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1 23(3): , 2000 Korean J. Ecol. 금강송림의식생구조에관한정량적분석 윤충원 홍성천 적요 :,,,. 1) CCA,,,.,.,,. 2),,,,,.,. 3) , 0.7,. 4), ).,. 검색어 :,, CCA,,,, 서론 1950 (classification) (ordination) (GreigSmith 1983),. ordination Gauch(1977) computer program,, PO(polar ordination), PCA(principle components analysis), RA(reciprocal averaging), DCA(detrended correspondence analysis), DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis) ( 1997, 1995, 1992, 1992, Whittaker 1967). (1994), (1995) TWINSPAN DCCA..,,. 재료및방법 조사지개황 (Pinus densiflora for. erecta), (1,276 m), (1,017. 2m), (1,267 m).,, , 8.4, 9.9, mm, mm, mm, 37.0, 33.1, 37.4, 13.7, 20.8, (1933). 야외조사및자료처리 (Ellenberg 1956, BraunBlanquet 1964),, 80, 40, 40, 40,

2 23 3 Table 1. Floristic composition of Pinus densiflora for. erecta forest in the 5 study areas. Vaccinium koreanum community. Rhododendron micranthum community. Quercus dentata community A. Festuca ovina group B. Robinia pseudoacacia group C. Typical group. Acer pseudosieboldianum community A. Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata group A1. Carex ciliatomarginata subgroup A2. Acer ginnala subgroup A3. Typical subgroup B. Disporum smilacinum group C. Magnolia sieboldii group D. Carpinus laxiflora group E. Typical group. Typical community A. Melampyrum roseum group A1. Typical subgroup A2. Quercus variabilis subgroup B. Typical group B1. Quercus variabilis subgroup B2. Typical subgroup

3 cm 1 kg 2 mm 0.02 mm., 10 g 50 ml (1: 5) 1 phmeter (Philips pw 9418). Lancaster (Shimadzu UV12002). (NCS 2500, Fisons Instruments S.P.A, Italy). (CEC) Brown's Method, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ E.D.T.A. Ordination 1 16 PC ORD CCA(canonical correspondence analysis), CCA main matrix, second matrix., Curtis McIntosh (1951) (I.V.: Importance Value)., Curtis McIntosh(1951),, (Bray and Curtis 1957), ( 1979, Dierssen 1990),.,,, (Shannon 1949),,,, (Herlbert 1971) (Brower and Zar 1977). S rensen(ccs) (Brower and Zar 1977),, (positive association), (negative association), (random association), 24, 2 2 Chisquare( 2 ) test Chisquare( 2 ), 1% 5% (interspecific association) ( 1997, Agnew 1961, Ludwing and Reynolds 1988). 결과및고찰 CCA(canonical correspondence analysis) ordination GreigSmith(1983) Ter Braak(1986, 1987) ordination,, ordination data set ( 1992, Goodall 1963). CCA ( 1992, 1995, Allen 1988). Fig. 1 Table 2 CCA 1615 (,,,,,,, ph,,,, C/N,,, ), plots main matrix, 15second matrix, Biplot cutoff R , Vector scaling 200%. 1,,,,, 2,, C/N, 3,. ( 2),. ( 1),,.. 1, 2, 3 (1992). 중요치 (,,,, ) Curtis McIntosh(1951) (I.V.: Importance Value) (Table 3).

4 23 3 2, 5. 종다양도 Table 4 Table 5 Topo Altitude Clay A.P C N C/N Ca Mg cca Axis 1 Axis 2 Topo Brock Clay A.P N Ca Mg cca Axis 1 Axis 3 Fig. 1. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination diagram showing vegetation units and major environmental variables (arrows) against the axis 1 and axis 2 (above) and against the axis 1 and axis 3 (below) (Cutoff R 2 value: 0.12; Vector scaling: 200%; Vegetation unit 1: ; 2: ; 3: ; 4: ; 5: ; 6: ; 7: ; 8: ; 9: ; 10: ; 11: ; 12: ; 13: ; 14: ; 15: ; 16: ).

5 Table 2. Correlation with second matrix (environmental variables) by Pearson and Kendall correlations with ordination axes Variables Topography Altitude Slope Barerock Sand Silt Clay ph A. P 2O 5 Carbon Nitrogen C/N CEC Calcium Magnesium Axis r rsq tau r rsq tau r rsq tau Table 3. Importance value of major species in the study areas Site SokwangRi Mt. Eungbong Species Layer Scientific name Common name Tree Subtree Shrub1 Shrub2 Pinus densiflora for. erecta Quercus mongolica Quercus serrata Quercus variabilis Fraxinus rhynchophylla Carpinus laxiflora Acer mono Rhododendron micranthum Vaccinium koreanum Pinus densiflora for. erecta Quercus mongolica Quercus variabilis Acer mono Fraxinus rhynchophylla Quercus serrata Betula costata Vaccinium koreanum Carpinus cordata Total Others Total Others Total

6 23 3 Table 3. continued Site Mt. Chungok Uljin Mt. Kumma Species Layer Scientific name Common name Tree Subtree Shrub1 Shrub2 Pinus densiflora for. erecta Quercus mongolica Fraxinus rhynchophylla Betula costata Acer mono Rhododendron micranthum Vaccinium koreanum Quercus variabilis Acer ukurunduense Kalopanax pictus Pinus densiflora for. erecta Quercus variabilis Pinus thunbergii Robinia pseudoacacia Quercus dentata Alnus hirsuta Quercus mongolica Quercus acutissima Quercus serrata Rhododendron micranthum Alnus firma Pinus densiflora for. erecta Quercus variabilis Quercus mongolica Fraxinus rhynchophylla Carpinus cordata Quercus serrata Acer mono Acer triflorum Tilia mandshurica Vaccinium koreanum Total Others Total Others Total Others Total , Shannon's diversity(h'), (H'max.), (J'), (1J'), ( 1), (1 1). (Loucks 1970), (Krebs 1985, Barbour 1987).

7 Table 4. Values of species diversity indices in study sites Site H' H'max. J' 1J' Mt. Kumma SokwangRi Uljin Mt. Eungbong Mt. Chungok Table 5. Values of species diversity indices in each vegetation unit Unit H' H'max. J' 1J' Table 6. Community coefficient of similarity in the study areas Mt. Kumma SokwangRi Uljin Mt. Eungbong Mt. Chungok Mt. Kumma SokwangRi Uljin Mt. Eungbong Mt. Chungok (Ellenberg 1956), Whittaker(1965) 0.9 1, , , 0.7, 0.7, ( 10) ( 11), ( 12) 0.8, , (1995) 군락유사도 Table 6

8 23 3 Pinus densiflora for. erecta; Pd Rhododendron micranthum; Rmi ++ Smilax china; Sc ++ (): Positive or negative association at 1% level + ++ Quercus dentata; Qd + (): Positive or negative association at 5% level + + Vaccinium koreanum; Vk Magnolia sieboldii; Ms ++ Carpinus laxiflora; Cl Acer pseudosieboldianum; Ap Lespedeza maximowiczii; Lm Fraxinus rhynchophylla; Fr Stephanandra incisa; Si Weigela subsessilis; Ws Styrax obassia; So Acer mono; Am Cornus controversa; Cc Quercus serrata; Qs + + Quercus variabilis; Qv ++ Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Rs Melampyrum roseum; Mr + Quercus mongolica; Qm Spodiopogon cotulifer; Sc Lespedeza bicolor; Lb Fraxinus sieboldiana; Fs Rhododendron mucronulatum; Rmu ++ Carex humilis; Ch Fig. 2. Complete Chisquare matrix for 24 species in the study areas. Lm Ap Cl P < 1% Fr Ms 1% < P < 5% Si Vk Qm Ws Rmi Rs Sc So Mr Lb Am Cc Qs Qd Sc Qv Ch Fs Rmu Fig. 3. The species connected by line were positively correlated as determined by application of the Chisquare test. The shortened words in circles indicate each species in Fig. 2. S rensen(ccs). Buell (1966) 20% 80%

9 2000 6, Cox(1972)20% 80%, 1, 0, 0.5.,, 0.6. 종간결합 (interspecies association), (positive associatoin), (negative association), (random association) 3 (Pielou 1977, Greig Smith 1983, Schluter 1984, Ludwig and Reynolds 1988). ++ +, ++ 99%, + 95% (Agnew 1961)..,. (association), ( 1993). 24 (interspecific association). Fig. 2 Fig. 3Chisquare matrix,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1%, 1%. 인용문헌 p : ,,,, TWINSPAN DCCA. 81: ,, TWINSPAN DCCA. 84: ,,, : p.,, TWIN SPAN. 86: p p. Agnew, A.D.Q The ecology of Juncus effusus L. in North Wales, J. Ecol. 49: Allen, R Latitutional variation in southern Rocky Mountain forests. Ph. D thesis. The Uni. of north Carolina. Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk and W.D. Pitts Terrestrial plant ecology. 2nd ed.. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Menlo Park. pp BraunBlanquet, J Pflanzensoziologie Grundzuge der Vegetation der Vegetation 3. Auf. SpringerVerlag. Wien. N. Y. 865 p. Bray, J. R. and J. T. Curtis An ordination of the upland forest community of southern Wisconsin. Ecology Monger. 27: Brower, J.E. and J.H. Zar Field and laboratory method for genoral ecology. Wm. C. Grown Co. Publ., Zowa. 184 p. Buell, M.F., A.N. Langford, D.W. Davidson and L.F. Ohmann The upland forest continuum in northern New Jersey. Ecol. 47: Cox, G.W Laboratory manual of general ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co. Publ. Iowa. 232 p. Curtis and McIntosh R.P An upland forest continuum in the prairieforest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:

10 Dierssen, K Einfübrung Pflanzensoziologie. Akademie Verlag Berlin. 241 p. Ellenberg, H Grundlagen der vegetationsgliederung. I. Aufgaben und Methoden der Vegetationskunde. In H. Walter (Hrsg.), Einfuhrung in die Phytologie Stuttgart, 136 p. Gauch, H.G ORDIFLEXa flexible computer program for four ordination tec.: Weighted averages. polar ordination. principal components analysis and reciprocal averaging. Release B. Cornell Uni. N.Y. 185 p. Goodall, D.W The continuum and the individualistic association. Vegetatio 11: GreigSmith, P Quantitative plant ecology. 3rd ed.. Blackwell, Oxford. 256 p. Herlbert, S.H The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52: Krebs, C.J Ecology. 3rd edition. Haber & Row. Publishers. Inc., pp Loucks, O.C Evolution of diversity efficiency and 23 3 community stability. American Zoologist 10: Ludwig, J.A. and J.F. Reynolds Statistical Ecology. John Wiley, New York. 337 p. Schluter, D A variance test for detecting species associations. with some example applications. Ecology 65: Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana. Ter Braak, C.J.F Canonical corresponcence analysis : a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecol. 67: Ter Braak, C.J.F CANOCOa FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial) (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis. principal components TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science. Statistics Department. Wageningen. The Netherlands. Whittaker, R.H Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev. 49: ( )

11 Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University Taegu , Korea ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to classify quantitatively vegetational types of P. densiflora for. erecta forest. The results were summarized as follows. 1) According to the canonical correspondence analysis(cca), variables such as topography, altitude, available P 2O 5 and Mg 2+ were highly correlated on three axes. Based on the correlations between vegetation units and environmental factors, Rhododendron micranthum community tended to be more distributed in the such situations of high altitude, upper topography, high C/N ratio, low level of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+. Vaccinium koreanum community tended to be more distributed in the such conditions of high altitude, upper topography, high level of Ca 2+ and Ma 2+. 2) According to the results of importance value analysis, Tree layer and Subtree layer in study areas showed high IV along with P. densiflora for. erecta, Quercus mongonlica, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Fraxinus rhychophylla and shrub layer indicated that IV of P. densiflora for. erecta in Sokwangri area was higher than those of the other areas. Therefore, it was considered that P. densiflora for. erecta forest of Sokwangri area could be naturally regenerated. 3) According to results of species diversity, the species diversity of Uljin region showed the least low value as , other regions appeared about 0.7. In the diversity by vegetation types, Acer pseudosieboldianum community showed high value. 4) According to the analysis of community similarity, SokwangRi region was lowly correlated with Uljin region, while the index among the other areas appeared above ) According to the analysis of interspecific association, it was divided into 2 groups. The species of first group were mainly involved in character species, and the species of second group were involved in differential species groups. key words: CCA, Community similarity, Importance value, Interspecific association, Pinus densiflora for. erecta, Species diversity, Vegetation

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