Anxiety and Mood Vol 14, No 2 / pissn / eissn ORIGINAL ARTICLE 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애의임상적특성
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1 Anxiety and Mood Vol 14, No 2 / pissn / eissn ORIGINAL ARTICLE 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애의임상적특성 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원정신건강의학교실 이경은. 안지현. 김다은. 문승연. 홍진표 Clinical Characteristics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among North Korean Defectors Kyoung Eun Lee, MD, Ji Hyun An, MD, Da Eun Kim, MA, Carloyn Seungyoun Moon, MD and Jin Pyo Hong, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence and clinical characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in North Korean defectors (NKD). Methods : The study population consisted of 300 NKDs registered in the multi-regional adaptation center (Hana Center), within three years of settling in South Korea. We conducted in-person interviews and a survey with each subject, based on the North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI) and various clinical scales. Results : Lifetime prevalence of PTSD in NKDs was 15.3%, approximately nine times higher than South Koreans (1.7%). Although experiencing broader type of traumas with higher rate than South Koreans, NKDs revealed lower odds of PTSD in most type of trauma (p<0.05). Conclusion : NKDs are at higher risk of experiencing different types of trauma than the general population in South Korea, and it is further validated that prevalence of PTSD is also higher. Careful evaluation for comorbid psychiatric symptoms and type of traumas prior to PTSD treatment for NKDs is necessary to facilitate more appropriate intervention for each subject, according to personal experience. (Anxiety and Mood 2018;14(2):80-87) KEY WORDS : North Korean defectors Prevalence Post-traumatic stress disorder. 서 론 북한이탈주민의수는 2005 년이후지속적으로증가추세 를유지, 통일부에서발표한자료에따르면 2018 년 6 월말기 준으로 31,827 명이다. 1 북한이탈주민의수가늘어나면서이들 의성공적인남한정착및적응에대한관심은점차높아지 고있다. 2 그동안외국난민들의예에서나타난가장중요한 문제중하나는난민들의적응과정신건강적인측면의문제 Received : October 1, 2018 / Accepted : October 17, 2018 Address for correspondence Jin Pyo Hong, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel : , Fax : suhurhong@gmail.com 이연구는보건복지부정신건강기술개발사업단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (HM15C1072). 였다. 3 난민들은이주과정에서여러외상을경험하기도하고낯선환경에적응하면서여러가지정신건강문제를경험하기쉽다. 4 그리고난민들의정신건강은과거경험한사건들과깊은연관이있는것으로알려져있어외상후스트레스장애 (post-traumatic stress disorder, 이하 PTSD) 는난민들의정신건강을반영하는중요한요인이다. 5 북한이탈주민은탈북과정에서경험하는여러외상및심리적스트레스로인해정신질환의유병률이높은것으로알려져있다. 6 평가시기, 진단방법등에따라유병율에차이가있지만북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 유병률은높게는 56%, 6 낮게는 5.2% 7 로나타났다. 각연구마다결과는상당한차이가있는데그이유로는표준화된진단도구가아닌증상평가척도를이용한한계때문이다. 남한에입국한북한이탈주민에서외상경험은강제송환유무, 제3국에서장기체류기간등과함께우울및 PTSD 등 80 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018
2 이경은등 의정신질환의발병의위험요인으로알려져있다. 8 북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 발병과관련된외상으로는 가족이나친척중굶어죽은것을목격하거나소식을들음 과같은가족과관련된외상이육체적외상, 정치사상적외상, 체포및발각과관련된외상보다관련이높은것으로나타났다. 9 하지만이외에경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른 PTSD 발병및정신건강관련특성 ( 우울, 알코올사용, 회복탄력성등 ), 공존질환등과관련된종합적인연구는미비하다. 기존연구들은같은도구를활용하여남한주민과직접정신건강수준을비교하지못하였다. 본연구에서는전세계적으로표준적으로사용되는진단도구인 Composite International Diagnostic Interview( 이하 CIDI) 를이용하여북한이탈주민에서도정신건강실태를평가하고, 같은연도에이루어진 2016 년정신질환실태역학조사결과와직접비교하였다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출하여남한일반인구와비교해보고, 경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른외상후스트레스장애발병과의관계, 정신건강관련특성및, 공존질환위험도를확인하고자한다. 북한에서정신적외상, 탈북과정과정착이라는정신사회적스트레스에노출된북한이탈주민의정신건강의특징을이해하고, 남한의성공적인정착을위한정책개발에도도움이될것으로기대한다. 방법 연구대상자및자료수집본연구는보건복지부의지원을받아북한이탈주민정신건강실태조사의일환으로 2016 년 6월 1일부터 10월 31일까지진행되었다. 전국하나센터에등록한북한이탈주민중최근 3년이내에남한으로입국한 18세이상의북한이탈주민 300명을대상으로실시되었다. 연구대상자들은연구자들로부터연구목적과취지에대한설명을듣고, 동의를받은사람들이었다. 연구대상자들은주요정신질환을평가하기위해서 North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview( 이하 NK-CIDI), 사회인구학특성에관한설문및여러임상척도를시행하였다. 본연구는삼성서울병원임상연구위원회의승인 (IRB No. SMC ) 을받았다. 연구도구북한어판 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI) 본연구는 North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview(NK-CIDI) 를이용하여주요정신질환유무를평가하였다. CIDI는국제적인진단역학연구에적합한역학조사용면담도구 10 로서국내에서는 2015 년북한어정신건강평가도구개발의일환으로 NK-CIDI 가개발 11 되었다. NK-CIDI 는북한이탈주민및북한주민의정신질환에대한역학조사를위해 K-CIDI 를북한의사회문화적배경에적합하게번역개발하고그타당도와신뢰도가검증되었다. 본연구에서는 NK-CIDI 를통해진단되는정신질환중북한이탈주민에서높은유병률을보이는주요우울장애, 기분부전장애, 범불안장애, PTSD, 광장공포증, 공황장애, 특정공포증, 사회공포증, 니코틴의존, 니코틴금단, 알코올의존, 알코올남용을중심으로결과를분석하였다. 정신상태평가임상척도우울척도 : 북한어판 CES-D-NK(North Korean version of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale) North Korean version of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale( 이하 CES-D-NK) 를이용하여우울증상을평가하였다. CES-D는 1977년 Radloff 12 에의해개발된우울증의일차선별용척도로총 20문항으로구성되어있으며, 국내에서 Cho와 Kim 13 이한국어로번안하여표준화한것을북한어로번안하여사용하였다. 14 각문항은 0~3점척도로, 총점수의범위는 0~60점이다. 임상적우울증상점수의기준점은 21점을절단점으로하였으며, 점수가높을수록우울증상이심한것으로평가된다. 알코올사용장애척도 : 북한어판 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea(AUDIT-NK) 원판 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea( 이하 AUDIT-NK) 는 WHO가 International Classification of Diseases-10 의진단기준에기초해위험음주를선별하기위해개발한자기보고식검사이며이를북한어판으로개발된것을사용하였다. 15 AUDIT 는알코올과관련된핵심질문 (core questionnaire) 과보조적인이학적검사 (complementary physical examination) 등 10문항으로구성돼있고구체적으로알코올의존에관한 3문항, 해로운음주에관한 3문항, 그리고위험한음주에대한 4문항으로이루어져있으며, 음주로인한해악과의존증상의유무보다는빈도에따라점수를매기도록되어있다. 국내에서도 Kim 등 16 은한글판 AUDIT 를사용하여일반인구를대상으로한연구를통해 15점이상일때를 알코올사용장애, 26점이상일때를 알코올의존 으로제안한바있다. Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,
3 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 사건충격척도 : 북한어판 Impact of Event Scale Revised- North Korea (IES-R-NK) Impact of Event Scale Revised-North Korea( 이하 IES- R-NK) 를이용하여사건충격척도를평가하였다. 개정판사건충격척도 (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, 이하 IES-R) 17 는 Horowitz 등 18 이외상관련증상을자기보고식으로작성하는사건충격척도 (the Impact of Event Scale, IES) 를개발한이후 DSM-IV 의 PTSD진단기준을반영하기위해추가보완된것이다. 북한이탈주민으로이루어진번역팀과연구진은 IES-R 를북한어로번역및역번역하여 IES-R-NK 19 를만들었고신뢰도및타당도를검증하였다. 과각성 6문항, 회피 6문항, 침습 5문항, 수면장애및정서적마비 5문항으로구성되어총 22문항이며, IES-R-NK 에서는절단점을확인하지못했으나, 국내에서 Eun 등 20 은임상가용외상후스트레스장애척도 (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, 이하 CAPS) 21 를이용해한국어판 IES-R 의절단점으로 24/25점을제안하였다. 사회적고립 : 한국어판 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale 외로움의정도는 1978년 Russell 등 22 에의해고안된 UCLA 외로움척도 를개정한 Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale 한글판을이용하여측정하였다. 이는신뢰도와타당도가인정된검사로서, 총 20항목의설문으로구성되어있고, 각설문마다 4지선답형으로답하게되어있다. 20항목의점수를모두합산하면 20 80점이며, 점수가높을수록외로움의정도가큰것으로판정하는상대비교의개념이다. 본연구에서는 10항목의축약판으로사용하였다. 회복탄력성 : 한국어판 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 회복탄력성을측정하기위해서 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale( 이하 CD-RISC) 를사용하였다. 본연구에서는 Conner와 Davidson(2003) 23 이개발하여한국어로번안 24 한것을북한어전문가가북한어로번안하여사용하였다. CD- RISC는 5개의하위요인 ( 강인성, 인내, 낙관성, 지지, 영성 ), 총 25문항으로구성되어있고, 리커트식 5점척도로 전혀그렇지않다 (0) 에서 거의대부분그렇다 (4) 로평정한다. 총점수의범위는최저 0점에서최고 100점으로점수가높을수록회복탄력성이높다는것을의미한다. 2016년정신질환실태역학조사북한이탈주민과남한주민에서 PTSD 유병률및종류별외상경험을비교하기위해 2016년보건복지부국민정신질환 실태조사 (National Mental Health Epidemiological Survey) 25 에서일반인 5,102 명의데이터를수집했다 Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area( 이하 KECA) 는 K-CIDI 를이용하여남한주민들의주요정신질환유병률을산출한국가적대표역학조사로서 2016 년 4월 17일부터 2016 년 11월 30 일까지실시되었다. 연구대상자는지역사회에거주하고있는만 18세이상일반성인인구이며, 모집단인구조사에기반한다단계지역표본추출법을사용하여선별되었다. WHO가추천한 CIDI 교육을받은조사원들이대면인터뷰를진행하였고, 사회인구학특성에관한설문및여러임상척도를작성하도록했다. 자료분석북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군에서사회인구학적특성및주요정신질환공존여부를비교하기카이제곱검정을시행하였다. 북한이탈주민과남한주민에서전체대상자에서종류별외상경험비율에차이가있는지카이제곱검정을시행하였다. 또한북한및남한응답자중 PTSD 진단이내려진대상자중에서외상종류에따라 PTSD유병에차이가있는지보기위해서 PTSD 유무를종속변수로하고, 경험한외상의종류별유무, 지역과외상사건유무의교호작용효과 (Interaction Effect) 를독립변수로하는로지스틱회귀분석을수행하였고, 교호작용효과에대한 OR과 OR의 95% 신뢰구간산출하였다. PTSD군과비PTSD 군의정신상태정도를알아보기위해여러임상척도의평균값을 T-test 를시행하여검정하였다. 통계분석은 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences( 이하 SPSS) version 23.0 for window 를이용하였으며, 통계적유의수준은 0.05미만의 p값을기준으로판정하였다. 결과 연구대상자의사회인구학적특징북한이탈주민 300명을 PTSD 유무에따라사회인구학적임상적특성을 Table 1에비교하였다. 여성에서 PTSD가유의하게높았고 (93.5% ; χ 2 =7.342, p<0.01), PTSD군에서이혼 / 사별 / 별거의비율이 41.3% 로비PTSD군의 26.8% 보다높았으나통계적으로유의한수준은아니었다 (p=0.08). PTSD군에서가장낮은소득수준 ( 월 100만원이하 ) 집단이 74.4% 로비PTSD군에서 63.6% 에비해서높은경향이있었고특히고소득군이 ( 월 20만원이상 ) PTSD 군에서 0명인데비해비 PTSD군에서는 16% 정도를차지했다 (χ 2 =8.004, p<0.05). 연령이나교육수준면에서는유의한차이가없었다. 82 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018
4 이경은등 외상종류에따른 PTSD 유병률및위험성분석 : 북한이탈주민과남한주민비교동일한 CIDI로평가한결과북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 평생유병률은 15.3% 로나왔고, 남한주민의경우 1.7% 로북한이탈주민에서약 9배높았다. 북한이탈주민들이남한주민에비하여대부분의심각한외상의경험률에서유의하게높았다 (Table 2). 북한이탈주민의경우 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (36.7%) 가가장많은반면에남한주민의경우 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (10.1%) 가가장흔하였다. 외상별로북한이탈주민과남한주민을비교해보면 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 36.7% 와 6.6% 로차이가매우컸고, 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 가각각 Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of North Korean defectors(%) Statistics Demographic PTSD No PTSD t or χ 2 p Sex Male Female Age (mean, SD) 39.9 (11.3) 38.5 (12.0) Education years (mean, SD) 10.4 (3.0) 11.1 (2.2) Employment status Employed Unemployed Housewife/student Marital status Married Widowed/separated/divorced Never married Monthly income (KR a thousand won) * , ,010-2, , * : Statistically significant at p value <0.05, : Statistically significant at p value <0.01 Table 2. The prevalence of trauma experience and the conditional risk of developing PTSD among North Korean and South Korean who experienced trauma (n,%) North Korean South Korean North Korean South Korean Trauma (n=300) (n=5102) Adjusted p PTSD PTSD OR (95% CI) p All respondent Positive (N=46) Negative (N=254) Positive (N=89) Negative (N=5013) Life-threatening accident 81 (27.0) 513 (10.1) (43.5) 61 (24.0) 28 (31.5) 485 (9.7) 0.56 ( ) Natural disaster 50 (16.7) 161 (3.2) (21.7) 40 (15.7) 10 (11.2) 151 (3.0) 0.38 ( ) Witness someone being killed seriously injured 110 (36.7) 338 (6.6) (52.2) 86 (33.9) 28 (31.5) 310 (6.2) 0.28 ( ) Raped 10 (3.3) 19 (0.4) (13.0) 4 (1.6) 7 (7.9) 12 (0.2) 0.26 ( ) Sexually assaulted 10 (3.3) 128 (2.5) (13.0) 4 (1.6) 12 (13.5) 116 (2.3) 1.32 ( ) Badly beaten up 54 (18.0) 120 (2.4) (32.6) 39 (15.4) 27 (30.3) 93 (1.9) 0.11 ( ) Threatened with a weapon, held 26 (8.7) 56 (1.1) (17.4) 18 (7.1) 13 (14.6) 43 (0.9) 0.17 ( ) captive, or kidnapped Tortured, or terrorized 45 (15.0) 8 (0.2) (21.7) 35 (13.8) 2 (2.2) 6 (0.1) 0.08 ( ) Learning about traumas to others 34 (11.3) 121 (2.4) (23.9) 23 (9.1) 21 (23.6) 100 (2.0) 0.21 ( ) Military combat 1 (0.3) 157 (3.1) (0.0) 1 (0.4) 4 (4.5) 153 (3.1) - - ORs were adjusted for sex and age. ORs for the prevalence of PTSD according to interaction between location (North Korea or South Korea) and trauma experience Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,
5 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 27.0%, 10.1%, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 이각각 18.0%, 2.4%, 자연재해 가 16.7%, 3.2% 로나타났고, 고문이나폭행을당함 이 15.0%, 0.2% 로차이가있었다. 북한이탈주민과남한주민중 PTSD 진단군에서외상경험률을비교해보면북한이탈주민의경우 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (52.2%) 로가장많았고남한주민의경우 누군가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격한것 과 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 가 31.5% 로가장흔하였다. 북한이탈주민에서는그외에 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (43.5%), 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 (32.6%) 의순이었다., 경험한외상종류별로북한이탈주민과남한주민의 PTSD 유병율이따른차이가있는지알아보기위해지역 ( 북한또는남한 ) 과외상종류별 PTSD에대한교호작용효과를검정했다. 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 하는종류의외상을경험한경우에북한이탈주민이외상에보다많이노출되지만, 남한주민에비해 PTSD로발병할위험성 (OR=0.28, 95% CI=0.13~0.61, p=0.001) 이더낮았다. 마찬가지로, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 (OR=0.11, 95% CI= 0.05~0.27, p=0.000), 흉기로위협을받거나, 포로가되거나, 납치를당함 (OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.06~0.53, p=0.002), 고문이나폭행을당함 (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.01~0.49, p=0.006) 등으로나타나서남한주민의경우외상에노출된빈도는낮지만 경험한많은수에서 PTSD가되고, 북한이탈주민의경우외상에노출되는빈도는매우높은반면그중일부만 full PTSD 로발병하는것으로나타났다. PTSD군과비PTSD군의정신상태비교북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군의정신상태를비교하기위해서여러임상척도의평균값을 Table 3에기술하였다. CES-D-NK 로측정한 PTSD군의우울증상점수의평균은 43.7(SD=15.3) 으로비PTSD군의 32.1(SD=11.4) 에비하여통계적으로유의하게높았다 (t=-4.806, p=0.000). 하지만두군의평균우울점수는 CES-D 의유의한우울수준으로알려진절단점인 21점보다높았다. IES-R-NK 로측정한 PTSD 군의사건충격척도점수의평균은 44.3(SD=17.8) 으로비PTSD 군은 25.5(SD=19.3) 에비하여통계적으로유의하게높았다 (t= , p=0.000). PTSD군은 UCLA 외로움척도 (PTSD=20.4, 비PTSD=17.4) 로측정한외로움에서유의하게높았으며 CD- RISC로측정한회복탄력성 (PTSD=65.0, 비PTSD=74.6) 에서유의하게낮았다. PTSD군과비PTSD군의주요공존정신질환의차이북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군에서, 주요정신질환의공존률에차이가있는지를분석하였다 (Table 4). PTSD Table 3. Comparison of scales for psychological evaluations among North Korean defectors with/without PTSD (mean, SD) Statistics PTSD Non PTSD t p Depression (CES-D-NK) 43.7 (15.3) 32.1 (11.4) Alcohol dependence (AUDIT-NK) 5.5 (7.2) 3.8 (5.7) Posttraumatic stress (IES-R-NK) 44.3 (17.8) 25.5 (19.3) Social loneliness (UCLA) 20.4 (5.7) 17.4 (5.0) Resilience (CD-RISC) 65.0 (21.6) 74.6 (17.1) * : Statistically significant at p value <0.05, : Statistically significant at p value <0.01, : Statistically significant at p value <0.001 Table 4. Comorbidity with other DSM-IV disorders among North Korean defectors with and those without PTSD PTSD Non PTSD Statistics % (SE) % (SE) OR (95% CI) χ 2 p Major depressive disorder 41.3 (7.3) 21.3 (2.6) 2.61 ( ) Dysthymia 13.0 (5.0)* 4.3 (1.3) 3.31 ( ) Generalized anxiety disorder 19.6 (5.9) 10.6 (1.9) 2.05 ( ) Agoraphobia 17.4 (5.6) 2.4 (1.0) 8.70 ( ) Panic disorder 17.4 (5.6) 3.1 (1.1) 6.47 ( ) Specific phobia 39.1 (7.2) 18.9 (2.5) 2.76 ( ) Social phobia 23.9 (6.3) 4.3 (1.3) 6.94 ( ) Nicotine dependence 4.3 (3.0) 7.5 (1.7) 0.56 ( ) Nicotine withdrawal 4.3 (3.0) 2.8 (1.0) 1.60 ( ) Alcohol dependence 21.7 (6.1) 8.7 (1.8) 2.93 ( ) Alcohol abuse 15.2 (5.3) 10.2 (1.9) 1.57 ( ) Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018
6 이경은등 군에서광장공포증 (OR=8.70, 95% CI=2.86~26.46, p=0.000), 사회공포증 (OR=6.94, 95% CI=2.80~17.21, p=0.000), 공황장애 (OR=6.47, 95% CI=2.29~18.28, p=0.000) 순으로통계적으로유의하게공존질환을가질위험도가높았으며그외에주요우울장애, 기분부전장애, 알코올의존, 특정공포증에서도통계적으로공존질환위험도가높았다. 고찰 본연구는최근 3년이내에남한으로입국한 300명의북한이탈주민을대상으로외상후스트레스장애와관련된외상사건의특성및정신상태등을살펴보았다. 본연구결과북한이탈주민의평생유병률은 15.3% 로나타났고, 이는남한주민의 1.7% 에비하여약 9배정도높았다. 미국과유럽으로이주한 6,743 명의난민을대상으로한연구에서전체난민중 9% (99% CI 8~10%) 가 PTSD 진단을받았던결과 26 와비교하면북한이탈주민의유병률은상당히높은편이다. 선행된다른국내연구들을보면, 면담방식으로평가한연구에서는북한이탈주민의 PTSD는 5.2% 7 로진단되었고, 외상척도를이용하여 27.4% 로진단 27 되었다. 기존북한이탈주민을대상으로한많은연구들은각자다른진단도구를이용하여임상적유병률을산출하여결과마다차이가상당했다. 28,29 본본연구는표준화된진단도구 (NK-CIDI) 를이용하여북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출한첫번째연구이며같은시기에실시된남한일반인구와비교하였다는점에서의의가있다. 본연구에서는북한이탈주민및남한주민에서외상사건의경험률을비교하였는데, 북한이탈주민이가장많이경험한외상사건은 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (36.7%) 였고, 이는선행연구 30 결과에서북한이탈주민이가장많이경험한외상유형으로 타인의죽음 (36.2%) 과비슷한결과이다. 북한이탈주민은북한에서거주중에공개처형장면을의무적으로목격하게되는데바로이런공개처형목격이탈북민의외상후스트레스장애및정신질환발병과밀접한관련이있다고보인다. 북한이탈주민은목숨을잃을뻔한사고가 27.0%, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함이 18.0%, 고문이나테러당하는경우가 15.0% 로생명의위협을당하는일이매우광범위하였음을알수있었다. 그에반면에남한주민의경우 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (10.1%) 가가장흔한외상으로나타났으며, 그대부분이교통사고이다. 한국인이경험한외상사건의종류및발생률에대한연구 31 에서도우리나라사람들이가장많이보고한사건은 교통사고, 사랑하는사람의갑작스러운죽음 이었으며엘리베이터사고등으로타인에의한폭력보다는생활속의안전문제가주로흔하였다. 남한주민중 PTSD로진단된군에서외상사건경험률을비교해보면전체대상자의외상사건경험률의차이에비해많이줄어들지만북한이탈주민에서고문이나테러당하는경우 (9.9배 ), 자연재해 (1.9 배 ), 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 (1.7 배 ), 성폭행 (1.7 배 ) 의경우북한이탈주민 PTSD군에서남한 PTSD군에비해더많이경험하였다. 북한이탈주민에서각외상사건별로 PTSD군과비PTSD군의경험비율을살펴보면성폭력 (8.1배 ) 이가장높았고, 외상사건이가까운사람에게일어나서심한충격을받음 (2.6배), 흉기로위협을받거나, 포로가되거나, 납치를당함 (2.4배) 순으로높았다. 선행연구 30 에서북한이탈주민들은폭행및성폭행등의대인외상과질병외상을경험한집단이비경험집단에비해복합 PTSD 및 PTSD 증상, 우울수준이높았던것과일부유사한결과이다. 본연구결과북한이탈주민에서는성폭행, 신체적폭행, 포로가되거나납치를당하는등의본인이직접겪는외상사건뿐만이아니라외상이가까운사람에게일어나서심한충격을받는등의간접외상사건을경험하는경우에도 PTSD로이환될가능성이높은것으로나타났다. 북한이탈주민의경우남한주민에비해외상에노출된빈도는높지만외상에노출된비율에비하여 PTSD로발병한비율이남한주민에비하여낮았다. 그이유는다음과같이설명될수있다. 첫째, 북한이탈주민의경우어린시절부터북한내에서와탈북과정에서반복적으로외상사건에노출되면서탈감작화되어증상에대한충격이낮아져있어서외상후스트레스장애로덜발전할수있다 북한인권백서 는지난 2000년이후지난해까지공개처형당한북한주민이모두 1,382명으로추산된다고밝혔다. 이처럼어린시절부터공개처형을목격하거나, 탈북과정에서겪는기아, 가족구성원의상실, 가족 친지의죽음, 죽음의위기, 심리적또는신체적고문, 여성의성폭행, 강제송환등의여러외상사건에노출되면서탈감작화되어 PTSD까지이환되지않을수있다. Table 3결과를보면, 비PTSD군에서 IES-R-NK 로측정한점수가 25.5으로나타나한국어판 IES-R 의절단점이 24/25점 20 임을고려할때비PTSD군의상당수에서외상후스트레스장애증상이상당함을알수있었다. 이는북한이탈주민들에서외상사건에노출되면서 PTSD의진단기준을충족할정도가아니어도상당수가임상적관심이필요한준임상 (subclinical) PTSD 상태임을알수있다. 둘째, 북한이탈주민에서정신적외상의영향이교과서적인 PTSD 증상보다는신체화양상으로나타날수있다. 북한이탈주민의경우우울하거나불안한증상들도단순한신체증상으로인지하고정신건강의학과를방문하지않는경우가많다. 정서적표현보다는신체화증상을주로표현하는특징을고려한다면북한이탈주민스스로겪는증 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,
7 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 상들이정신적인문제일수있다는것을이해하고받아들이는데어려움 6 이있어진단적으로과소평가될가능성이있다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD군의공존질환으로는주요우울장애 (41.3%) 가가장높았다. 외국난민연구에서도외상사건을지속적으로경험할가능성이많은경우 PTSD와함께주요우울장애로이환될위험성이높다 32 는결과와일치한다. 또한연구결과북한이탈주민의 PTSD군에서비PTSD군보다광장공포증, 사회공포증, 공황장애순으로공존할위험성이높은것으로나타났다. 이처럼북한이탈주민들만이특수하게경험하는외상경험과그로인한불안, 우울등의증상정도가높기때문에보다적극적인정신건강관리에대한필요성이요구되는바이다. 이연구의제한점으로는첫째, 최근 3년이내에입국한북한이탈주민에서무작위추출된표본이아니라서북한이탈주민을대표하지못한다는점이다. 둘째, 외상의종류가북한이탈주민들만이특수하게경험할수있는강제북송, 인신매매등의특수한외상으로구체화되지못했다. 그이유는 CIDI의외상항목을이용했다는점과남한인구와비교를위래서표준화된방법을사용할수밖에없었다는점이다. 그리고외상을받은시기를특정화하지못해서외상을받은국가나외상의호발시기를알수없었다. 결론 본연구는표준화된진단도구를통해북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출하여남한일반인구와비교한첫번째연구이며, 경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른외상후스트레스장애발병과의관계를파악해보았다는점에서의의가있다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률이 15.3% 으로남한주민의 1.7% 에비하여매우높았다. 북한이탈주민들은남한주민에비하여심각한외상항목에서높은경험률을보였는데 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 가가장흔하였다. 북한이탈주민 PTSD군은비PTSD군에비하여주요우울장애, 공황장애, 광장공포증, 특정공포증등의흔한정신질환과공존율이높았다. 북한이탈주민은북한및탈북과정에서심각한정신적외상을경험한후높은외상후스트레스장애유병률을보이고있었다. 또한이들은다양한우울불안증상을경험하고있어서초기에이들을진단하고적절한치료를제공하는것은이들의한국사회에성공적인정착에필수적이다. 중심단어 : 북한이탈주민 유병률 외상후스트레스장애 정신건강. REFERENCES 1. Unification Ministry of Korea. North Korean Defectors Government Policy. Seoul: Unification Ministry of Korea, Department of Settlement Support; Jeon WT. Review of adaptation and mental health of refugees and perspectives and counterplots in Korean reunification process. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 1997;36: Ju JN, Young LW, Seok NM, Yip PSF. The impact of indiscriminate media coverage of a celebrity suicide on a society with a high suicide rate: Epidemiological findings on copycat suicides from South Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders;156: Hollifield M, Warner TD, Lian N, Krakow B, Jenkins JH, Kesler J, et al. Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: a critical review. JAMA 2002;288: Kinzie JD, Boehnlein JK, Leung PK, Moore LJ, Riley C, Smith D. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: Lee Y, Lee MK, Chun KH, Lee YK, Yoon SJ. Trauma experience of North Korean refugees in China. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20: Kim Y, Jeon W, Cho Y. A Study on the Prevalence and the Influencing Factors of the Mental Health Problems Among Recent Migrant North Koreans: A Focus on 2007 Entrants. Unification Policy Research 2010;19: Lee Y, Lee M, Park S. Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2017;8: Hong CH, Jeon WT, Lee CH, Kim DK, Han M, Min SK. Relationship between Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among North Korean Refugees. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2005; 44: Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: Lee T, Ahn M-H, Jun JY, Han JM, Lee SH, Hahm B-J, et al. Development of North Korean Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2015;54: Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977;1: Cho MJ, Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean Version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1993;32: Park SJ, Lee SH, Jun JY, Lee TY, Han JM, Ahn MH, et al. Reliability and Validity of the North Korean Version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-NK) Anxiety and Mood 2015;11: Kim H, Lee SH, Jun JY, Lee TY, Han JM, Ahn MH, et al. Reliability and Validity of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test North Korean version (AUDIT-NK ). Journal of Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry 2016;20: Kim JS, Oh MK, Park BK, Lee MK, Kim GJ. Screening criteria of alcoholism by alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in Korea. J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20: Weiss DS. The Impact of Event Scale: Reviseded). In: Wilson JP, Tang CS-k, editors. Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Boston, MA: Springer US;2007, p Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979;41: Won S-D, Lee SH, Hong JP, Jun JY, Han JM, Shin MN, et al. A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised-North Korea (IES-R-NK). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2015; 54: Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018
8 이경은등 20. Eun HJ, Kwon TW, Lee SM, Kim TH, Choi MR, Cho SJ. A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2005;44: Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 1995;8: Kim OS. Korean Version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Reliability and Validity Test. J Nurs Acad Soc 1997;27: Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 2003;18: Baek HS, Lee KU, Joo EJ, Lee MY, Choi KS. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Versionof the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychiatry Investigation 2010;7: Department of Health and Welfare. The survey of mental disorders in Korea Department of Health and Welfare; Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2005;365: Kim SR. Development of trauma scale for North Korean refugee. Seoul: Department of Psychology, the Graduate School Yonsei University Kim S, Kim H, Kim J, Cho S, Lee Y. Relationship between Physical Illness and Depression in North Korean Defectors. Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 2011;19: Jeon B-H, Kim M-D, Hong S-C, Kim N-R, Lee C-I, Kwak Y-S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among North Korean defectors living in South Korea for more than one year. Psychiatry Investigation 2009;6: Kim H. Difference on Complex PTSD and PTSD symptoms according to types of traumatic events in North Korean Refugees. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2012;31: Seo YS, Cho HC, Ahn HY, Lee JS. Traumatic Events Experienced by South Koreans: Types and Prevalence. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2012;24: Sack WH, Seeley JR, Clarke GN. Does PTSD Transcend Cultural Barriers? A Study From the Khmer Adolescent Refugee Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1997;36: Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,
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