ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4): Original Article Effects of Laryngeal Massage and Semi

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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4): Original Article Effects of Laryngeal Massage and Semi-occluded Vocal Tract Exercises for Patients with Hyperfunctional Dysphonia Ji-Sung Kim a,b, Dong-Wook Lee c, Chul-Hee Choi d, Seong Hee Choi d a Graduate School of Health Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Choengju, Korea c Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea d Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea Correspondence: Seong Hee Choi, PhD Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Daegu Catholic University, Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea Tel: Fax: shgrace@cu.ac.kr Received: October 3, 2017 Revised: November 18, 2017 Accepted: November 27, 2017 This work is supported by research grants from the Daegu Catholic University. Objectives: High laryngeal position, pharyngeal constriction, laryngeal and neck tension, excessive supraglottic compression, and vocal fold closure are common characteristics associated with hyperfunctional dysphonia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of voice therapy consisting of laryngeal massage and semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTE) in patients with hyperfunctional dysphonia and following voice therapy adherence. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with hyperfunctional voice disorders diagnosed with muscle tension dysphonia, vocal nodules, and vocal polyp were treated with voice therapy once using laryngeal massage and SOVTE: lip trills, humming, bilabial fricative [b:], straw phonation. They completed acoustic and auditory perceptual assessment before and after voice therapy. Results: Significant immediate effects were observed in STD (standard deviation of F0), Jitter, Shimmer, NHR (noise to harmonic ratio), vam (peak to peak amplitude variation), vf0 (fundamental frequency variation), ATRI (Amplitude Tremor Intensity Index), FTRI (F0 Tremor Intensity Index), PPQ (pitch perturbation quotient), APQ (amplitude perturbation quotient), DSH (degree of sub-harmonic), VTI (Voice Turbulence Index), DUV (degree of voiceless) and G, R, B in the GRBAS scale and most of the patients continued with voice therapy. Conclusion: Laryngeal massage and SOVTE may provide immediate advantages in hyperfunctional dysphonia and have a positive effect on voice therapy adherence. Keywords: Laryngeal massage, SOVTE, Hyperfunctional voice, Voice therapy adherence 높은후두위치, 인두협착, 상후두의과도한수축이나성대내전은과기능음성장애의일반적인특징으로서높은후두위치는후두와목주변의근긴장을유발하며, 외후두근의과도한근긴장은과기능음성장애의원인이될수있다 (Guzman, Castro, Testart, Muñoz, & Gerhard, 2013). 후두의위치를낮추고인두강을확장시키며, 강한성대접촉을줄일수있는음성치료방법으로하품-한숨기법, 후두마사지, 이완, 구강개방법, 부드러운발성시작과같은여러가지음성촉진기법이사용되어왔다 (Boone, McFarlane, & Von Berg, 2007). 이러한촉진치료기법들가운데후두마사지는조음기관근육과 후두내외근을포함한성도전체에영향을미칠수있는후두근육의과긴장을이완시키는방법으로과기능적음성장애환자에게효과적으로사용되고있다 (Aronson, 1990; Mathieson et al., 2009; Roy, 2008; Roy & Leeper, 1993; Roy, Bless, Heisey, & Ford, 1997). 가장널리쓰이는후두마사지법은 manual circumlaryngeal therapy (MCT) 와 laryngeal manual therapy (LMT) 로두방법모두설골과갑상설골막, 설골상부위를원을그리듯중재하지만, LMT는흉쇄유돌근의이완을목표로한손이나양손을사용하여후두근육의이완후발성을유도하는반면 MCT는설골의이완을목표로한손을사용하며마사지동안발성을유도한다는차이가있다 Copyright 2017 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 (Mathieson et al., 2009). 한편, 반폐쇄성도훈련 (semi-occluded vocal tract exercise, SOVTE) 은음성산출메커니즘의조직적손상없이정상음성을산출하는것을목표로하는경제지향적인음성훈련방법으로 (Titze, 2006), 성대진동과성대접촉의충격이감소되면성대손상을최소화할수있다는것을전제로한다 (Berry et al., 2001). SOVTE는성도의일부를수축하는것으로, 성도의앞혹은뒤의반폐쇄는성문상압이성문내부의압력과기류를증가시키도록만들어성도가주파수에해당하는음들을선택하여강화시키는전통적인여과기의역할을하는것이아니라음원과여과기사이의상호작용을통해더많은공기역학적에너지를음향학적에너지로변화시키도록감각피드백의역할을한다는비선형음원-여과기이론으로설명된다 (Choi, 2017; Titze, 2006). 입술이나혀트릴, 허밍, 빨대혹은튜브발성과같은반폐쇄성도운동시, 성문하압과성문사이의상호작용이증가될수있는데이러한상호작용은음성의강도를증가시키기때문에음성의경제성을유지할수있게한다 (Berry et al., 2001). 또한, SOVTE 시후두위치는하강되고, 인두는넓어지며, 후두전후의압축은이완되는데 (Guzman et al., 2013), 이는구강내압력의변화로인해성도와성대가마치마사지되는것같은마사지효과를가져오기때문이다 (Radolf, Laukkanen, Horáček, & Liu, 2014). 후두마사지와는달리, 직접적인음성치료법중호흡, 발성, 공명의협응에초점을맞춘총체적음성치료 (holistic voice therapy) 인 SOVTE는크게성도에서진동하는진동원의수에따라손으로입가리기, 허밍, 빨대발성과같은단일진동원과 Lax Vox, 입술또는혀트릴과같은이중진동원으로나눌수있다 (Choi, 2017; Titze, 2006). 또다른형태의 SOVTE인양순마찰음 [ ㅂ :] 은핀란드어에속한음소로한국어나영어의음소에는없지만, 산출하기쉽고입술이난기류를생성하기위해충분히근접해야된다는반폐쇄의기준에부합하는 SOVTE의한유형 (Laukkanen, 1992; Laukkanen, Lindholm, Vilkman, Haataja, & Alku, 1996) 으로이후빨대저항발성 (flow resistant straws) 으로확대되었다 (Titze, 2002a). 이처럼, SOVTE는성악가의발성워밍이나과기능적음성장애에환자에게매우유용한음성치료방법으로사용될수있으며, 과거나현재후두병변이없는성악가들에게즉각적인목소리개선효과가있는것으로보고되었다 (Fadel et al., 2016). 또한, 최근성대병변이관찰되지않는과기능음성장애환자 (Guzman et al., 2013) 를대상으로 SOVTE의음성치료효과를보고한연구가있으나, 성대결절이나용종과같이병변이있는과기능음성장애환자에대한효과는미흡하다. 이러한과기능음성장애환자들은일반적으로음성언어재활사 에의해음성치료를가장많이시행하는환자군임에도불구하고 (Choi, 2013), 음성치료를중단하거나음성치료를받지않는경우가많다. 음성문제로인해이비인후과내원후음성치료를받은환자들은음성치료에대해 84.3% 의높은만족도를보일만큼음성치료는음성장애의치료에효과적인방법이다. 하지만, 음성치료에대한낯은사회적인식과약물치료나수술치료를해야된다는선입견적상식, 가시적으로보이지않는발성기관의운동성조절이음성개선을가져온다는음성치료에대한이해와신뢰감부족때문에음성치료를권고받은환자중 26.3% 는치료를중도포기하거나종결하지못하는경우도있다 (Ahn, Shin, & Shin, 2016). 따라서, 음성치료에있어적절한치료기법의적용과환자의협조만큼이나음성치료와치료사에대한신뢰감형성은성공적인음성치료를위한중요한요소라고할수있겠다. 또한, 음성치료를지속하기위해서는음성치료결과에대한기대, 환자의음성치료에대한동기나신념, 자신의음성을변화시킬수있다고믿는환자의자신감등환자의신념이나관점이매우중요한영향을미치는것으로보고되었다 (Van Leer & Conner, 2010). 따라서, 본연구는 SOVTE가시각적, 촉각적감각피드백을증가시켜과기능음성장애환자에게동기를부여함으로써즉각적인음성변화가있는지살펴보고이러한음성변화가추후음성치료에미치는영향을살펴보고자한다. 연구방법연구대상본연구의대상자는 2016년 7월부터 2017년 7월까지음성문제를호소로대학병원이비인후과를내원하여후두내시경상성대에기질적문제는없으나, 성문상부의압축이나가성대발성과같은과긴장이동반되고, 상기도감염시발생된음성문제가지속된특징을보이는근긴장성발성장애와양성성대점막질환으로진단받은환자이다. 대상자들은남성 8명과여성 20명총 28명이며, 평균연령은 47.9±14.2세로인후두역류질환과호흡기질환이없고난청과신경학적문제가없었다. 그룹별대상자들의성별과연령별분포는 Table 1과같다. 음성치료프로그램후두마사지후두마사지는설골뒤편, 갑상연골막앞쪽, 갑상연골뒤쪽융기와설골상근및설골하근촉진후 4점척도로후두과긴장을평가

3 Ji-Sung Kim, et al. Effect of SOVTE in Functional Dysphonia Table 1. Participants information (N= 28) Characteristic Value Age (yr) 47.9± 14.2 Diagnosis Muscle tension dysphonia (M/F) 14 (4/10) Vocal nodules (M/F) 7 (2/5) Vocal polyp (M/F) 7 (2/5) Values are presented as mean± SD or number. M= male; F= female. 한후전체적으로마사지를실시하되, 과긴장이관찰된부분은보 다더집중적으로마사지를실시하였다. 환자에게 꽃향기맡듯이 가볍게코로숨을들이쉬고, 내쉴때는약바른상처에바람을불 듯이길고천천히부드럽게하세요 라고주의를준후, 호기시에만 한손을사용하여후두마사지를실시하였으며, 총소요시간은 7-10 분내외였다. 후두마사지순서는흉쇄유돌근과설골상근및설골 하근, 설골과갑상연골사이갑상연골막앞쪽의순서로진행하였 다. 흉쇄유돌근은쇄골에서유양돌기방향으로마사지실시후다 시쇄골쪽으로양쪽각각실시하였으며, 설골뒤편과설골상근및 하근은엄지와검지로원을그리듯안에서밖으로, 밖에서안으로 마사지하였다. 다음으로갑상연골대각 (superior horn) 주변을엄 지를이용하여양쪽각각원을그리듯마사지후엄지와검지로다 시양쪽을동시에마사지하였다. 갑상설골막앞쪽은먼저엄지와 검지를이용해밖에서안으로마사지후갑상연골대각 (superior horn) 을아래로살짝누른후환자가턱을서서히위쪽으로들게하 였다. 이후엄지와검지를이용해갑상연골을아래쪽으로충분히 하강시켰다. 마지막으로, 엄지를이용해갑상연골을각각좌측과 우측으로민상태에서심호흡하도록하였다. 반폐쇄성도운동 반폐쇄운동은인위적이지만가장효율성이높은반폐쇄성도부 터가장자연스러운상태순으로연습을실시하였으며 (Choi, 2017; Titze, 2002a), 사용된반폐쇄성도운동은직경이작은저항이매우 높은빨대발성, 저항이비교적적은넓은빨대를이용한발성, 양 순유성마찰음 [ ㅂ :], 입술트릴, 비강자음을이용한허밍발성순으로 각각 5-10 분씩진행하였다. 반폐쇄성도운동수행시에연구자는반폐쇄성도운동의모델링 을제시하고환자가모방하도록하였다. 수행과제는음도상승과하 강, 연장발성두가지의형태로 gliding 이나 scaling 을통해음도상 승과하강을실시한후펄스성구, 흉성구, 가성구에서반폐쇄성도 운동으로연장발성하였다. 예를들면, 입술트릴로 gliding 과 scaling 으로음도상승과음도하강을반복적으로실시하고, 이후흉성 구에서입술트릴로음도변화가없는연장발성을하였다. 이후각각가성구와펄스성구에서동일하게입술트릴로연장발성을실시하였다. 이와같은방법으로허밍과양순파열음 [ ㅂ :], 빨대발성도동일하게실시하였는데, 허밍시에는충분히공명될수있도록구강과인두강확장과함께원순모음 / ㅗ / 의포즈를유지하도록하였으며, 양순마찰음 [ ㅂ :] 은 뱃고동소리 를내는것과유사한것이라고먼저설명하고, 대상자가하인두의팽창을지각하고유지하도록하였다. 특히, 반폐쇄성도운동에서는환자들이감각에대한지각을할수있도록연장발성의후반부에나타나는상복근의수축감과허밍이나양순마찰음 [ ㅂ :] 발성, 빨대발성시나타나는안면의공명감에집중하도록하였다. 이러한감각에대한지각을통해환자는더정확하고쉽게반폐쇄성도운동과제를수행할수있었다. 음향학적분석음성치료전후소음이통제된조용한검사실에서환자의음성을녹음하였다. 환자로하여금마이크와입과약 10 cm의거리를두고편안한음도와강도에서모음 / ㅏ / 를연장발성을하도록하였으며, 28명의환자로부터총 56개의음성자료를얻어내었다. / ㅏ / 연장발성중안정구간 1초를선택하여 Kay PENTAX사에서개발한 Multispeech 3.7의 Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) 를이용하여기본주파수관련변수 Average Fundamental Frequency (F 0), Standard Deviation of F 0 (STD), Jitter Percent (Jitter), Pitch Perturbation Quotient (PPQ), Fundamental Frequency Variation (vf 0) 와음성강도관련변수 Shimmer Percent (Shimmer), Amplitude Perturbation Quotient (APQ), Peak to Peak Amplitude Variation (vam), 진전관련변수 F 0 Tremor Intensity Index (FTRI), Amplitude Tremor Intensity Index(ATRI), 잡음관련변수 Noise to Harmonic Ratio (NHR), Voice Turbulence Index (VTI), Soft Phonation Index (SPI), Sub-harmonic 관련변수 Degree of Sub-Harmonic (DSH), Degree of Voiceless (DUV) 를분석하여음향학적차이를확인하였다. 청지각적평가본연구자는음성치료전후 / ㅏ / 모음연장발성을듣고, GRBAS척도로청지각적평가를실시하였다. 청지각적평가의신뢰도확인을위해이비인후과음성장애임상경험 5년이상인 1급언어재활사 2 명이수집된무작위로배치된녹음자료를듣고각각청지각적평정을실시하였다. 검사-재검사신뢰도를검사하기위하여음성자료중무작위로추출한 20% 를평가하였다. 연구자와다른임상가간의 G, R, B, A, S 의검사자간의신뢰도는각각 92%, 86%, 83%,

4 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 80%, 82% 였으며, G, R, B, A, S 의검사-재검사신뢰도는검사자1은 97%, 93%, 94%, 88%, 90% 였고검사자2는 95%, 90%, 93%, 86%, 88% 였다. 두검사자간 GRBAS점수가일치하지않는경우는두검사자가동시에같이듣고최종적으로동의한점수를최종측정치로하였다. 첫회기음성치료후음성치료참여여부과기능음성장애환자의음성치료참여도를살펴보고자음성치료첫회기후대상자들의음성치료여부를즉시종결 (immediately termination after 1st voice therapy), 음성치료후임상가종결 (termination after voice therapy), 수술취소후음성치료, 환자의치료종결요구 (demand of voice therapy termination), 후두미세술시행 (microsurgery) 으로분류하였다. 통계분석수집한자료를통해음성치료전후의음향학적특성과청지각적차이를알아보기위해 SPSS (Statistics Package for the Social Science version 21.0) 을이용하여과기능적음성장애집단별로 Wilcoxon s signed-ranks test를실시하였으며 95% 수준에서유의성을검증하였다. 연구결과음성치료전후의음향학적검사결과및청지각적측정치비교 MDVP를이용한음성치료전후음향학적검사는 Tables 2, 3과같다. 기본주파수의표준편차 (STD) 는근긴장성발성장애 (muscle tension dysphonia, MTD) 집단은치료전 Hz, 치료후 Hz로감소하였으며, 성대결절집단은 9.77 Hz에서 1.68 Hz로감소하였고, 성대용종집단은 3.12 Hz에서 2.93 Hz으로감소하였다. 주파수변동률 (Jitter) 은 MTD 집단이치료전 2.384% 에서치료후 0.719% 로성대결절집단은치료전 1.357% 에서치료후 0.925% 로성대용종집단은 1.606% 에서치료후 0.613% 로감소하였다. 장단기주파수변이에해당하는 PPQ는 MTD 집단이치료전 1.474% 에서치료후 0.43% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 0.816% 에서치료후 0.525% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 0.943% 에서치료후 0.36% 로감소하였다. 강도변동률 (shimmer) 은 MTD 집단은치료전 % 에서치료후 5.931% 로, 성대결절집단은치료전 9.053% 에서치료후 5.04% 로, 성대용종집단은치료전 7.55% 에서치료후 4.339% 로감소하였다. vf o ( 기본주파수변이 ) 는 MTD 집단이치료전 5.31% 에 Table 2. Comparison of acoustic measures before and after trial therapy in the muscle tension dysphonia group Before After Z STD (13.137) (1.347) *** Jitter (1.526).719 (.374) *** PPQ (1.001).430 (.238) *** vf (8.255).913 (.573) *** Shimmer (4.581) (2.193) ** APQ (3.678) (1.704) ** vam (8.614) (3.595) * NHR.226 (.107).143 (.026) ** VTI.079 (.032).057 (.017) * SPI (2.403) (3.185) FTRI (0.384).184 (.190) * ATRI (6.739) (2.132) DSH (8.481) (2.580) DUV (25.228).000 (.000) * Values are presented as mean (SD). STD = standard deviation of F0; PPQ = pitch perturbation quotient; vf0= fundamental frequency variation; APQ = amplitude perturbation quotient; vam = peak to peak amplitude variation; NHR = noise to harmonic ratio; VTI = Voice Turbulence Index; SPI= Soft Phonation Index; FTRI= F0 Tremor Intensity Index; ATRI= Amplitude Tremor Intensity Index; DSH= degree of sub-harmonic; DUV= degree of voiceless. *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001. 서치료후 0.913% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 5.994% 에서치료후 0.932% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 1.717% 에서치료후 0.854% 로감소되었다. vam ( 강도변이 ) 는 MTD 집단이치료전 15.83% 에서치료후 9.517% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 % 에서치료후 8.675% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 % 에서치료후 % 로감소하였다. 비정상배음의비율을반영하여음성의전반적잡음을설명하는 NHR ( 잡음대소음비 ) 은 MTD 집단이치료전 서치료후 0.143로, 성대결절집단이치료전 0.17 에서치료후 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 0.168에서치료후 0.138로감소되었다. VTI ( 고주파잡음대소음비 ) 는 MTD 집단이치료전 0.079에서치료후 0.057로, 성대결절집단이치료전 0.062에서치료후 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 0.070에서치료후 0.05로감소되었다. SPI ( 저주파와고주파의배음구조 ) 은 MTD 집단이치료전 5.5에서치료후 5.4로, 성대결절집단이치료전 8.1에서치료후 7.2 로감소되었으며, 성대용종집단이치료전 6.0에서치료후 6.5로증가하였다. FTRI ( 기본주파수진전 ) 은 MTD집단이치료전 0.414% 에서치료후 0.184% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 0.346% 에서치료후 1.55% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 0.361% 에서치료후 0.329% 로감소되었다. ATRI ( 음성강도진전 ) 은 MTD 집단이치료전 5.792% 에서치료후 2.075% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 6.504% 에서치료후 2.307% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 3.51% 에서치료후 1.052%

5 Ji-Sung Kim, et al. Effect of SOVTE in Functional Dysphonia Table 3. Comparisons of MDVP acoustic measures before and after voice therapy in the vocal nodules and polyp groups Nodules Before After Z Before After Z STD (20.352) (0.695) (3.064) (4.492) Jitter (0.897) (0.562) (1.496) (0.234) * PPQ (0.528) (0.292) (0.909) (0.151) * vf (12.690) (0.319) (1.342) (0.369) Shimmer (4.753) (2.204) * (3.101) (1.730) * APQ (3.139) (1.480) * (1.875) (1.141) * vam (4.730) (4.643) * (4.622) (4.211) NHR (0.044) (0.022) (0.050) (0.019) VTI (0.016) (0.017) (0.025) (0.010) SPI (3.450) (2.379) (3.608) (4.892) FTRI (0.233) (0.206) * (0.352) (0.276) ATRI (2.729) (2.634) * (3.877) (1.317) DSH (4.903) (3.832) (8.855) DUV (9.082) (0.000) (2.291) Values are presented as mean (SD). MDVP= Multi-Dimensional Voice Program; STD= standard deviation of F0; PPQ= pitch perturbation quotient; vf0= fundamental frequency variation; APQ= amplitude perturbation quotient; vam = peak to peak amplitude variation; NHR = noise to harmonic ratio; VTI = Voice Turbulence Index; SPI = Soft Phonation Index; FTRI = F0 Tremor Intensity Index; ATRI= Amplitude Tremor Intensity Index; DSH= degree of sub-harmonic; DUV= degree of voiceless. *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001. Polyp Table 4. Comparison of F0 measures before and after trial therapy Before After Z MTD Male (N= 4) (50.024) ( Female (N= 10) (46.646) (23.706) Nodules Male (N= 2) (22.105) (25.355) Female (N= 5) (.682) (.196) Polyp Male (N= 2) (33.105) (36.874) Female (N= 5) (9.520) ( Values are presented as mean (SD). MTD= muscle tension dysphonia. *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001. 로감소되었다. 전체음성샘플에서기본주파수가측정되지않는 non-hamonics 이나타나는길이비율을나타내는 DUV ( 무발성정도 ) 는 MTD 집단이치료전 14.21% 에서치료후 0% 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 4.7% 에서치료후 0% 로, 성대용종집단이치료전 0.866% 에서치료후 0으로감소되었다. DSH ( 이중음성정도 ) 는 MTD 집단이치료전 5.641에서치료후 로, 성대결절집단이치료전 4.539에서치료후 2.192로, 성대용종집단이치료전 에서치료후 0으로감소되었다. MTD집단은음향학적변수중 STD, Jitter, PPQ, vf 0, Shimmer, APQ, vam, NHR, VTI, FTRI, ATRI, DUV에서 Nodule집단은 Shimmer, APQ, vam, FTRI, ATRI 에서 Polyp집단은 Jitter, PPQ, Shimmer, APQ에서유의한차이를 Table 5. Comparisons of auditory-perceptual measures before and after trial therapy during /a/ sustained vowel phonation among hyperfunctional dysphonic groups MTD Nodules Polyp Before After Z Before After Z Before After Z G (.699) (.475) ** (.787) 1.00 (.577) -2.0* (.690) (.756) -2.0* R (.914).500 (.650) ** (.690).571 (.535) -2.0*.714 (.756).429 (.535) B (.829).500 (.650) *.714 (1.113).429 (.787) (1.113).857 (.900) A.429 (.756).000 (.000) (.378) (.378) S.429 (.756).143 (.363) (.378) (.488) Values are presented as mean (SD). MTD= muscle tension dysphonia. *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <

6 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 Table 6. Voice therapy adherence after 1st voice therapy session Immediately VT Cancel and VT Demand Surgery MTD 8 (28.6) 5 (17.9) - 1 (3.6) - Nodules 1 (3.6) 3 (10.7) 1 (3.6) 2 (7.1) - Polyp (7.1) 2 (7.1) 3 (10.7) Total 9 (32.1) 8 (28.6) 3 (10.7) 5 (17.9) 3 (10.7) Values are presented as number (%). Immediately= immediately termination after 1st voice therapy session; VT= termination after voice therapy; Cancel and VT = cancellation of surgery followed by voice therapy; Demand = demand for voice therapy termination. Immediately VT Cancel and VT Demand Surgery Table 7. Average number of sessions until termination of voice therapy Immediately VT Cancel and VT Demand Surgery MTD Nodules Polyp Total Immediately= immediately termination after 1st voice therapy session; VT= termination after voice therapy; Cancel and VT = cancellation of surgery followed by voice therapy; Demand = demand for voice therapy termination. 보였다 (p<.05). 치료전후기본주파수변화는 Table 4 와같았으며, 치료전후유의미한차이는보이지않았다 (p>.05). GRBAS 를이용하여음성치료전후청지각적평가를비교한결 과는 Table 5 와같다. MTD 집단은 G 척도는치료전 에서치 료후 로, R 척도는치료전 에서치료후 0.5 로, B 척도 는치료전 에서치료후 0.5 로, A 척도는치료전 에서 치료후 0 으로, S 척도는치료전 에서 으로감소하였다. 성대결절집단은 G 척도는치료전 에서치료후 1.0 으로, R 척도는치료전 에서치료후 로, B 척도는치료전 에서치료후 로, A 척도는치료전 에서치료후 0 으로, S 척도는치료전 에서치료후 0 으로감소하였다. 성대용종 집단은 G 척도는치료전 에서치료후 로, R 척도는 치료전 에서치료후 로, B 척도는치료전 에서치 료후 로, A 척도는치료전 에서치료후 0 으로, S 척도 는치료전 에서치료후 0 으로감소하였다. MTD 집단은 G, R, B 에서성대결절집단은 G, R 에서성대용종집단은 G 에서유의 한차이를보였다 (p<.05). 첫회기음성치료이후각집단대상자들의음성치료중단율을 추적한결과는 Table 6 과같다. Figure 1 에서나타난바와같이총 28 명중음성치료첫회기실시후즉각적인음성개선효과로음성 치료를바로종결한경우는 9 명 (32.1%), 음성치료후음성치료를지 속해서받은경우 8 명 (28.6%), 수술을취소하고음성치료를받은경 Figure 1. Voice therapy termination and adherence rate. Immediately = immediately termination after 1st voice therapy session; VT = termination after voice therapy; Cancel and VT= cancellation of surgery followed by voice therapy; Demand= demand for voice therapy termination. 우 3 명 (10.7%), 17.9% 에해당하는 5 명도첫회기음성치료후음성 치료를지속적으로받았으며음성개선으로인해대상자의요구에 의해중도종결하였다. 따라서, 첫회기음성치료후지속적으로음 성치료를받은경우가가장많았으며, 3 명 (10.7%) 은성대용종환자 로서예정대로후두미세술을받았다. 첫번째음성치료이후종결까지실시한음성치료세션수는 Table 7 과같다. Table 7 에나타난바와같이연구대상자중 MTD 진 단받은 14 명중 8 명은음성치료 1 회실시후즉각적인음성개선으 로, 5 명은음성치료 2.6 회실시후치료사에의해종결되었으며, 2 명 은음성치료 2 회실시후치료기간중음성에대한만족을나타내 어환자의요구에의해종결하였다. 성대결절로진단받은대상자 7 명중 1 명은 1 회음성치료실시후 1 회더음성치료를받았으며, 3 명 은음성치료 3 회실시후, 2 명은예정된후두미세술을취소하고 2 회음성치료더받았고, 그후치료사에의해종결되었다. 또한성대 결절환자중 2 명은음성치료 2 회실시후치료기간중음성에대한 만족을나타내어환자의요구에의해종결하였다. 성대용종으로 진단받은대상자 7 명중 2 명은첫번째음성치료이후예정된후 두미세술취소하고음성치료를받기원하여 3 회음성치료를받았 고, 치료사에의해종결되었다. 또한, 성대용종환자중 2 명은음성 치료 1.5 회실시후음성치료기간중음성에대한만족을나타내어 환자의의해종결되었다. 한편, 성대용종환자나머지 3 명은음성치 료로인한만족할만한음성개선이나타나지않아예정대로후두미 세술을받았다

7 Ji-Sung Kim, et al. Effect of SOVTE in Functional Dysphonia 논의및결론음성장애의치료법은후두미세술과같은수술적치료, 약물치료, 음성치료가있으며이가운데음성치료는가장핵심적인치료방법으로간접치료와직접치료로구분할수있다. 음성치료에서있어간접치료는후두의구조와기능을환자에게인식시키고음성위생프로그램을통해환자의잘못된음성산출습관을수정하도록하는것이라면직접치료는음성효율을증가시키고음질을개선시켜주는특정방법에초점을맞춤으로써성대건강에나쁜영향을미치는음성산출습관을수정하고후두의병리적상태를개선시키는것을목표로한다. 직접적인음성치료법에는하품-한숨기법, 후두마사지, 노래조로말하기등의음성촉진기법이있으며, 공명음성치료기법, 성대기능훈련, 엑센트기법, 반폐쇄성도운동기법 (Titze, 2006) 과같이호흡, 발성, 공명의협응에초점을맞춘총체적음성치료 (holistic voice therapy) 등이음성장애환자의주된직접적인음성치료방법으로사용되어왔다 (Ferrand, 2011). 본연구는반폐쇄성도운동기법중입술트릴, 허밍, 양순마찰음, 빨대발성을사용하여과기능성음성장애환자의즉각적인치료효과를살펴보았고이후의음성치료참여와중단여부를추적조사하였다. 본연구에사용된 SOVTE 중입술트릴은연장발성동안두입술과성대에서진동이일어나며, 연장된허밍과양순유성마찰음을이용한발성은비음 / ㅁ /, / ㄴ / 이나 / ㅂ / 과같이목표자음을위해성도를폐쇄하는하는동안이루어진다. 빨대발성은입술사이에빨대를물고소리를내는방법으로발성동안저항을제공한다. 성도의길이를인위적으로증가시키면성도의음향관성 (acoustic inertance) 을증가시킬수있다. 빨대의길이나너비에따라공기흐름에대한저항이달라질수있는데빨대직경이좁을수록더큰저항을주고, 넓을수록더낮은저항을준다 (Choi, 2017). 빨대를이용한발성은발성동안생성되는구강내압을증가시켜성문과대등한임피던스를제공한다 (Titze, 2002a, 2002b). 허밍과같이비음을사용하는 SOVTE는성도의앞부분인입술부분을막아여과기인성도로부터음원인성대에입뒤쪽의압력 (back pressure) 즉, 구강압을증가시켜성대가약간외전된상태를만듦으로써성대부딪힘을최소화할수있다. 또한, 발성은성대가진동할때공기역학적에너지가음향학적에너지로변환되고소리에너지는성도를따라길게전파된다. 이때, 성도의일부분을막으면그에너지가막은부위에닿아감각적피드백을느끼게되는데, 허밍과같이입술을막으면음향학적에너지가입술과얼굴안면부위에전달되어공명의감각을느끼도록도와준다 (Choi, 2017; Titze, 2006). 양순마찰음 [ ㅂ :] 발성은볼을부풀려구강에공기를가 득채우고볼이꺼지지않게하면서입술을좁히고불게되는데이때성대는동시에진동하면서소리를내게된다. 이러한 SOVTE는구강을통과하는기류를증가시키고허밍과같이성도의앞부분을좁혀입뒤쪽압력인구강압을증가시켜허밍과동일한효과를가져온다. 본연구에서는사용된 SOVTE 방법들은구강에서의좁힘으로인해구강에서큰음향압력을가지게하여환자들에게더많은공명감각피드백을줄수있었으며, 구강압을증가시켜성문상압과성문하압의차이를줄여성대가부드럽게접촉하여진동할수있도록유도하였다. 본연구에서후두마사지와 SOVTE 음성치료전과후의음향학적검사결과비교시, MTD 집단은음도의주기성을나타내는 Jitter, PPQ와강도의주기성을나타내는 Shimmer, APQ, 음도의변이를나타내는 vf0와강도의변이를나타내는 vam와발화노력에의해병리적인수준으로증가할수있는음도와강도의진전변수인 FTRI와 ATRI, 잡음관련변수로비정상배음의비율을반영하여음성의전반적잡음을설명하는 NHR과성대폐쇄의불완전성을반영하는 VTI와기본주파수가측정되지않는비율을측정해음성끊김없이유지하는능력을나타내는 DUV가유의미하게감소하였다. 성대결절집단은 Shimmer, APQ, vam, FTRI, ATRI가성대용종집단은 Jitter, PPQ, Shimmer, APQ에서유의미한감소를나타내었다. 기본주파수는세집단모두에서유의미한변화는없었으나, MTD 집단에서 F 0 의표준편차로서음성의비정상을나타내는 STD가유의미한감소를보였다. 청지각적중증도가증가할수록 Jitter, Shimmer, NHR는증가하고, 청지각적중증도에따라이러한변수간의차이를보이기때문에변동률분석은음성장애환자의음질을판단하는데대표적인음향지표는 F0, Jitter, Shimmer, NHR (Wolfe, Fitch, & Cornell, 1995) 로, 그중 Jitter와 Shimmer는성대안정성을설명하는파라미터로병적음성을구분하는음향변수로서그타당도가높고 (Fex, Fex, Shiromoto, & Hirano, 1994; Kong et al., 2007), PPQ와 APQ 역시성대진동의규칙성을나타내는변수로음성치료전과후의결과를양적으로나타내는데유용하다 (Ahn, Lee, Kang, & Lee, 1995; Hirano et al., 1988). 또한, 병리적음성에서후두기능은강도의분포를통해반영될수있는데 (Klingholz & Martin, 1989; Kwon & Wang, 2008), Hong, Yang 과 Kim (2002) 은병적음성에서발화노력의증가에따라후두근의긴장이증가할수있으며이러한과긴장이내전시성대접촉률의불안정함과불완전함을보상하는것이아니라오히려증가시킬수있어발화노력이강도의변이를나타내는 vam에영향을줄수있다고보고했으며, Lee 등 (2013) 의연구에

8 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 서는강도진전변수인 ARTI가발화노력으로인해병리적인수준으로증가될수있다고하였다. 청지각적음성평가는임상에서음성장애의중등도를평가하는정석으로 (Kreiman, Gerratt, Kempster, Erma, & Berke, 1993; Ma & Yiu, 2006; Yu, Choi, Choi, & Lee, 2017), 매우복잡한음향학적성질은가진음질과유동성평가에음향분석기기보다임상적으로더우수한도구이다 (Sohn, 2008). GRBAS 척도를사용한본연구에서음성치료전과후의청지각적평가비교시, 치료전에비해치료후세집단모두에서전반적인중증도 (G) 가유의하게감소하였으며, MTD 집단은조조성 (R) 과기식성 (B), 성대결절집단은조조성 (R) 에서도유의한청지각적인음성의개선이나타났다. 음성치료후음향학적검사와청지각적평가에서나타난이러한변화는후두마사지와 SOVTE가과긴장된성도와후두내외근이완시키고, 성대에부담을주지않는경제지향적인방법으로성대접촉을강화하여발화노력이감소되고성대의진동이규칙적이고안정화되었음을의미하는것이다. Dargin, DeLaunay와 Searl (2016) 는혀트릴과입술트릴, 튜브발성과같은 SOVTE 수행시성대의진폭 (amplitude) 과점막파동 (mucosal wave) 이증가하고후두의위치는하강하며, 하인두와성문전후의압축이이완됨을보고했다. Guzman 등 (2013) 의연구에서도튜브나빨대를이용한발성시하인두가넓어지고후두가낮아지는것이컴퓨터단층촬영 (computed tomography, CT) 을통해나타났다. 혀트릴수행시간에따른성대변화를알아보기위해 Menezes 등 (2011) 은성대결절로진단받은여성들을대상으로각각 1, 3, 5, 7분간혀트릴을수행하도록하였으며, 5분수행시청지각적으로전반적인음질의개선과조조성 (R), 기식성 (B) 이감소되고, 7분수행시에는오히려긴장감증가와같은부정적반응이나타남을보고하기도했다. Ogawa 등 (2014) 은 MTD 환자를대상으로허밍시청지각적인조조성 (R) 과음향학적인섭동매개변수의감소를보고하였으며, 이를통해허밍이성대접촉의불규칙성을개선시키고성대진동의규칙성을조절하며, 성문접촉을증가시키는데즉각적인효과가있음을보고했다. 이외에도 Ogawa 등 (2013) 은연성후두경을통해허밍이 MTD 환자의성문상부압축을즉각적으로완화하는것을확인하였으며, 양성성대점막질환자를대상으로한 Vlot 등 (2017) 의연구에서는허밍시 EGG 변동률매개변수의변화가나타났으며, 허밍이성대진동을안정화시켜음질의향상을가져오고양성성대점막질환자의과도하거나부적절한긴장과같은기능적인문제해결에도움이될수있다고보고했다. 경련성발성장애환자를대상으로 Lax vox를사용한 Lim, Choi, Kim과 Choi (2016) 연구에서는 VHI와전반적인음질 (G), 노력성 (S) 이감소하고최대연장발성 (MPT) 이증가하였고, 기본주파수의표준편차감소를통해경련성발성장애환자의떨림이개선되었음을보고하였다. 이러한선행연구의결과들은본연구에서사용한 SOVTE 의종류와적용방법과일치하진않으나, 성도의수축을기본으로하는 SOVTE의원리가같다는점에서본연구와그결과가일치한다고볼수있다. 본연구에서사용한후두마사지법은흉쇄유돌근을집중적으로실시하고후두상부, 설골, 후두순으로시행하는 LMT와설골을집중적으로실시하며설골, 갑상설골근, 후두, 상설골근순으로시행하는 MCT를조합한방법으로전체적으로마사지하되촉진시과긴장이나타나는부분을집중적으로마사지한다는점과통증을 4 점척도로확인한다는점에서 Seo, Lee, Lee와 Jung (2011) 의 LMG- LMCT의후두마사지와유사하고, 마사지를하는순서와부위가고정되어있는 MCT나 LMT와는차이를보이지만, 음성오남용에서기인하는기능적발성장애의음성개선에효과적이었다는점에서선행연구의결과들과일치한다고볼수있다 (Aronson, 1990; Lee & Son, 2005; Lieberman, 1998; Roy & Leeper, 1993; Roy, Ford, & Bless, 1996; Roy et al., 1997; Roy & Ferguson, 2001; Van Lierde, De Ley, Clement, De Bodt, & Van Cauwenberge, 2004). 첫회기음성치료이후대상자들중일부는발성기관의과긴장이이완되고청지각적인음성의개선이나타났으나, 재원시다시청지각적음질과음향학적파라미터에서병리적인문제가나타나는경우도있었다. 이는음성의오남용으로인해형성된혹은성대의병변으로인한음성문제를보상하기위해형성된발성습관이나발화노력으로인한과긴장이일회성의시도치료만으로는개선되기어려운문제임을의미하는것이며, 이후음성치료세션에서잘못된음성행동의수정과더불어발성기관이완, 호흡훈련과같은체계적인이완훈련과함께음성오남용외에후두근긴장의또다른원인으로작용할수있는신체의자세와움직임에대한중재의필요성을시사하는것이다. 최근연구에의하면 38% 의음성장애환자가의사의음성치료권고를듣지않았으며 (Portone, Johns, & Hapner, 2008), 이중에서 47% 는초기의음성언어치료사의평가후음성치료를받으러오지않은것으로보고되었다. Hapner, Portone-Maira와 Johns (2009) 의음성치료중단에영향을미치는요인에대한연구에서도음성치료중단은성별, 연령, 음성장애지수, CAPE-V 와같은청지각적평정, 혹은진단명에따라별다른차이를보이지않았다. 최근 Van Leer와 Conner (2010) 의연구에서는음성치료참여나음성치료지속여부에환자의치료에대한관심이나동기나신념이매우중요하

9 Ji-Sung Kim, et al. Effect of SOVTE in Functional Dysphonia 다고하였다. 본연구에서첫회기음성치료이후 28명의대상자중 5명은치료사의종결판단여부와관련없이중도종결을요구하여치료를중단했다. 하지만, 대상자들의중단요구가음성치료를통해변화된자신의음성에대한만족에의한것이었기때문에이또한음성치료의성공적인결과라고여길수있겠다. 본연구는후두마사지와 SOVTE로구성하여실시한음성치료가음향학적, 청지각적관점에서과기능적음성문제를개선시키고, 음성평가이후음성치료의참여와중단에도긍정적인영향을미칠수있다는유용성에관한연구로아직시도적이지만국내에많이알려지지않은 SOVTE에관한근거기반중재 (evidence-based practice) 연구라는점에서연구의의의가있겠다. 후속연구에서는과대기능적음성장애군을대상으로한본연구와달리, 과소기능적음성장애군이나기질적음성장애, 신경학적음성장애등과같이다양한음성장애질환군에서더많은음성장애환자를연구대상으로한근거기반연구가필요하겠으며, 다른종류의반폐쇄성도운동으로실시한음성치료결과에대한비교연구도이루어져야할것이다. 또한, 환자관점에서의문제외에음성치료참여에영향을줄수있는다른요인들을조사함으로써음성치료의중단이나거부를낮추고음성치료의지속성을도모하는노력이필요할것이다. REFERENCES Ahn, C. M., Lee, J. H., Kang, H. K., & Lee, Y. B. (1995). Significance of acoustic parameter (RAP, PPQ, APQ) in hoarseness. Journal of the Korean Society of Phoniatrics and Logotedics, 6, Ahn, C. M., Shin, I. S., & Shin, J. E. (2016). The study of satisfaction of voice therapy in patients with voice disorders. Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology Phoniatrics and Logopedics, 27, Aronson, A. E. (1990). Clinical voice disorders: an interdisciplinary approach. New York, NY: Thieme. Berry, D. A., Verdolini, K., Montequin, D. W., Hess, M. M., Chan, R. W., & Titze, I. R. (2001). A quantitative output-cost ratio in voice production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Boone, D. R., McFarlane, S. C., & Von Berg, S. L. (2007). The voice and voice therapy (7th ed.). Seoul: SigmaPress. Choi, S. H. (2013). Speech-language pathologists voice assessment and voice therapy practices: a survey for standard clinical guideline and evidencebased practice. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 18, Choi, S. H. (2017). Semi-occluded vocal tract exercise accent method, straw phonation, Lax Vox. Journal of the Korean Association for Voice of Performing Arts, 4, Dargin, T. C., DeLaunay, A., & Searl, J. (2016). Semioccluded vocal tract exercises: changes in laryngeal and pharyngeal activity during stroboscopy. Journal of Voice, 30, 377.e1-377.e9. Fadel, C. B. X., Dassie-Leite, A. P., Santos, R. S., Santos Junior, C. G. D., Dias, C. A. S., & Sartori, D. J. (2016). Immediate effects of the semi-occluded vocal tract exercise with Lax Vox tube in singers. CoDAS, 28, Ferrand, C. T. (2011). Voice disorders: scope of theory and practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Fex, B., Fex, S., Shiromoto, O., & Hirano, M. (1994). Acoustic analysis of functional dysphonia: before and after voice therapy (accent method). Journal of Voice, 8, Guzman, M., Castro, C., Testart, A., Muñoz, D., & Gerhard, J. (2013). Laryngeal and pharyngeal activity during semioccluded vocal tract postures in subjects diagnosed with hyperfunctional dysphonia. Journal of Voice, 27, Guzman, M., Laukkanen, A. M., Krupa, P., Horáček, J., Švec, J. G., & Geneid, A. (2013). Vocal tract and glottal function during and after vocal exercising with resonance tube and straw. Journal of Voice, 27, 523.e e34. Hapner, E., Portone-Maira, C., & Johns, M. M. (2009). A study of voice therapy dropout. Journal of Voice, 23, Hirano, M., Hibi, S., Yoshida, T., Hirade, Y., Kasuya, H., & Kikuchi, Y. (1988). Acoustic analysis of pathological voice: some results of clinical application. Acta Oto-laryngologica, 105, Hong, K. H., Yang, Y. S., & Kim, H. G. (2002). The effect of noise on the normal and pathological voice. Speech Sciences, 9, Klingholz, F., & Martin, F. (1989). Distribution of the amplitude in the pathologic voice signal. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 41, Kong, I. S., Cho, Y. J., Lee, M. H., Kim, J. S., Yang, Y. S., & Hong, K. H. (2007). Comparative study on acoustic characteristics of vocal fold paralysis and benign mucosal disorders of vocal fold. Journal of the Korean Society of Phoniatrics and Logotedics, 18, Kreiman, J., Gerratt, B. R., Kempster, G. B., Erman, A., & Berke, G. S. (1993). Perceptual evaluation of voice quality: review, tutorial, and a framework for future research. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 36, Kwon, S. B., & Wang, S. G. (2008). A study of acoustic features of voice of benign laryngeal disease patients. Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, 47,

10 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 Laukkanen, A. M. (1992). Voiced bilabial fricative /ß:/ as a vocal exercise: an electroglottographic and acoustic investigation. Scandinavian Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 17, Laukkanen, A. M., Lindholm, P., Vilkman, E., Haataja, K., & Alku, P. (1996). A physiological and acoustic study on voiced bilabial fricative /β:/ as a vocal exercise. Journal of Voice, 10, Lee, E. K., & Son, Y. I. (2005). Muscle tension dysphonia in children: voice characteristics and outcome of voice therapy. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 69, Lee, J. S., Kim, J. P., Park, J. J., Kwon, O. J., & Woo, S, H. (2013). Study for acoustic features of benign laryngeal disease. Journal of Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics, 24, Lieberman, J. (1998). Principles and techniques of manual therapy: application in the management of dysphonia. In T. Harris et al. (Eds.), The voice clinical handbook (pp ). London: Whurr. Lim, H. J., Choi, S. H., Kim, J. K., & Choi, C. H. (2016). Effects of Lax Vox voice therapy in a patient with spasmodic dysphonia: a case report. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 8, Ma, E. P. M., & Yiu, E. M. L. (2006). Multiparametric evaluation of dysphonic severity. Journal of Voice, 20, Mathieson, L., Hirani, S. P., Epstein, R., Baken, R. J., Wood, G., & Rubin, J. S. (2009). Laryngeal manual therapy: a preliminary study to examine its treatment effects in the management of muscle tension dysphonia. Journal of Voice, 23, Menezes, M. H., Ubrig-Zancanella, M. T., Cunha, M. G. B., Cordeiro, G. F., Nemr, K., & Tsuji, D. H. (2011). The relationship between tongue trill performance duration and vocal changes in dysphonic women. Journal of Voice, 25, e167-e175. Ogawa, M., Hosokawa, K., Yoshida, M., Iwahashi, T., Hashimoto, M., & Inohara, H. (2014). Immediate effects of humming on computed electroglottographic parameters in patients with muscle tension dysphonia. Journal of Voice, 28, Ogawa, M., Hosokawa, K., Yoshida, M., Yoshii, T., Shiromoto, O., & Inohara, H. (2013). Immediate effectiveness of humming on the supraglottic compression in subjects with muscle tension dysphonia. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 65, Portone, C., Johns, M. M., & Hapner, E. R. (2008). A review of patient adherence to the recommendation for voice therapy. Journal of Voice, 22, Radolf, V., Laukkanen, A. M., Horáček, J., & Liu, D. (2014). Air-pressure, vocal fold vibration and acoustic characteristics of phonation during vocal exercising. Part 1: Measurement in vivo. Engineering Mechanics, 21, Roy, N. (2008). Assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal tension in hyperfunctional voice disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10, Roy, N., & Ferguson, N. A. (2001). Formant frequency changes following manual circumlaryngeal therapy for functional dysphonia: evidence of laryngeal lowering? Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 9, Roy, N., & Leeper, H. A. (1993). Effects of the manual laryngeal musculoskeletal tension reduction technique as a treatment for functional voice disorders: perceptual and acoustic measures. Journal of Voice, 7, Roy, N., Bless, D. M., Heisey, D., & Ford, C. N. (1997). Manual circumlaryngeal therapy for functional dysphonia: an evaluation of short-and longterm treatment outcomes. Journal of Voice, 11, Roy, N., Ford, C. N., & Bless, D. M. (1996). Muscle tension dysphonia and spasmodic dysphonia: the role of manual laryngeal tension reduction in diagnosis and management. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 105, Seo, I. H., Lee, O. B., Lee, S. J., & Chung, P. S. (2011). Effects of motor learning guided laryngeal motor control therapy for muscle misuse dysphonia. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 3, Sohn, J. H. (2008). GRBAS and voice handicap index. Journal of the Korean Society of Phoniatrics and Logotedics, 19, Titze, I. R. (2002a). How to use the flow resistant straws. Journal of Singing, 58, Titze, I. R. (2002b). Raising lung pressure and pitch in vocal warm-ups: the use of flow-resistant straws. Journal of Singing, 58, Titze, I. R. (2006). Voice training and therapy with a semi-occluded vocal tract: rationale and scientific underpinnings. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, Van Leer, E., & Connor, N. P. (2010). Patient perceptions of voice therapy adherence. Journal of Voice, 24, Van Lierde, K. M., De Ley, S., Clement, G., De Bodt, M., & Van Cauwenberge, P. (2004). Outcome of laryngeal manual therapy in four Dutch adults with persistent moderate-to-severe vocal hyperfunction: a pilot study. Journal of Voice, 18, Vlot, C., Ogawa, M., Hosokawa, K., Iwahashi, T., Kato, C., & Inohara, H. (2017). Investigation of the immediate effects of humming on vocal fold vibration irregularity using electroglottography and high-speed laryngoscopy in pa

11 Ji-Sung Kim, et al. Effect of SOVTE in Functional Dysphonia tients with organic voice disorders. Journal of Voice, 31, Wolfe, V., Fitch, J., & Cornell, R. (1995). Acoustic prediction of severity in commonly occurring voice problems. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 38, Yu, M., Choi, S. H., Choi, C. H., & Lee, K. (2017). Usefulness of cepstral acoustic index for estimating objective dysphonia severity. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 22,

12 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성외 국문초록 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도훈련이과기능적음성장애환자의음성개선에미치는효과 김지성 1,2 이동욱 3 최철희 4 최성희 4 1 대구가톨릭대학교보건과학대학원, 2 충북대학교병원이비인후과, 3 충북대학교의과대학이비인후과, 4 대구가톨릭대학교언어청각치료학과 배경및목적 : 높은후두위치, 인두협착, 후두와목주변의근긴장, 상후두의과도한수축이나성대내전은과기능음성장애의일반적인특징이다. 본연구는후두마시지와반폐쇄성도법으로구성한음성치료프로그램시행후즉각적인음성개선변화를살펴보고이후음성치료참여에미치는영향을살펴보고자한다. 방법 : 근긴장성발성장애나성대결절, 성대용종으로진단받은성인 28명을대상으로후두마사지와반폐쇄성도운동 ( 입술트릴, 허밍, 양순마찰음 [ ㅂ :] 발성, 빨대발성 ) 으로구성된음성치료를실시하였다. 음성치료의즉각적인효과를살펴보기위해 1회음성치료전후음향학적검사와청지각적평가를실시하였으며, 이후음성치료참여도를측정하였다. 결과 : 음성치료후음향학적검사에서 STD, Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, vam, vf 0, ATRI, FTRI, PPQ, APQ, DSH, VTI, DUV가, 청지각적평가에서는 G, R, B 에서유의한개선이있었으며, 환자대부분이음성치료에지속적으로참여하였다. 논의및결론 : 후두마사지와반폐쇄성도기법으로구성한음성치료프로그램은과기능적음성장애를보이는환자의음성개선에즉각적인효과가있었으며, 이후음성치료에긍정적인영향을미칠수있었다. 핵심어 : 후두마사지, 반폐쇄성도훈련, 과기능음성장애, 음성치료참여이연구는대구가톨릭대학교교내연구비지원을받아수행되었음. 참고문헌 공일승, 조영주, 이명희, 김종승, 양윤수, 홍기환 (2007). 성대마비와양성성대점막질환의음향학적특성비교. 대한음성언어의학회지, 18, 권순복, 왕수건 (2008). 양성후두질환환자의음성에대한음향학적특징에관한연구. 특수교육재활과학연구, 47, 서인효, 이옥분, 이상준, 정필상 (2011). 운동학습이론에기초한발성운동조절법이근오용성발성장애의음성에미치는효과. 말소리와음성과학, 3, 손진호 (2008). GRBAS 음성평가와음성장애지수. 대한음성언어의학회지, 19, 안철민, 신익서, 신정은 (2016). 음성장애환자의음성치료후만족도. 대한후두음성언어의학회지, 27, 안철민, 이종혁, 강현국, 이용배 (1995). 애성환자에서음향지표인 RAP, PPQ 및 APQ 의유용성. 대한음성언어의학회지, 6, 유미옥, 최성희, 최철희, 이경재 (2017). 객관적인음성장애중증도측정을위한캡스트럼음향지표의유용성. 언어청각장애연구, 22, 이재석, 김진평, 박정제, 권오진, 우승훈 (2013). 양성성대점막질환의음향학적특성에관한연구. 대한후두음성언어의학회지, 24, 임혜진, 최성희, 김정규, 최철희 (2016). 연축성발성장애환자의 Lax Vox 음성치료효과. 말소리와음성과학, 8, 최성희 (2013). 음성언어재활사의음성평가와음성치료의임상실제 : 표준임상지침과증거기반중재를위한설문조사. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 최성희 (2017). 공연예술가를위한반폐쇄성도훈련 : 악센트기법, 빨대발성, Lax Vox. 한국공연예술발성연구회지, 4, 홍기환, 양윤수, 김현기 (2002). 소음환경이정상및병적음성에미치는영향. 말소리와음성과학, 9, Daniel R. Boone, Stephen C. McFarlane, Selley L. Von Berg (2007). 음성과음성치료 ( 제7판, 황영진, 유재연, 정옥란역 ). 서울 : 시그마프레스

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