적으로수행해야할 10가지간호항목에대한자신감도구를개발하여측정하였다. 도구내용은환자확인, 도움요청, 산소공급, 심전도확인, 심폐소생술, 기관내삽관, 제세동, 투약, 보고, 기록으로구성되었으며, 응급실간호사 1인과 4인의교수들 ( 간호학 1인, 응급의학 1인, 응급구조학 2인 ) 에게내용타당도를검증받았으며내용타당도지수가 0.8 이상이었다. 간호수행에대한자신감은전혀그렇지않다 (1점), 매우그렇다 (10점) 로표기된숫자에자신감정도를표시하도록하였으며, 점수가높을수록자신감이높다는것을의미한다. 본도구의 Cronbach s 는.85였다. 3) 비판적사고성향비판적사고성향의측정은 Yoon[28] 이간호학생대상으로문제해결과의사결정을이끌어내기위해개발한평가도구를저자의사용허락을받은후사용하였다. 본도구는총 27문항으로구성되어있으며, 각문항은 전혀그렇지않다 1점부터 매우그렇지않다 5점의 Likert 척도로총점수범위는 27점부터 135점까지이며, 점수가높을수록비판적사고성향이높음 1) 시뮬레이션교육본연구의시뮬레이션교육은 Jeffries[8] 의시뮬레이션모델을기반으로교수자준비, 시뮬레이션설계, 학생준비, 시뮬레이션활동, 디브리핑의과정으로이루어졌다. (1) 교수자준비교수자중심의전통적인강의와달리시뮬레이션교육은학생이중심이되며, 교수자는관찰자와평가자로서피드백을통해학생을지원해야하므로시뮬레이션교육경험과임상실무경험을토대로수업준비를해야한다 [8]. 본연구자는임상간호사로 5년동안근무하였고, 응급구조사 1급, BLS Instructor, ACLS Provider 자격증을취득하였으며. 3년간시뮬레이션교육경험과지침서개발, BLS 강사활동등다양한교육경험을통해시뮬레이션교육을위한자질을갖추었다. 또한본연구자는시뮬레이션교육이원활히진행될수있도록하기위해연구보조원으로응급실에서 5년이상근무경력과심폐소생술강사자격증을소지한 1인과 3년이상의임상경력과 2년이상의시뮬레이션실습운영경험이있는대학원생 1인을대상으로사전평가, 시뮬레이션활동및사후평가전반에관한내용을숙지하도록교육하였다. 450 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
5 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 (2) 시뮬레이션설계시뮬레이션교육을위해서는설계를해야하며 [29], 시뮬레이션설계에는목표, 충실도 (fidelity), 문제해결, 단서 (cues), 디브리핑이포함되어있다 [7]. 본연구자는시뮬레이션교육을통해학습자가도달해야할심정지환자간호에대한구체적인학습목표를설정하였고, 학습환경은시뮬레이션실습이원활하게이루어질수있도록실제환자들의증상과징후를신뢰성있게재현하기위해서환자시뮬레이터와디브리핑이가능한시청각시스템을활용토록하였다. 또한사전학습을통해학습자들이토의할수있도록책상과의자를서로마주보게배열하였고술기교육을위해시뮬레이션실습실과가까운공간을활용하여술기연습에필요한물품을준비하였다. 수업진행과정은오리엔테이션을통해시뮬레이션수업과정과절차를설명하고팀구성을한후시나리오상황을제시하여몇가지핵심질문에관해문제를풀어보고팀별로필요한중재를찾아논의하고발표하는시간을갖도록했다. 그후단순모형을이용해술기연습을하고바로시뮬레이션실습을하도록구성하였다. 문제해결을위한시뮬레이션활동을위해학습자의지식과기술수준에적절한시나리오개요 와시나리오진행과정을시간, 마네킨반응, 기대되는중재, 단서등으로나누어구성하였다 (Table 1). 시뮬레이션활동후교수자와학생이함께참여하여학습자가수행한내용에대해토의하는디브리핑은녹화된동영상을가지고 GAS (Gather-Analysis-Summarize) 의모델을사용하여평가하도록하였다 [29]. 수집단계는시뮬레이션활동후학습자의반응을알아보는것으로간호수행에대한생각과감정을들어보는것이고, 분석단계는수행에대한분석을, 요약단계는시뮬레이션교육을통해학습한내용을검토하는과정이다. GAS 모델의경우전반적인시간비율을수집단계 25%, 분석단계 50%, 요약단계 25% 로구성하도록추천하고있으므로본연구에서는각비중에맞게효과적인디브리핑을위해수집 4문항, 분석 6문항, 요약 4문항으로구성하였으며, 디브리핑문항은전문가의자문을받아수정하였다. (3) 학생준비 1 오리엔테이션시뮬레이션교육시학생들의능동적학습이효과적 [8] 이므로학습주제와목표를제시하고사전학습과술기준비의중요 Table 1. Scenario Progression Outline (Ventricular Fibrillation and Asystole Situation) Timing Mannequin action Expected intervention Cues Assessment -3 minutes I don't feel sick now, but how long do I stay here? I think I leave the hospital..." Connecting monitor (ECG, SPO 2, V/S) Evaluating patient's pain Confirming lung sound Confirming IV line If a student does not introduce him- or herself, ask if he/she is my nurse? Pulseless arrest -5 minutes Suddenly my heart is sick and about to burst! No spontaneous respiration. cyanosis Carotid is not palpable. ECG : VF BLS, 100% O 2 Supply and bag-mask ventilation Perform defibrillation after attaching defibrillator Epinephrine or Vasopressin IV Intubation preparation During conversation between a patient and a nurse (leader), the patient complains my heart is sick and about to burst suddenly and monitor alarm begins to ring. Inform Code Blue CPR Continued VF -2 minutes No spontaneous respiration, cyanosis Carotid is not palpable. ECG: VF 1 shock (every two minutes) Amiodarone Continue to evaluate patients every 2 minutes In case students do not perform ACLS properly, refer to protocol. Asystole -3 minutes No spontaneous respiration, cyanosis Carotid is not palpable. ECG: Asystole Confirm asystole Continue to perform CPR Epinephrine 1mg IV (every 3~5 minutes) In case students do not perform ACLS properly, refer to protocol. ROSC -2 minutes No spontaneous respiration, cyanosis Carotid is not palpable. ECG: Sinus tachycardia Retry patient evaluation ECG monitoring Discussion of causes of disease ECG=electrocardiogram; SpO 2=oxygen saturation percentage; V/S=vital sign; IV=intravenous; BLS=basic life support; BP=blood pressure; HR=heart rate; RR=respiration rate; BT=body temperature; VF=ventricular fibrillation; CPR=cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ACLS=advanced cardiac life support; ROSC=return of spontaneous circulation. Vol. 28 No. 4,
6 채민정 최순희 성과학습진행일정을설명하였다. 시뮬레이션학습활동에서는시나리오상의상황재현을위해학생들이각자맡은역할을수행해야하므로대상자들을한조에 5명씩배정하여 [6] 1명의팀리더와가슴압박, 호흡관리, 제세동, 약물투여를하는 4명의팀원으로나누어각역할을담당하도록하였다. 2 사전학습학생은시뮬레이션학습에서자기주도적으로스스로동기화할수있는책임감을갖고상황재현을위해각자구체적인역할들을충분히수행해야한다 [8]. 본연구자는심정지환자간호라는학습주제를효과적으로학습할수있도록응급실실습과심폐소생술교육을마친학생들대상으로학습경험수준을맞추었다. 또한사전학습을통한시나리오상황의이해도를높이기위해미리심정지의원인, 응급약물, 기본심폐소생술, 제세동, 급성심근경색, 심실세동, 무수축에관한학습문제 [22] 들을제시하여학습자들이조별로보고서작성및발표를한후시나리오를제공하여조원들이시뮬레이션활동을준비하기위한역할분배를하도록하였고전대상자들에게본연구자와보조원이시범을보인후조별로술기연습을하도록하였다. 본연구자는사전학습에도움을주고자기본소생술, 전문소생술, 기도관리, 심전도관련문헌을제공하였고, 조별로조원들이시뮬레이션활동을준비하도록시간을적절하게분배하였으며, 소요시간은총 120분이었다. (4) 문제해결을위한시뮬레이션활동및디브리핑시나리오의문제해결을위한시뮬레이션활동과디브리핑은조별로이루어졌다. 교육의효율성을위해시뮬레이션실습실과가까운공간을활용하여술기연습에필요한물품인 CPR 마네킹 (Rseusci Anne ; Leardal., Norway), 성인기도삽관마네킹 (Airway Management Trainer ; Lardal., Norway), HeartStart MRx (Philips, American) 제세동기를준비하였다. 술기연습내용은심폐소생술, 제세동기사용법, 기관내삽관준비및시행 [2,22] 에관한것으로시뮬레이션활동시작전에조별로 15분씩술기연습을마친후고충실도시뮬레이터 (SimMan3G) 가준비된실습실에서시뮬레이션활동과디브리핑을각각 15분씩하도록하였다. 즉각조가술기연습, 시뮬레이션실습, 디브리핑순으로돌아가면서참여하도록쉬지않고진행하여총 180분으로학생개인당 45분의시간이소요되었다. 디브리핑의수집단계에서는시뮬레이션경험, 팀웍, 이론적지식과기술의적절성, 사전학습이도움이되었는지에대해학습자가느낀점을, 분석단계에서는간호중재에대해결과 측정, 간호진단, 당황스러웠던부분, 잘한점과부족했던부분등학습자가수행한행동을, 요약단계에서는환자정보를얻는데어려웠던부분, 자신있게할수있는부분, 더공부하고싶은부분등의내용으로진행했다. 2) 전통적교육대조군에게는전통적인강의와실습으로이루어진교육이제공되었다. 강의는실험군에게제공된사전학습내용과거의동일한심정지의정의및원인, 부정맥 ( 심실세동, 무맥성심실빈맥, 무수축, 무맥성전기활동 ) 의심전도, 기본소생술과전문소생술과정, 전문기도유지술, 제세동, 응급약물, 자발순환회복에관한내용 [22] 이파워포인트를활용하여제공되었으며, 소요시간은 120분이었다. 실습교육은실험군에제공된동일한술기내용과물품으로미국심장협회 [22] 에서제작한 ACLS provider manual과관련된기도관리, 기본소생술및전문소생술등의술기를각각동영상을보면서조별로술기연습을하도록하였다. 6개팀이동시에실습을할수있는여건이아닌관계로두군데로나누어한곳에서는기도관리를또다른곳에서는기본소생술을포함한전문심장소생술을연습하도록하였으며, 2개팀이먼저 30분씩연습을하고다시교차하여 30분씩연습하도록하였다. 나머지 4개팀은조별로관련동영상을보도록하면서정해진시간에연습을진행하도록구성하였으며술기교육시간은총 180분으로학생개인당 60분의시간이소요되었다. 3) 대조군사후교육대조군에대한윤리적고려를위해실험군과동일한방법으로사후교육을시행하였으며, 총소요시간은 300분소요되었다. 5. 자료수집자료수집은 2014년 6월부터 7월에걸쳐서이루어졌으며본연구목적을이해하고자발적으로연구참여에서면동의한학생들에게맹검을실시하여실험군인지대조군인지알지못하게하였다. 사전조사에서실험군과대조군의일반적인특성과지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향은질문지에대한자기기입식응답을통해이루어졌고, 임상수행능력평가는실험군과대조군각각 5명씩 6팀으로나누어실험군은오전에, 대조군은오후에각각실시되었다. 임상수행능력평가시에는 갑자기환자가가슴이답답하고숨쉬기가힘들다며통증을호소하다쓰 452 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
7 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 러지는상황 과 심실세동과무수축심전도상황 을제시하면서대상자가전문심장소생술을위한기본소생술, 응급기도관리가가능한 Resusci Anne advanced skill Trainer (Laerdal., Norway) 와 HeartStart MRx (Philips, American) 제세동기를사용하여수행한환자반응확인, 응급팀호출, 기본심폐소생술시행, 제세동여부확인, 정맥로확보, 응급약물투여, 기관내삽관술기를본연구자와 3년이상의임상경력과 2년이상의시뮬레이션실습운영경험이있는연구보조원 1인이동시에체크리스트를이용하여평가하였으며, 평가의정확성을확보하기위해두평가자의평균점수를산출하였다. 평가의확산및오염방지를위해각각 one-way mirror가설치된조정실과시뮬레이션실에서평가하였다. 전문심장소생술은인공호흡과가슴압박의기본소생술을비롯해전문적인기도관리, 제세동, 응급약물투여등이동시에이루어져야하는팀활동이필요한상황이므로조별점수를반영하였다. 이후대조군에게전통적인강의와술기교육을, 그다음날에는실험군에게시뮬레이션교육을제공하였고기억의효과를최소화하기위해교육종료 1주후에대조군과실험군에게사전조사와동일한방법으로두집단의사후조사를각각다른날에실시하였으며정확한평가를위해학생들에게는평가내용과과정에대해다른학생에게말하지않도록사전에주지시켰다. 참여에동의한대상자에한하여프로그램참여와설문조사를실시하였다. 대조군에게는실험군에게제공한교육을프로그램종료후예정대로실시하였다. 7. 자료분석수집된자료는 PASW (SPSS) Statistics 20.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 자료의정규성검정은 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test로하였고, 측정도구들의신뢰도검정을위해 Cronbach s 계수를각각산출하였다. 실험군과대조군의사전동질성검정은 x 2 test와 t-test로하였고, 실험군과대조군의사후종속변인들간차이에대한가설검정을위해 t-test와 ANCOVA 를이용하여분석하였으며, 유의수준은.05 미만으로하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의시뮬레이션교육경험에대한동질성검정 본연구의대상자가운데시뮬레이션교육을받아본경험이있는학생이실험군의 7명 (23.3%), 대조군의 9명 (30.0%) 으로두군간에유의한차이 (x 2 =0.34, p=.559) 가없었다. 6. 윤리적고려 2. 대상자의종속변수에대한사전동질성검정 본연구시행에앞서 C대학교연구윤리심의위원회의승인을받았다 (IRB No HR ). 설문조사시대학의정해진절차에따라협조승인을받았으며, 연구를시작하기전연구대상자에게연구의목적과익명성및비밀보장내용, 언제든지중단할수있음을설명하였고, 자발적인연구 두집단의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력점수의정규성을검정한결과실험군 (K-S Z=.98,.53,.70,.57; p=.296,.946,.721,.907) 과대조군 (K-S Z=.86,.73,.62,.83; p=.462,.664,.827,.500) 의점수는각각정규분포를이루는것으로나타났다. 두집단의종속변수인지식 (t=0.19, p=.853), Table 2. Homogeneity Test of Knowledge, Self-Confidence, Critical Thinking Disposition, and Clinical Performance Ability before Intervention Exp. (n=30) Cont. (n=30) Variables t p M±SD M±SD Knowledge 10.72± ± Self-confidence 34.35± ± Critical thinking disposition 93.44± ± Clinical performance ability Basic life support Ventricular fibrillation Asystole Return of spontaneous circulation 84.83± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group. Vol. 28 No. 4,
8 채민정 최순희 자신감 (t=-0.57, p=.572), 비판적사고성향 (t=0.63, p=.533) 및임상수행능력 (t=1.81 p=.075) 에대한사전동질성검정을한결과유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 3. 가설검정 1) 가설 1 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다지식점수가더높을것이다 를분석한결과지식점수는실험군 14.83점, 대조군 12.45점으로나타나실험군이대조군보다유의하게높았고 (t=6.76, p<.001), 두집단의사전지식점수를공변수로조정한 ANCOVA 분석결과도유의하게실험군이더높게나타나 (F=45.45, p<.001) 가설 1은지지되었다 (Table 3). 2) 가설 2 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다자신감점수가더높을것이다 를분석한결과자신감점수는실험군 71.32점, 대조군 58.01점으로나타나실험군이대조군보다유의하게높았고 (t=3.04, p=.004), 두집단의사전자신감점수를공변수로조정한 ANCOVA 분석결과도실험군이유의하게더높게나타나 (F=16.19, p<.001) 가설 2는지지되었다 (Table 3). 3) 가설 3 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다비판적사고성향점수가더높을것이다 를분석한결과비판적사고성향점수는실험군 점, 대조군 점으로실험군이대조군보다비판적사고성향점수가더높았 으나유의한차이는없었다 (t=1.71, p=.092). 두집단의사전비판적사고성향점수를공변수로조정한 ANCOVA 분석결과에서도유의한차이가없어 (F=2.83, p=.098) 가설 3은기각되었다 (Table 3). 4) 가설 4 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군은전통적교육을받은대조군보다임상수행능력점수가더높을것이다. 분석한결과임상수행능력점수는실험군 94.77점, 대조군 88.13점으로나타나실험군이대조군보다유의하게높았으며 (t=5.00, p<.001), 하부영역인기본소생술, 심실세동, 무수축, 자발순환회복에서모두유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 두집단의사전임상수행능력점수를공변수로조정한 ANCOVA 분석결과도실험군이유의하게높게 (F=22.07, p<.001) 나타나제4가설은지지되었다 (Table 3). 논의 간호학생의시뮬레이션교육확대를위해 Jeffries[8] 의시뮬레이션모델을사용하여심정지환자간호를위한교육프로그램을개발하고적용하여지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향, 임상수행능력에미치는효과를확인하고자본연구를시도하였다. 심정지환자간호에대한사전학습과시뮬레이션활동으로구성된시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군의지식점수가강의와실습으로구성된전통적교육을받은대조군보다유의하게높았던결과는간호학생대상으로한시뮬레이션실험군이이론강의대조군보다 [25], 비디오강의와시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군이비디오강의를받은대조군보다 [23] 각각지식점수가유의하게더높았던결과들과일치하여시뮬레이션교육이 Table 3. Comparison of Dependent Variables between Two Groups after Intervention Exp. (n=30) Cont (n=30) Variables t (p) F (p) M±SD M±SD Knowledge 14.83± ± (<.001) (<.001) Self-confidence 71.32± ± (.004) (<.001) Critical thinking disposition ± ± (.092) 2.83 (.098) Clinical performance ability Basic life support Ventricular fibrillation Asystole Return of spontaneous circulation 94.77± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (<.001) 2.84 (.006) 3.33 (.002) 2.37 (.021) 2.72 (.009) (<.001) (.001) 9.54 (.003) 4.85 (.045) (.002) Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control grou; t score from analysis of independent t-test; F score from Analysis of Covariance with pretest scores as covariates. 454 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
9 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 전통적교육방법보다지식증가에더효과적임을확인할수있었다. 그러나강의, 술기연습, 시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군의지식이강의만받은대조군과유의한차이가없었던연구 [24] 에서는두집단에게제공된처치내용 ( 실험군은강의, 술기, 시뮬레이션을대조군은강의만제공 ) 과측정시기 ( 사후조사를실험군은교육 3일차, 대조군교육 2일차 ) 의차이가있었고, 강의와시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군이강의식교육만받은대조군과유의한차이가없었던연구 [18] 에서는연구대상자의 60~70% 이상이심폐소생술교육경험이있고신규간호사오리엔테이션교육을받은중환자실간호사를대상으로했기때문에두집단모두사전에응급상황관련지식을갖추고있었기때문에유의한차이가없었던것으로생각되며본결과와차이가있었을것으로보인다. 특히본시뮬레이션교육에서는다른연구들에서와같이이론강의를하지않고능동적학습을거친후바로시뮬레이션교육을하였고, 결과변수측정시기도교육직후가아니라일주일이지난후에측정한결과임에도불구하고시뮬레이션교육군이지식증가에더효과적인것으로나타났던점은시뮬레이션학습경험이지식을향상시키고유지시켜주는데긍정적으로작용하고, 학생들이지식을잘기억하는데도움을준다는주장 [23] 을입증해준결과로보인다. 따라서심폐응급간호시뮬레이션교육시교수자의일방적인강의보다는 Kim과 Jang[17] 이언급한대로문제해결을위한학습자의능동적인사전학습이학습내용의이해와지식습득에더효과적인영향을미쳤기때문에시뮬레이션설계시능동적인학습의중요성을인식해야한다. 간호사를대상으로이론강의, 팀학습, 수기교육, 시뮬레이션을경험한실험군의지식이이론과수기교육을한대조군보다 [17] 각각유의하게높게나타나본결과와일치하였지만, 실제로연구들마다본연구와달리두집단에게제공하는교육내용이나소요시간을명확히제시하지않았거나대조군의교육시간보다거의 2배에가까운교육시간을실험군에게할애하는식의연구설계를하였으므로보다현실적인시뮬레이션설계에따른교육의효과비교가이루어져야할것이다. 본시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군의자신감점수가전통적교육을받은대조군보다유의하게더높았던결과는기본소생술에대한강의, 단순마네킹시범및 high-fidelity simulation 교육을받은실험군이이론강의, 단순마네킹시범교육을받은대조군보다 [12], 전문심폐소생술 ( 심실세동, 무수축 ) 에대한비디오강의와시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군이비디오강의만받은대조군보다 [23], 신생아소생술에대한강의, 술기연습및시뮬레이션실습을한실험군이강의만받은대조군보다 [24], 각수행자신감이나자기효능감이유의하게더높았던결과들과일치하였다. 그러나두집단간효과를비교한모든연구들에서본연구와달리실험군에게대조군보다훨씬많은교육시간을배정했었고, 때로는대조군에게실습교육을제공하지않은상태로두집단의자신감을비교한결과도있었다. 따라서앞으로시뮬레이션교육의효과를비교하려면본연구에서와같이적어도두집단에게동일한시간배정과교육내용으로이루어진연구방법을통해비교해야그효과의차이가순수한교육방법의차이에서비롯되었다고판단할수있으므로이점을고려해야할것이다. 반면에본결과와다르게시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군과이론강의를받은대조군의자신감점수에유의한차이가없었던결과 [25] 는시뮬레이션교육이자신감증가에효과가없다고보기보다는 Brannan 등 [25] 이대조군에게이론강의와질문 / 토론에 2시간씩할당한반면에실험군에게는사전학습없이시뮬레이션구동만했기때문에자신감에차이가없었을것으로보인다. 선행연구결과에서고충실도 (high fidelity) 시뮬레이션이저충실도 (low fidelity) 시뮬레이션보다자신감과교육만족도를더높였고, 교육상황에서실제와의유사성과적극성으로최상의실무를지원하고창의적인학습기회를제공한다는주장 [30] 에비추어볼때본연구에서사용된사전학습, 술기교육, 고충실도시뮬레이션실습이학생들의전문심장소생술에대한동기유발이나호기심을자극하고자신감향상에긍정적으로작용했을것으로생각된다. 본시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군과전통적교육을받은대조군의비판적사고성향점수에유의한차이가없었던결과는이론, 실습및시뮬레이션학습을한실험군과 6주간이론학습을한대조군의비판적사고성향점수에차이가없었던결과 [6] 와일치하였으나 10주간시뮬레이션기반통합실습프로그램을실시한실험군의비판적사고점수가전통적강의와실습교육을받은대조군보다높았던결과 [22] 와는차이가있었다. 이런차이는연구의학습주제나시뮬레이션교육기간이나횟수의차이에서비롯된것으로생각된다. 즉본연구의시뮬레이션학습주제가심정지환자응급간호이기때문에알고리즘대로빠른간호가필요한상황인데다교육시간도타연구들에비해짧은편이어서학생들의비판적사고에별로영향을미치지못했을것으로생각된다. 또한숙련된조교의도움과개방실습을활용한자율실습의반복적인과정이비판적사고능력을향상시키는데영향을미친다는주장 [22] 에비추어볼때본연구에서는학생들이연습할수있는충분한시간과자율실습의기회가부족했으므로비판적사고성향을향상시키기위해서는 Vol. 28 No. 4,
10 채민정 최순희 자율실습운영과함께시뮬레이션교육이운영되는것이바람직할것이다. 본시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군의임상수행능력점수가전통적교육을받은대조군보다유의하게높았던결과는본실험처치와내용은다르지만간호학생대상으로시뮬레이션학습과임상실습을한실험군이이론학습과임상실습을한대조군보다 [6], 고충실도시뮬레이터를이용하여자동제세동기사용, 약물관리, 심폐소생술등을연습한실험군이저충실도시뮬레이터를이용하여술기연습을한대조군보다 [9], 시뮬레이션기반통합실습프로그램을제공한실험군이전통적강의와실습교육을받은대조군보다 [22] 각각임상수행능력이유의하게더높았던결과들과일치하였다. 또한의대생을대상으로전문심장소생술에대한 4시간의시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군이 16시간의전통적훈련을받은대조군보다 [13], 시나리오제공, 문제해결을위한통합적지지, 피드백으로구성된시뮬레이션교육 (100분) 을받은군이강의, 시청각자료활용, 시뮬레이션교육 (60분) 을받은군보다 [14], 간호사대상으로시뮬레이션기반심폐응급간호교육프로그램을제공한실험군이이론과수기교육을한대조군보다 [17] 각각임상수행능력이유의하게높게나타나본결과와일치하였다. 이런결과들을종합해보면시뮬레이션교육이전통적방법보다간호학생들의임상수행능력향상에기여하고있지만이는두집단에게주어진처치내용이나시간이달라서나타난효과일수도있으므로두방법의효과를정확하게비교하는반복연구가이루어져야할것이다. 반면에본연구결과와차이가있었던결과들즉간호사대상으로전문심장소생술에대한 30분씩강의와팀시뮬레이션학습을한실험군의임상수행능력점수가 30분강의만받은대조군과유의한차이가없었던결과 [18] 나두집단이이론과술기연습을한후에시뮬레이션교육을받은실험군의술기수행능력이반복적인전통적강의를받은대조군과유의한차이가없었던결과 [21] 는두집단에게동일한강의나술기연습을한후에시뮬레이션을했거나반복강의를하는등비교연구를위한부적절한처치제공이나아주짧은기간의시뮬레이션으로인해교육후대상자들의임상수행능력에차이가없었을것으로보인다. 상기한바와같이심정지환자간호에대한시뮬레이션교육이전통적교육보다간호학생들의지식, 자신감및임상수행능력을향상시키는데효과적인방법으로확인되었다. 특히사전학습준비, 문제해결을위한단서제공과디브리핑하는과정에서긍정적인피드백을통해학생들의동기유발과관심정도를 높였기때문에지식, 자신감과더불어임상수행능력을향상시키는데기여했을것으로생각한다. 선행연구에서는자가보고식설문지를이용한임상수행능력측정 [6] 이나대조군의사전과사후임상수행능력을실험군에게적용한시뮬레이션으로평가 [17], 두집단의교육내용과시간차이나분석법등으로두교육방법의효과를비교하기에는무리가있다고생각되어본연구는시뮬레이션교육과전통적교육의효과를비교하기위해전체교육시간과내용은같은여건으로교육방법만달리하였고, 동일한방법으로측정하였으며두집단의사전점수를통제한차이검정을하였으므로시뮬레이션교육이더효과적인것으로판단될수있어본연구의의의가있다고본다. 본연구의제한점으로는첫째, 두집단간에간호학생들의비판적사고성향이유의한차이가없었던결과는학습주제가알고리즘형태인비교적단순한실습내용이었기때문으로보이므로비판적인사고를할수있는복합적인시나리오를이용한반복연구를통해그효과를확인할필요가있다. 둘째, 자료수집과정에서연구대상자의단일맹검법만이루어져자료수집자의주관성을배제할수없으므로향후연구의객관성유지를위해연구자와연구보조원의이중맹검법을통한연구가이루어져야할것이다. 셋째, 시뮬레이션교육에서조별시뮬레이션활동및디브리핑소요시간은 30분에불과하므로수업의나머지시간을자율학습시간으로계획한다면시뮬레이션교육의효과에기여할수있을것으로보인다. 넷째, 시뮬레이션교육은전통적교육방법과달리재정, 공간, 인력, 준비시간등이더필요하므로선행연구들의문제점을보완한두방법의효과차이를규명하는반복연구들이이루어져야할것이다. 결론및제언 본연구에서는 Jeffries[8] 의시뮬레이션모델에기반한시뮬레이션교육이전통적교육보다대상자의심정지환자간호에대한지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과를확인하였다. 시뮬레이션교육군의지식, 자신감및임상수행능력이전통적교육군보다유의하게높았으나비판적사고성향은두군간에차이가없었다. 본연구의시뮬레이션교육은다른선행연구들과달리이론강의를하지않고능동적사전학습을거친후바로시뮬레이션활동이현실적으로제한된교육시간에이루어졌고전통적방법의교육내용과시간을동일하게설계하여비교하였지만시뮬레이션교육이더효과적인것으로나타났으므로시뮬레이션교육의확대적용의중요성과가능성을시사해주고있다. 456 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
11 심정지시뮬레이션교육이간호학생의지식, 자신감, 비판적사고성향및임상수행능력에미치는효과 REFERENCES 1. Sung CH. Demographics findings nationwide cardiac arrest registry and surveillance. The 3rd international resuscitation symposium; 2014 April 16; The-K seoul hotel. Seoul. 2. Hwang SH, Im GS. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiovascular life support. seoul: Koonja; p Kim EJ, Lee KR, Lee MH, Kim Jy. Nurses' cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance during the first 5 minutes in in-situ simulated cardiac arrest. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2012;42(3): Kim HS, Choi EY. Continuity of BLS training effects in nursing students. The Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2012;18(1): Kim R, Chae MJ. Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education using a pc skill-reporting system on the knowledge, selfefficacy and skill performance ability of nursing students. The Korean Society of Health Service Management. 2015;9(1): Yang JJ. Development and evaluation of a simulation based education course for nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2008;20(4): Ryoo EN, Ha EH, Cho JY. Comparison of learning effects using high-fidelity and multi-mode simulation: an application of emergency care for a patient with cardiac arrest. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2013;43(2): Jeffries PR. Simulation in nursing education-from conceptualization to evaluation. New York: National League for Nursing; p Rodgers DL, Securro S Jr, Pauley RD. The effect of high-fidelity simulation on educational outcomes in an advanced cardiovascular life support course. Simulation in Healthcare. 2009;4 (4): Hur HK, Park SM, Shin YH, Lim YM, Kim GY, Kim KK, et al. Development and applicability evaluation of an emergent care management simulation practicum for nursing students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2013;19(2): Shin SH, Kwon MS, Kwon SM. Effects of a simulation-based training for advanced cardiovascular life support on the knowledge and competence for nursing students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society. 2013;14(11): Akhu-Zaheya LM, Gharaibeh MK, Alostaz ZM. Effectiveness of simulation on knowledge acquisition, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy of nursing students in Jordan. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. 2013;9(9):e Lo BM, Devine AS, Evans DP, Byars DV, Lamm OY, Lee RJ, et al. Comparison of traditional versus high-fidelity simulation in the retention of ACLS knowledge. Resuscitation. 2011;82 (11): Yoo HB, Park JH, Ko JK. An effective method of teaching advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) skills in simulation-based training. Korean Journal of Medical Education. 2012;24(1): Pi HY. Effect of simulation-based practice program on ACLS study of paramedic students. The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 2013;17(3): Bruce SA, Scherer YK, Curran CC, Urschel DM, Erdley S, Ball LS. A collaborative exercise between graduate and undergraduate nursing students using a computer-assisted simulator in a mock cardiac arrest. Nursing Education Perspectives. 2009;30 (1): Kim YH, Jang KS. Effect of a simulation-based education on cardio-pulmonary emergency care knowledge, clinical performance ability and problem solving process in new nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2011;41(2): Kwon EO, Shim MY, Choi EH, Lim SH, Han KM, Lee EJ, et al. The effects of an advanced cardiac life support simulation training based on the mastery learning model. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2012;18(1): Hyun JS. Effects of simulation-based ACLS education on selfconfidence performance of ACLS among nursing officers. Journal of Military Nursing Research. 2012;30(1): Fisher N, Eisen LA, Bayya JV, Dulu A, Bernstein PS, Merkatz IR, et al. Improved performance of maternal-fetal medicine staff after maternal cardiac arrest simulation-based training. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2011;205(3):239.e Kim JS. Development and effect of high fidelity patient simulation education program for nursing students. [dissertation]. Seoul: Catholic University; p Kim DH, Lee Yj, Hwang MS, Park JH, Kim HS, Cha HG. Effects of a simulation-based integrated clinical practice program (SICPP) on the problem solving process, clinical competence and critical thinking in a nursing student. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2012;18(3): Hur HK, Park SM. Effects of simulation based education, for emergency care of patients with dyspnea, on knowledge and performance confidence of nursing students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2012;18(1): Vol. 28 No. 4,
12 채민정 최순희 Yoo SY. Development and effects of a simulation-based education program for newborn emergency care. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2013;43(4): Brannan JD, White A, Bezanson JL. Simulator effects on cognitive skills and confidence levels. Journal of Nursing Education. 2008;47(11): Wayne DB, Didwania A, Feinglass J, Fudala MJ, Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC. Simulation-based education improves quality of care during cardiac arrest team responses at an academic teaching hospital: a case-control study. Chest. 2008;133(1): American Heart Association. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (provider manual), Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; p Yoon J. A study on the critical thinking disposition of nursing students- focusing on a school applying integrated nursing curriculum. Journal of Academy Nursing Administration. 2008;14(2): Cheng A, Rodgers DL, van der Jagt E, Eppich W, O'Donnell J. Evolution of the pediatric advanced life support course: enhanced learning with a new debriefing tool and web-based module for pediatric advanced life support instructors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2012;13(5): Butler KW, Veltre DE, Brady D. Implementation of active learning pedagogy comparing low-fidelity simulation versus highfidelity simulation in pediatric nursing education. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. 2009;5(4): Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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