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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 7 pp , ISSN / eissn 김지선 1* 1 중원대학교레저스포츠학과 The Effect of the Exercise Performance of Yoga and Pilates on the Autonomic Nervous System Ji-Sun Kim 1* 1 Dept. of Leisure Sports, Jungwon University 요약본연구의목적은 Yoga와 Pilates 운동수행이자율신경계에미치는영향을분석하여운동처방의임상적기초자료를제공하고자하였다. 피험자는체육전공대학생 20명을요가운동군 (Yoga Group) 과필라테스운동군 (Pilates Group) 에각각 10 명씩배정하였고, 자율신경계측정은운동전, 운동직후, 회복기 30분후에이루어졌다. 그결과첫째, 요가는스트레스지수와평균맥박이시기의주효과와시기와집단의상호작용효과의유의한차이를보였다. 둘째, 요가는교감활성과자율신경균형이시기의주효과, 시기와집단의상호작용효과, 집단의주효과모두유의한차이를보였다. 셋째, 맥박다양성, 부교감활성도, SDNN, RMSSD 는시기의주효과는유의한차이를보였고, 시기와집단의상호작용효과와집단의주효과는통계적으로유의한차이를나타내지않았다. 따라서요가는스트레스지수를낮추고평균맥박감소의효과를얻을수있으며, 특히요가운동이필라테스운동보다교감활성감소와자율신경균형에더긍정적인영향을미치는것으로사료된다. Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the exercise performance of yoga and pilates on the autonomic nervous system in an effort to provide some clinical information on exercise prescription. The subjects were 20 selected college students who majored in P.E. A yoga and a pilates were organized with 10 students respectively, the autonomic nervous system of the students was measured before the exercise, immediately after that and 30 minutes after recovery. The findings of the study were as follows: First, there were significant differences in the yoga 's stress index and average pulse according to the main effect of the and interaction effect between the and. Second, there were significant differences in the yoga 's sympathetic nervous system activity and autonomic nerve balance according to all the main effect of the, interaction effect between the and and the main effect of. Third, there were significant differences in HRV(Heart Rate Variability), parasympathetic nervous system activity, SDNN, and RMSSD according to the main effect of the, and interaction effect between the and and the main effect of produced no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, yoga seemed to be effective at lowering stress index and average pulse. Specifically, yoga exercise seemed to exert a more positive influence on the decrease of sympathetic nervous system activity and autonomic nerve balance than pilates exercise. Keywords : Yoga, Pilates, Autonomic nervous system 1. 서론 급변하는사회에서현대인들의불규칙한생활패턴은 * Corresponding Author : Ji-Sun Kim(Jungwon Univ.) Tel: dsjy100@jwu.ac.kr Received March 24, 2015 Revised June 15, 2015 Accepted July 16, 2015 Published July 31, 2015 육체적피로와정신적스트레스의복합적인영향으로스스로의삶을긍정적으로가꿔나가지못하고부적응상태를지속하면서심신의건강상태를위협하는원인이되고 4450

2 있다 [1]. 인간이살아가면서겪게되는다양한스트레스유발인자는내적 외적갈등을초래하고인체의심신에스트레스반응을나타낸다. 특히인체의건강상태를나타내는신체리듬의중요한생리적반응 (physical reactivity) 은심박수나혈압의상승, 혈류변화가대표적인데이러한반응이장기간스트레스에노출되면부신피질자극의호르몬이상으로혈당과혈압수치가높아지고면역력을억제시켜자율신경계균형에악영향을미친다. 심박수변이도란시간에따른심박수의주기적인변화를의미하며일반적으로건강한사람의경우에는심박수변이도가크고복잡하게나타나고질병상태나스트레스상태에있는사람의경우에는그복잡도가현저히감소하는경향을보인다 [2]. 심박변이도는동방결절영향에미치는교감신경과부교감신경사이의상호작용과관련이있으며순간적인심박동및 R-R간격의변동을반영한다. 이것은하나의심장주기로부터다음심장주기사이의미세한변이도를나타내며심전도 (EGC) 의매비트마다 R-R interval(r파와이웃한 R파사이의간격 ) 의변동으로동방결절에대한자율신경계의압력변동을의미한다 [3]. 이처럼자율신경계 (autonomicnerve system;ans) 는인체반응의생명유지항상성을시사하는데, 불균형이초래되면자율신경불안정증후군, 자율신경실조증 (autonomicfailur) 등으로인해여러가지질병이유발될수있다. 최근에는스포츠의학영역에서노인병환자, 만성신부전환자, 중추신경질환자, 만성통증환자, 말초신경병변환자등의재활과정에서자율신경계활동의중요성이강조되고있으며 [4], 정상인의경우라도자율신경계불균형은심혈관계질환위험수준을높이는것으로알려져 [5] 예방의학적측면에서올바른운동수행을통한자율신경계안정화를제시해야만한다. 최근현대인들은삶의질을높이는건강관리의중요성에관심이많아지면서단순신체활동이아닌신체적 심리적건강증진을동시에기대할수있는요가와필라테스운동참여가높아지고있다. 요가는자세 ( 아사나 ) 와호흡 ( 프라나야마 ) 수련을통해인체의기관계통활성화와정신적안정을추구할수있다고알려져있으며, 특히요가수련의특정자세를이끌어가는호흡의이완반응은현대인이갖는정신적스트레스해소에긍정적인역할을기대할수있다. 내적경험을강조하는요가는자세와호흡훈련을함으로써몸과마음의불균형을바로잡고근 육의힘과유연성을증진시키며, 혈액순환을원활하게하고호르몬기능을향상시켜, 심혈관계질환을포함한여러스트레스성질환으로부터우리몸을보호한다고보고되고있다 [6]. 또한필라테스운동은 1990년대초독일의조셉필라테스에의해창시되었으며, 중심 (centering) 집중 (concentration) 조절 (control) 정확 (precision) 호흡 (breath) 흐름 (flow) 의여섯가지움직임원리를 [7] 컨트롤하는운동체계를갖는다. 이는코어강화즉, 인체의중심 파워하우스 를단련함으로써자세를바로잡아주는효과뿐아니라육체와마음을하나로인식하게하는심리적강화효과가있어재활및기초체력훈련프로그램으로그적용영역이확대되고전문화되고있다 [8]. 특히요가와필라테스에서주목할공통적인특징은심신의상호유기적균형이집중된의식으로이끌어져올바른자세와호흡을조절하는운동체계를갖고있다는것이다. 운동시변화되는심박수는호흡에의해조절될수있는데, 즉흡기는교감신경증가로심박수가증가하고, 호기는부교감신경증가로심박수가감소하여호흡성동성부정맥 (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) 을조절할수있다. RSA는의식적으로자율신경에영향을줄수있는유일한방법이기때문에느린심호흡 [9] 은 HRV를증가시킨다 [10]. 지금까지요가수련이심신에미치는효과를보고한국내외선행연구들을살펴보면, 스트레스대처능력의향상과불안우울지수의감소 [11,12,13], 호흡순환기능향상및중추신경전달호르몬촉진 [14], 심리적안정과집중력향상 [15], 면역세포강화 [16] 등의긍정적효과를보고하였다. 또한필라테스와관련된연구들도체지방률과복부지방률감소, 유연성과근력향상, 비만관리, 심폐기능과스트레스해소에긍정적효과 [17,18,19,20,21,22] 등인체의신체적 심리적기능향상에관련된다양한선행연구들이보고되고있다. 하지만요가와필라테스운동에서강조되는호흡의단련과심리적안정에대한운동수행이자율신경계변화에어떠한영향을미치는지에대한과학적규명은미흡한실정이므로본연구의보고가의미있다하겠다. 따라서본연구는 Yoga와 Pilates 운동수행이자율신경계에미치는영향을분석하여운동처방의임상적기초자료를제공하고자한다. 4451

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 7 호, 연구대상 2. 본론 본연구는 J대학체육전공대학생 20명을요가운동군 (Yoga Group) 과필라테스운동군 (Pilates Group) 에각각 10명씩배정하였다. 피험자들은실험참여전 10주간의사전교육을통해요가와필라테스운동수행의숙련도를갖췄으며, 실험참여 6시간전부터신경계에영향을줄수있는약물복용및각성물질 ( 카페인음료, 알코올등 ) 섭취를제한하였다. 또한연구의중요성과실험절차에대해설명한후자발적참여동의서를작성한피험자들에게실험을실시하였다. 평균연령은요가운동군이 19.8세, 필라테스운동군은 20.2세, 평균신장은요가운동군이 169.1cm, 필라테스운동군은 171.2cm, 평균체중은요가운동군이 62.4kg, 필라테스운동군은 66.6kg, BMI 는요가운동군 21.8, 필라테스운동군 22.6로차이를나타내지않았다. 이상에서살펴본바와같이요가운동군과필라테스운동군은연령, 신장, 체중, BMI에차이가없어동질성은검증되었다 [Table 1]. Table 1. Physical characteristics of the subjects (n=20) Factors (n=10) (n=10) t p Age (years) 19.90± ± Height( cm ) ± ± weight( kg ) 62.43± ± BMI 21.83± ± Note. M±SD: Mean±Standard Deviation, : Yoga exercise, : Pilates exercise 2.2 실험방법및측정 신체구성측정 피험자들의신장은자동신장계 (PD300DHR), 체중과 BMI는체성분분석기 (Bio Space In Body 720) 를이용하여측정하였다. 에근거하며, 미국의 Heartmath연구소에서만든자율신경평가및해석을위한가이드라인을따른다. 분석방법으로 Task Force(1996) 는 HRV를시간영역분석과주파수영역분석으로구분하여제시하였다 [23]. 피험자의맥파로부터심박변이도 (HRV) 를추출하여신체에누적된스트레스와맥박다양성, 평균맥박 (mean BPM), 교감활성 (LF:low frequency), 부교감활성 (HF:high frequency), SDNN( 전체 R-R 간격의표준편차 :standard deviation of the node to node intervals), RMSSD( 연속적인 R-R 간격의평균제곱근의차이 :square root of the mean squared difference of successive R-R intervals) 를통해자율신경계활성도를분석하였다. 피험자들은요가와필라테스운동전, 운동직후, 회복기 30분후의자율신경계활성도를분석하기위해서편안한자세로의자에앉아검지손가락끝에빛을수광하는센서를끼워모세혈관에서비침습적방법으로 2분 30 초동안맥파를측정하도록하였다. 2.3 운동수행프로그램본연구에서실시된요가와필라테스프로그램은 1 회 60분동안준비운동 (Wam-up) 10분, 본운동 (Main-exercise) 40분, 정리운동 (Cool-down) 10분으로구성되었다. 프로그램의준비운동단계는호흡수련과함께관절과근육의긴장을이완시킬수있는자세를실시하였고, 본운동단계에서요가는 13가지아사나를집중된의식과함께호흡을조절하며실시하였고, 필라테스는파워하우스강화와안정성을위한 13가지동작을실시하였다. 정리운동단계에서는이완과휴식을최대화할수있는호흡과명상으로심신의안정을유도하였다. 프로그램의운동강도설정은 40-60% HRmax 수준에서목표심박수를산출하여실시하였고, 주관적운동강도자각도 (RPE: rating of perceived exertion, Borg scale) 는 10-15( 가볍다- 힘들다 ) 정도의수준을유지하며점증부하로실시하였다 [Table 2] 자율신경계측정자율신경계균형측정도구는맥파와심박변이도를분석하는맥파측정기 ubioclip v70( 바이오센스크리에티브 ) 이다. ubiomacpa 측정및 HRV분석은 1996년유럽심장학회와북미심조율전기생리학회의심박동변이 (HRV-Heart Rate Variability) 신호의분석방법과표준 2.4 자료처리본연구의수집된자료는 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) WIN 20.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였고, 각변인별로평균과표준편차의기술통계치를산출하였다. 시기별 ( 운동전, 운동직후, 회복기 30분후 ) 집단 ( 요가운동, 필라테스운동 ) 의차이를알아보기 4452

4 Table 2. Yoga and Pilates exercise program Composition Yoga program Pilates program Time Intensity Wam-up Main-exercise Cool-down abdominal breathing, ujjai brathing loose aeremia, loose joint Breathing, rolling Curl up, coccyx curl Suryanamaskar The hundred Utkatatasana The bridge I II Virabhadrasana The single leg stretch Psachimottanasana I The roll over Ardha Matsyendrasana I The double leg stretch Gomukhasana The swan Baddha Konasana The criss cross Bhujanggasana The teaser Dhanurasana Rolling back Halasana The side kick Salamba Sarvangasana leg full front Matsyasana Quadruped Salamba Shirshasana swimming Savasana Meditation Child pose Breathing % HRmax (RPE: 13) 50-60% HRmax (RPE: 13-15) 40% HRmax (RPE: 10) 위해 t-test를실시하였고, 집단과시기의스트레스, 맥박, 자율신경계차이를살펴보기위해반복측정변량분석 (Repeated Measures ANOVA) 을실시하였다. 통계적유의수준은 p<.05로설정하였다. 3. 결론 Table 3. changes of stress index ± ± ± ± ± ±6.07 t * * * p< *** 스트레스분석스트레스는각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=39.10, SD=4.98) 이필라테스운동군 (M=37.90, SD=4.51) 보다스트레스지수가높았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후필라테스운동군 (M=37.80, SD=7.27) 이요가운동군 (M=32.20, SD= 2.84) 보다스트레스지수가높았으며, 통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-2.269, p<.05). 회복기 30분후에는필라테스운동군 (M=37.00, SD=6.07) 이요가운동군 (M=31.60, SD=4.45) 보다스트레스지수가높아통계적으로유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-2.268, p<.05). 또한시기의주효과 (F=4.862, p<.05) 와시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=3.594, p<.05] 는유의한차이를나타냈으며, 집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=4.033, p>.05] 는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 [Table 3]. 2.2 맥박분석 맥박다양성맥박다양성은각시기별, 운동전필라테스운동군 (M=36.70, SD=10.21) 이요가운동군 (M=34.50, SD=9.59) 보다맥박다양성이높았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=41.38, SD=6.90) 이필라테스운동군 (M=40.45, SD=16.00) 보다맥박다양성이높았으나통계적으로는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 (p>.05). 회복기 30분후에도요가운동군 (M=43.64, SD=10.53) 이필라테스운동군 (M=43.00, SD=9.24) 보다맥박다양성이높았으나통계적으로는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 (p>.05). 또한시기의주효과 (F=4.216, p<.05) 는유의한차이를보였으나시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=.201, p>.05] 와집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=.033, p>.05] 는유의한차이를보이지않았다 [Table 4]. 4453

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 7 호, 2015 Table 4. Changes of average pulse ± ± ± ± ± ± *.201 t * p<.05 회복기 30분에도요가운동군 (M=6.79, SD=.67) 이필라테스운동군 (M=8.04, SD=.77) 보다교감활성이낮아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-3.875, p<.01). 또한시기의주효과 (F=24.963, p<.001) 와시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=14.763, p<.001], 집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=6.237, p<.05] 모두유의한차이를나타냈다 [Table 6] 평균맥박 평균맥박은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=82.05, SD=13.59) 이필라테스운동군 (M=84.39, SD=13.05) 보다평균맥박이낮았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=71.11, SD=12.59) 이필라테스운동군 (M=83.79, SD=11.99) 보다평균맥박이낮았으며, 유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-2.306, p<.05). 회복기 30 분에는요가운동군 (M=68.55, SD=10.59) 이필라테스운동군 (M=81.58, SD=14.53) 보다평균맥박이낮아유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-2.292, p<.05). 또한시기의주효과 (F=26.605, p<.001) 와시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)= , p<.001] 는유의한차이가나타났으며, 집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=2.828, p>.05] 는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 [Table 5]. Table 5. Changes of the average pulse ± ± ± ± ± ±14.53 t * * * p<.05, *** p< 자율신경계 교감활성 (LF) *** 교감활성은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=8.10, SD=.75) 이필라테스운동군 (M=8.21, SD=.34) 보다교감활성이낮았지만유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=7.47, SD=.67) 이필라테스운동군 (M=8.19, SD=.77) 보다교감활성이낮아유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=-2.232, p<.05). Table 6. Changes of sympathetic nervous system activity 8.10 ± ± ± ± ± ±.77 t * ** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p< 부교감활성 (HF) ***.656 부교감활성은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=6.24, SD=.69) 이필라테스운동군 (M=6.08, SD=.42) 보다부교감활성이높았으나통계적으로는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=6.65, SD=.42) 이필라테스운동군 (M=6.13, SD=.42) 보다부교감활성이높아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.768, p<.05). 회복기 30분에서도요가운동군 (M=6.86, SD=.67) 이필라테스운동군 (M=6.26, SD=.48) 보다부교감활성이높아통계적으로도유의미한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.288, p<.05). 또한시기에따라유의한차이를나타냈으며 (F=9.119, p<.01), 시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=3.107, p>.05] 와집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=4.100, p>.05] 는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 [Table 7]. Table 7. Changes of parasympathetic nervous system activity 6.24 ± ± ± ±.42 recovery ± ±.48 t * 2.298* * p<.05, ** p< **

6 2.3.3 자율신경균형 (LF/HF) 자율신경균형은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=1.22, SD=.08) 이필라테스운동군 (M=1.20, SD=.08) 보다자율신경균형이높았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=1.44, SD=.07) 이필라테스운동군 (M=1.29, SD=.11) 보다자율신경균형이높아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=3.638, p<.01). 회복기 30분후에도요가운동군 (M=1.52, SD=.10) 이필라테스운동군 (M=1.38, SD=.07) 보다자율신경균형이높아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=3.407, p<.01). 또한시기의주효과 (F=68.639, p<.001), 시기와집단상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=6.064, p<.01], 그리고집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=10.852, p<.01] 가유의한차이를나타냈다 [Table 8]. Table 8. Changes of The autonomic nervous balance 1.22 ± ± ± ± ± ±.07 t ** 3.407** ** p<.01, *** p< *** ** Table 9. Changes of SDNN ± ± ± ± ± ±35.94 t * 2.149* * p<.05, *** p< RMSSD ***.924 RMSSD 은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=29.24, SD=19.16) 이필라테스운동군 (M=26.97, SD=16.09) 보다 RMSSD가높았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=42.97, SD=10.26) 이필라테스운동군 (M=31.09, SD=14.19) 보다 RMSSD가높아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.144, p<.05). 회복기 30분후에도요가운동군 (M=44.50, SD=10.17) 이필라테스운동군 (M=31.23, SD=16.01) 보다 RMSSD가높아통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.212, p<.05). 또한시기의주효과 (F=7.227, p<.01) 는유의한차이를나타냈으며, 시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=2.215, p>.05] 와집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=2.587, p>.05] 는통계적으로는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 [Table 10] SDNN SDNN은각시기별, 운동전요가운동군 (M=60.73, SD=28.25) 이필라테스운동군 (M=53.00, SD=26.06) 보다 SDNN이높았으나유의한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 운동직후요가운동군 (M=85.63, SD=19.41) 이필라테스운동군 (M=61.23, SD=30.27) 보다 SDNN이높아유의미한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.146, p<.05). 회복기 30분에도요가운동군 (M=91.61, SD=20.89) 이필라테스운동군 (M=63.37, SD=35.94) 보다 SDNN이높아유의한차이를나타냈다 (t=2.149, p<.05). 또한시기의주효과 (F=10.559, p<.001) 에따라유의한차이를나타냈으며, 시기와집단의상호작용효과 [F(2, 36)=2.629, p>.05] 와집단의주효과 [F(1, 18)=3.381, p>.05] 는유의한차이를나타내지않았다 [Table 9]. Table 10. Changes of RMSSD ± ± ± ± ± ±16.01 t * 2.212* * p<.05, ** p< 논의 9.225**.685 자율신경계활성도란심장의전기적인활동상태를분석하여자율신경계의변화를자세히관찰할수있는심박동수변이 (heartratevariability,hrv) 를나타내는생체신호를의미한다 [24]. 즉, 자율신경계의체내향상성조절메커니즘이건강하고조절능력이뛰어난사람은체 4455

7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 7 호, 2015 온, 혈액압의변화및외부의물리적위협등에민감하게반응하여빠른시간내에생리적균형및방어상태에도달할수있지만, 질병상태에있을경우에는생리적인균형상태나방어상태에정상적으로회복될수없게되는것이다 [25]. 따라서본연구에서는심신의이완기전을바탕으로한신체활동과양질의호흡운동이강조되는요가와필라테스프로그램을실시하여자율신경계의항상성과생리적반응에미치는효과를검증하고자하였다. 본연구는요가운동이시간의경과와함께교감활성감소에영향을미치며, 요가운동이필라테스운동보다교감활성감소에더효과적인것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는인체가신체활동을실시하게되면운동중부교감신경계의활성도는약화되고교감신경계는활성화되어심박동수와전부하 (preload), 전신혈관저항이증가되고심박출량과대사작용및혈류를증가시키며, 운동이끝난회복기동안에는부교감신경계가다시활성화되고교감신경계작용이약화된다 [26,27] 는선행연구와는상이한부분이다. 또한일회적운동이끝난뒤교감신경활성도는감소함과동시에부교감신경계의활성도가증가되어심박수가급격히감소하는결과 [28] 와건강한젊은성인이중정도의운동후, 부교감신경이운동전수준으로회복하는데 60분정도소요되는결과 [29] 와도차이가나타났다. 이는요가운동이선행연구에서실시된운동방법들과는달리호흡의이완조절에서오는특이성을갖는것으로해석되어진다. 다시말해인체가신체활동을시작하면교감신경계의활성도는심박수를높이고이후회복기심박수의안정을찾기까지부교감신경계의활성도가나타나야하는부분이지만, 요가운동은첫준비운동단계부터이완된호흡을유도하고, 본운동과정리운동단계까지의식적인느린호흡이유지되어운동직후, 회복기 30분후시간의경과와함께교감활성은낮춰지고부교감활성은높아져스트레스지수와평균맥박이감소된결과를나타낸것으로사료된다. 요가는인간의몸과마음을닦는체계적이고자연적인수행방법으로, 균형과조화를잃은신체와정신그리고호흡의습관적단면을고치고개선한다 [30]. 요가의복식호흡은들숨과날숨의호흡교환시높아진복압이정맥혈의흐름을촉진시켜횡격막의상하운동으로내장기관을자극하게된다. 특히본연구에서실시된복식호흡은하복부심호흡이자연스럽게지속될수있도록하 였는데, 하복부복식호흡을수련하면내쉬는호흡의길이를일정한간격으로천천히심호흡할수있게되어신체적이완을촉진시킬수있었다. 선행연구에서 [9] 는 21-33세의건강한성인에게 4초들숨에 6초날숨으로천천히심호흡훈련을시킨결과통제집단에비해심호홉집단이부교감신경이더활성된것으로나타났는데, 이는요가운동의호흡기전일반적인운동보다부교감활성을증가시킨다는결과를지지할수있는보고라할수있다. 반면본연구에서필라테스운동은요가운동에비해교감활성감소와자율신경균형에서긍정적인효과를나타내지못하였는데, 이러한결과는필라테스와요가운동이신체활동에서특정자세를유지하는동안의식적으로호흡을조절하는운동방법에는공통점이있으나자율신경계에미치는호흡작용의영향에는차이가있다고사료되어진다. 필라테스는깊은호흡과함께느리고강한근수축의반복을통하여신체중심부를강화시키고안정화시키는운동으로서 [31] 필라테스의흉식호흡은스트레스감소, 긴장해소에도움이되며, 심폐기능과순환기능력이강화되는효과가있다하였다 [22]. 하지만수영과태극권이호흡의공통된특성이있다고할지라도, 운동방식에따른다른측면이 HRV에영향을미치고있음을시사한연구 [32] 와 60분동안요가수행과공원걷기운동후의 HRV를비교하였는데, 요가수행자가걷기나통제집단보다 HRV가더큰것으로나타난연구 [33] 에서처럼필라테스와요가운동이호흡운동프로그램이라는공통된특성이있다할지라도호흡조절방식의차이가교감활성감소와자율신경균형유의도에영향을미쳤다고판단된다. 필라테스운동의흉식호흡은늑간근수축으로흉곽내압력변화가횡경막을움직이는데호흡의패턴이빠르고앝은반복호흡으로이루어져, 스타카토로끊어서내쉬는호흡은심복부강화훈련에더집중되어있다할수있다. 따라서호흡조절법에의해몸과마음을이완시키고자할경우에는, 자연스러운하복부복식호흡일경우가부교감신경활성도가가장크게높아져몸의이완에대한최대효과를발휘할수있게된다 [34]. 마지막으로본연구에서요가정리운동단계에이루어진명상의효과에대해논의해보면, 선행연구에서명상기법은자율신경활성도를나타내는심박변이도의부교감신경활성도를반영하는고주파성분이증가하고교감신경활성도를반영하는저주파성분의감소함을보고 4456

8 하였다 [35]. 이는본연구를뒷받침하는결과로서, 요가운동에서실시된명상수련이부교감활성에긍정적인영향을미쳐충분한이완반응을일으켜자율신경계안정에효과적인결과를나타내었다고할수있다. 따라서요가운동수행의호흡과명상은몸과마음의생리적이완을최대한이끌어내어인체의자율신경계활성화를기대할수있다고사료되어진다. 5. 결론본연구는체육전공대학생 20명을요가운동군과필라테스운동군으로각각 10명씩배정하여 1회 60분간프로그램을실시하고, 운동전, 운동직후, 회복기 30분후의자율신경계변화를분석하였다. 연구의결론은다음과같다. 첫째, 요가는운동시간의경과와함께스트레스지수를낮추고평균맥박감소를나타내었고둘째, 요가운동이필라테스운동보다교감활성감소와자율신경균형에더긍정적인효과를나타내었으며셋째, 맥박다양성, 부교감활성도, SDNN, RMSSD는시간의경과와함께증가함을알수있었다. 따라서요가는자율신경계변화에긍정적인영향을미칠수있는운동으로건강증진개선의효용성을규명할수있었다. References [1] J. S. Kim, Value of Traditional Yangsaeng Qi-Training in Terms of Wellness, Journal of Korean Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women, Vol.28, No.4, pp , [2] A. J. Camm, M. Malik, J. T. Bigger, G. Breithardt, S. Cerutti, R. J. Cohen, P. Coumel, E. L. Fallen, H. L. Kennedy, R. E. Kleiger, F. Lombardi, A. Malliani, A. J. Moss, J. N. Rottman, G. Schmidt, P. J. Schwartz, & D. H. Singer, Task Force of The European Society of Cardiology and The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Heart rate variability, Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, Vol.93, pp , [3] J. H. Lee, Design of Heart Rate Variability Signal Time-Frequency Analysis System for the Assessment of Autonomic Nervous System Activities, Master's Thesis of Yonsei Private Univ., [4] C. A. Tate, M. F. Hyek, & G. E. Taffet, Mechanisms for the respones of cardiac muscle to physical activity in old age, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc Vol.26, pp , [5] B. M. Curtis, & J. H. O'Keefe, Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factors : The dangers of chronix fight or flight. Mayo Clin Proc, Vol.77, pp.45-54, [6] O. Parshad, Role of yoga in stress management, The West Indian Journal of Medicine, Vol.53, No.3, pp , [7] E. M. Joseph, & C. Simona, Pilates and the powerhouse -Ⅰ, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Vol.8, pp.15-24, [8] S. I. Kim, The Relationship among Sport Emotion, Optimism and Hope of Pilates` Participants, Journal Korean Society of Sport Psychology, Vol.21, No.2, pp.63-76, [9] E. Tharion, P. Samuel, R. Rajalakshmi, G. Gnanasenthil, & R. Subramanian, Influence of deep breathing exercise on spontaneous respiratory rate and heart rate variability : a randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Vol.56, No.1, pp.80-87, [10] S. W. Porges, The polyvagal theory : Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system, International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol.42, pp , DOI: [11] M. S. Park, Effects of Yoga Exercise Program on Response of Stress, Physical Fitness and Self-esteem in the Middle-aged Women, unpublished master thesis of seoul univ., [12] M. Javnbakht, R. H. Hejazi-Kenari, & M. Ghasemi, Effect of yoga on depression and anxiety of women, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol.15, No.2, pp , [13] I. S. Wang, Effects of Yoga Postures, Yoga Breathing, and Yoga Relaxation Program on physical symptoms of stress, fatigue, stress response and self-esteem for Irregular Women Workers, Korean Journal of Health Psychology, Vol.15, No.1, pp.67-90, [14] N. H. Yeo, K. S. Oh, Y. R. Cha, & S. H. Kang, Effect of Yoga Exercise Program on Catecholamine and Growth Hormone in Pre and Postmenopausal Middle Aged Women, Korean Journal of Sport Science, Vol.19, No.1, pp.31-40, [15] M. K. Jeon, The effects of the yoga performance on mental helth in menopause wome, unpublished Doctorate's thesis of Dankook Univ.,

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