DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 ISSN(print) (1):31-38, March 2018 < 초청논문 > Comparative Interpretation of Clinical Data and Their Correlations in Binocular Tests Dong-Sik Yu, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Byeong-Yeon Moon* Dept. of Optometry, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea (Received January 29, 2018: Revised March 7, 2018: Accepted March 19, 2018) Purpose: To compare and interpret normative values and correlations of clinical data in 20 s Korean using the same method as Morgan s study. Methods: Eighty three subjects (166 eyes, mean age 22.34±2.50 years) underwent refraction with a fogging method. Then phoria, gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A), accommodative amplitude, the near point of convergence, fusional vergence, relative accommodation, binocular accommodative and vergence facility test were performed. The normative data of each test were set at mean±0.5 standard deviation (SD) as the Morgan's study. The mean, SD, normative values, and correlations between tests were compared with values established by Morgan. Results: Compared to Morgan s data, in these clinical data, there was no difference in ranks of means (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.274). Spearman s correlations (ρ) between means, SDs, and distributions within SD were (p<0.001), (p<0.001), and (p = 0.017), respectively. Major differences in our data compared to Morgan s values are: 1) Means of phoria, fusional vergence (except blur and break point of the near negative fusional vergence), and gradient AC/A were higher; 2) range of the normative values were wider; 3) the distribution of subjects within normative values was lower; 4) the number of statistically significant Pearson s correlations (r) between tests at near were fewer but higher. Conclusions: These results indicate that the normative values in binocular tests differ from the Morgan s values. Correlation analyses also show differences in interactions between each test. This might be due to subject s criteria, specifically age or ethnicities. Therefore, it will be necessary to establish new normative values for diagnosis and management in binocular dysfunctions assessment for Korean at various age groups. Key words: Normative value, Clinical data, Binocular test, Morgan 서론조절, 폭주및사위등의검사결과를분석하고해석하는과정은양안시이상의진단과처방에서매우중요하다. [1] 이러한과정은각검사의정확도및신뢰도와더불어, 각검사의목적에맞는판별의민감성 (sensitivity) 과특이성 (specificity) 이전제되어야하므로이와관련한연구는꾸준히이루어져왔다. [2] 또한, 양안시평가에서각검사항목의정상과비정상의기준값 (normative values) 은인구통계학적특성에따라다양하게제공되고있다. [3,4] 양안시이상의진단기준은자각적증상 (symptom) 과타각적징후 (sign) 로결정되며, 타각적징후의진단기준은각검사항목의검사도구, 적용대상등에따라다를수있다. [5] 그러나진단기준은대부분 Morgan의기준 [6,7] 에따르고있다. 이기준은 1940년대에미국식 21개검사항목중심으로 haploscope [8] 와 Maddox rod를기반으로결정 한것이다. 이러한기준은오늘날의시생활환경과포롭터 (phoropter) 기반의검사환경이다른상태에서결정된것이며, 또한 50% 이상이근시인한국인과달리, [9] 50% 이상이원시인미국인 [10] 을대상으로자각적증상을고려하지않고결정한것이다. 따라서 Morgan과같은방법으로기준을재설정하여재해석할필요가있을것이다. 지금까지양안시기능의임상적진단과관리의기준 [11,12] 은널리제공되고있는상태이며, 관련연구도다양하게이루어지고있는실정이다. [13-15] 그러나그대상은대부분미국인중심으로제공된것으로임상적자료의진단과관리기준의해석과적용을달리할필요가있을것이다. [16] 따라서본연구는 20대한국인을대상으로양안시평가의각항목에대한임상적자료를 Morgan과같은통계적방법으로기준값을결정하여해석하고, 각검사항목의상관성을분석하고자하였으며, 양안시평가의진단과관리에필요한기준값적용의가능성과새로운기준값설정의필 *Corresponding author: Byeong-Yeon Moon, TEL: , bymoon@kangwon.ac.kr 31

2 32 Dong-Sik Yu, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Byeong-Yeon Moon 요성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상본연구의취지에동의한 20대대학생 83명 (166안; 연령 22.34±2.50세 ; 남자 52, 여자 31) 을대상으로하였다. 모든대상자는전신질환이나안질환이없으며, 굴절이상이나안기능이상으로인한눈수술경험은없었다. 굴절검사를실시하여최대교정시력이 1.0에서 1.2를기준으로할때근시가 104안 (62.7%), 나머지원시나정시로 62안 (37.3%) 이었으며, 대상자눈의굴절이상은등가구면기준으로평균 2.50±1.87 D였다. 2. 연구방법 1) 굴절검사굴절검사는자동굴절력계 (KR-8800, Topcon, Japan) 를이용하여타각적굴절검사를실시하였고, 이를기준으로 D 정도운무한다음, 수동포롭터 (VT-SE, Topcon, Japan) 를사용하여자각적굴절검사를실시하였다. 원거리검사는 5 m에서, 근거리검사는 40 cm에서실시하였다. 절력 (positive relative accommodation, PRA) 을평가하였다. 양안조절용이 (binocular accommodative facility, BAF) 검사는 ±2.00 D의 flippers를이용하여 D를시작으로반전하여 2.00 D에서, 또반전하여 D에서읽었을때를 1회로하여분당읽은횟수 (cycles per minute, cpm) 로평가하였으며, 이향용이 (vergence facility, VF) 검사는 12 BO/3 BI flippers를이용하여 12 BO에서시작으로반전하여 3 BI에서, 또반전하여 12 BO에서읽었을때를 1회로하여분당읽은횟수 (cpm) 로측정하였다. 각검사의결과값은 3회측정하여평균값으로하였다. 3. 분석수집된자료를처리하기위해외사위는 ( ) 부호, 내사위는 (+) 부호를표시하였다. 수집된자료는 MedCalc (version , MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium) 을이용하여기술통계와상관분석을실시하였다. 상관관계는간격척도이상이거나표본수가많을때모수적검정에서 Pearson상관계수 (r) 로하였고, 순위척도이거나표본수가적을때비모수적검정에서 Spearman상관계수 (rho, ρ) 로하였다. 모든분석에서신뢰구간은 95% 로하였고, 유의확률 p<0.05일때통계적으로유의한것으로판단하였다. 2) 양안시검사원거리및근거리수평사위검사는수동포롭터기반으로하였으며, 12 Δ (prism diopter) base-in(bi) 의측정프리즘과 6 Δ base-up(bu) 의분리프리즘을세팅하여본그래페 (von Graefe) 법으로측정하였다. 조절성폭주비 (accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio, AC/ A) 는경사 (gradient) 법으로 40 cm에서 D의조절자극전과후의사위도변화량으로결정하였다. 폭주근점 (near point of covergence, NPC) 은조절성시표를이용하여피검자시선이 15도아래유도되는방향에서시표가 5 cm/sec로이동되는속도를유지하여측정하였다. 융합이향운동 (vergence) 은원거리, 근거리순으로실시하였으며, 수동포롭터의로터리프리즘을 BI방향으로 1~2 Δ/sec 속도로변화시켜음성융합이향운동 (negative fusional vergence, NFV 또는 BI vergence) 의분리점, 회복점을측정하였고, BO방향으로 1~2 Δ/sec 속도로증가시켜양성융합이향운동 (positive fusional vergence, PFV 또는 BO vergence) 의흐린점, 분리점및회복점을평가하였다. 조절력 (accommodative amplitude, Amp) 은푸시업 (pushup) 법으로측정하였다. 또한, 상대조절력은 40 cm에서 2 초간격으로 D 단계로증가시켜음성상대조절력 (negative relative accommodation, NRA) 을먼저측정하였으며, 2초간격으로 0.25 D 단계로증가시켜양성상대조 결과및고찰 1. 양안시검사의임상적결과값비교 Morgan은양안시검사의임상적결과를통계적으로해석하고각검사항목의정상기준치를제시하였다. [6,7] 그는자각적증상을고려하지않았으며, 노안이전의다양한연령대의미국인 800명을대상으로 haploscope기반의양안시검사를실시하였고, 특히사위검사는 Maddox rod로하였다. 본연구에서는 Morgan과같이자각적증상을고려하지않았고, 20대대학생 83명을대상으로포롭터기반의양안시검사를하였다. 사위검사는 von Graefe법으로하였고, 그외의검사들은현재양안시평가에널리사용하는방법으로하였다. 양안시이상분석의기본 [17] 이되는사위의특성에서원거리외사위가 2.37±1.20, 근거리외사위가 7.80±2.38 로조사되었다. 이는 20~50대를대상으로 Kim 등 [18] 이보고한원거리외사위가 3.51±1.78, 근거리외사위가 5.73±2.44 와비교할때원거리에서외사위가낮고근거리에서외사위가높은특성을갖는다. Morgan과같이양안시이상을분류하지않고산술적통계방법으로분석하기위해 Table 1과같이임상적자료의평균과표준편차를나타내었다. 본연구의결과는 Morgan의값과비교하여각검사항목의평균값의경향성에서유의한차이는

3 Comparative Interpretation of Clinical Data and Their Correlations in Binocular Tests 33 Table 1. Mean and standard deviation for clinical findings in binocular vision tests NFV at distance PFV at distance NFV at near PFV at near Test Mean±SD Min. Max. Morgan s data [6,7] DPhoria (Δ) 2.37± ±2 NPhoria (Δ) 7.80± ±5 Gradient AC/A (Δ/D) 3.28± ±2 NPC (cm) 6.85± DBI blur (Δ) 6.40± No blur DBI break (Δ) 8.39± ±3 DBI recovery (Δ) 5.55± ±2 DBO blur (Δ) 11.76± ±4 DBO break (Δ) 19.71± ±8 DBO recovery (Δ) 14.02± ±4 NBI blur (Δ) 12.36± ±4 or no blur NBI break (Δ) 18.41± ±4 NBI recovery (Δ) 13.12± ±5 NBO blur (Δ) 18.14± ±5 or no blur NBO break (Δ) 25.04± ±6 NBO recovery (Δ) 18.90± ±7 NRA (D) 2.30± ±0.50 PRA (D) 2.61± ±1.12 Amp (D) 11.20± Age ±2.00 BAF (cpm) 15.66± VF (cpm) 13.96± Not performed in Morgan's study. Blurred images were appeared for 25 subjects. Based on Duane s tables. SD: standard deviation, Min.: minimum, Max.: maximum, DPhoria: phoria at distance, NPhoria: phoria at near, AC/A: ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation, NPC: Near point of convergence, NFV: negative fusional vergence, PFV: positive fusional vergence, DBI: base-in at distance, DBO: base-out at distance, NBI: base-in at near, DBO: base-out at near, NRA: negative relative accommodation, PRA: positive relative accommodation, Amp: amplitude of accommodation, BAF: binocular accommodative facility, cpm: cycles per minute, VF: vergence facility, Negative sign of phoria indicates exophoria and positive sign indicates esophoria. 없었고 (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.274), 평균값들의상관관계는높았다 (Spearman s ρ = 0.945, p<0.001). 그러나각검사항목의결과값을 Morgan값과비교해볼때, 이연구의결과는평균값의차이가원거리사위에서 1.37 외사위만큼, 근거리사위에서 4.8 외사위만큼컸다. 이러한차이를보인이유중의하나는 Maddox rod방법은조절개입으로인해 von Graefe보다외사위가더작게측정되는경향때문일것이다. [19,20] 원거리융합이향운동은 0.71 ~ 4.02 으로그차이의범위가넓고크게나타났다. 근거리융합이향운동은 2.59 ~ +7.9 정도로그차이가다양하고컸으며원거리융합이향운동보다더욱큰차이를보였다. 한편, 원거리음성융합이향운동의흐린점은완전교정상태에서는나타나지않는일반적형상과달리, 본연구에서 25명의대상자에게나타났다. 이러한현상은원시의저교정이나근시의과교정, 잠복성원시또 는조절성내사위의경우에나타날수있다. [21] 이번연구는조절마비제가아닌운무방법을사용에따른조절개입의가능성 [22] 이있었던것으로판단된다. 융합이향운동과사위값이전반적으로 Morgan값보다큰값을보였다. 이러한차이는대상자의특성차이즉, 본연구에서는대부분근시인 20대한국인대상자이고, Morgan 의연구에서나이와굴절이상과관련된자료가제공되지않아현시점에서이러한차이를더면밀하게비교할수가없지만, 융합이향운동과사위값이굴절이상과관련이없고나이및인종과관련이있는것으로보고된선행연구결과 [15,23-26] 를바탕으로판단해보면대상자의특성차이즉, 연령대와인종의차이로인한것으로볼수가있을것이다. Morgan 값과비교하여경사 AC/A의평균차이는각각 0.72 /D 작았고, NRA와 PRA값의평균차이는각각 0.30 D,

4 34 Dong-Sik Yu, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Byeong-Yeon Moon Table 2. Distribution and correlation of mean±sd and arbitrary limit between this study and Morgan s data Test Distribution of subjects within SD (%) Arbitrary limit (Mean±0.5 SD) This study Morgan s data Difference This study Morgan s normative data DPoria (Δ) ±1.20 1±1 NPhoria (Δ) ±2.38 3±4 Gradient AC/A (Δ/D) ± ±1 DBI break (Δ) ± ±4 DBI recovery (Δ) ± ±1 DBO blur (Δ) ± ±2 DBO break (Δ) ± ±4 DBO recovery (Δ) ± ±2 NBI blur (Δ) ± ±2 NBI break (Δ) ± ±2 NBI recovery (Δ) ± ±3 NBO blur (Δ) ± ±3 NBO break (Δ) ± ±3 NBO recovery (Δ) ± ±4 NRA (D) ± ±0.25 PRA (D) ± ±0.62 Amp (D) ±1.52 0Age±1.00 Mean of sum Percentage: (p=0.017) Correlation coefficient Mean (except Amp): (p<0.001) SD: (p<0.001) Spearman rank correlation coefficient. See other abbreviations and footnotes in Table 1. Fig. 1. Comparison of arbitrary limits by setting at mean ± 0.5 SD. Numbers denote the overlap % of this study data to Morgan s value. Circle: mean value, error bar: standard deviation. See other abbreviations and footnotes in Table D 높게평가되었다. 그외 NPC, 조절력, BAF와 VF 는비교할수없었으나각각의기댓값 5±2.5 cm, 10±5 cpm, 12 cpm 이상을벗어나지않았다. 위의결과및고찰에서양안시검사항목의결과값은사

5 Comparative Interpretation of Clinical Data and Their Correlations in Binocular Tests 35 Table 3. Comparison of correlation coefficients between accommodation and vergence r M r M r M r M r M r M r M r M r M r M r M NBO blur 0.2 NBO break NBO recovery NBI blur NBI break NBI recovery ( ) PRA ( ) ( ) ( )0.303 ( ) ( ) NRA Gradient AC/A Age ( ) Amp NPhoria NBO blur NBO break NBO recovery NBI blur NBI break NBI recovery PRA NRA Gradient AC/A A negative correlation coefficient means that an increase of minus diopter in PRA or in phoria is associated with an increase in the fellow factor. Zero (0): Pearson correlation coefficients (r)<2.0, M: correlation coefficient(r) from Morgan s study, blank: no correlation coefficients(p 0.05). See other abbreviations and footnotes in Table 1. Age 위검사의방법, 연령대에따라다를수있다는것을보여준다. 각항목별검사결과를 Morgan이제시한기준설정방법으로기댓값을결정하여비교한결과는 Table 2와같다. 일반적으로통계학자들은표준편차의 70% 를범위를정상값으로받아들이고있으나 Morgan은임의로표준편차의 50% 를기댓값으로설정하였다. [7] 본연구에서도이와동일하게적용하였다. 50% 표준편차범위의대상자는본연구에서평균 66.6% 로 Morgan의 74.8% 보다낮았으며, 그차이는근거리의음성융합운동의회복점에서 2.1% 정도컸으나대부분 2.5% ~ 21.4% 로낮았다. 한편, Cho 등 [27] 이 20대대학생을중심으로시기능을연구한결과에서 Morgan 기댓값을기준으로할때, 정상인의분포는 NRA 에서 19.0% 로부터 PRA에서 76.0% 까지평균 48.6% 로이연구결과보다낮았다. 한편, Morgan자료와 Spearman 상관계수는대상자분포에서 ρ = (p = 0.017) 로뚜렷한양의상관관계를보였고, 평균과표준편차에서각각 (p<0.001), 0.907(p<0.001) 로높은상관성을보였다. 표준편차의 50% 를기댓값으로할때그범위는 Fig. 1 과같다. Morgan의기준값을기준으로겹치는비율은평균 56.11% 낮았으며, 최소 2.38% 에서최대 96.60% 로편차가컸다. 위의결과및고찰에서특정집단의양안시검사값의평균과표준편차가다르고이로인해표준편차의적용비율에따라결정되는기댓값이다를수있다는것을보여준다. 2. 양안시검사의임상적결과값의상관관계비교각검사항목의측정값은독립적인요인으로만결정되는것이아니라다른항목과관련되어있다. [28,29] 따라서양안시이상의진단과처방은각검사항목간의상관을고려하여야한다. Morgan은근거리에서조절래그, 융합이향운동, 조절력, 나이및상대조절력간의상관관계를분석하였다. 본연구에서조절래그를제외한검사항목간의상관관계를분석한결과는 Table 3과같다. 이연구에서근거리검사항목간의유의한 Pearson 상관관계는 28개로 47개인 Morgan보다그수가적었으나그정도는컸다 ( 본연구 r = 0.398, Morgan r = 0.177). 조절력과관련된상관관계는근거리음성융합이향운동과에서 Morgan의경우보다높게나타났고, 그외의상관관계는보이지않았다. 나이요인에따른상관관계는본연구의결과에서근거리사위와음의상관성을보였으나 Morgan은양의관계를보였다. 그러나본연구에서자료처리를위해외사위를 ( ) 부호로내사위를 (+) 부호로나타낸것으로여기서음의관계의의미는나이가증가함에따라근거리외사위가증가한다는뜻에서 Morgan같은양의상관관계이다. 그외나이요인에따른상관관계는나타나지않았다. 경사 AC/A는근거리양성융합이향운동의회복점에서상관관계를나타났지만, 그외는상관관계를보이지않았다. NRA와 PRA에서 Morgan보다상관관계가많았다. 음성과양성융합이향운동간에는 Morgan보다상관관계가대체적으로많았고높았다. 원거리및근거리의융합이향운동을음성과양성융합이

6 36 Dong-Sik Yu, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Byeong-Yeon Moon Fig. 2. Graph presented as node, link and weight for each Pearson correlation coefficient between positive and negative fusional vergence. Weight: Pearson correlation coefficient, see other abbreviations and footnotes in Table 1. 향운동으로분류하였고, 이와관련된항목들의 Pearson 상관계수 (r) 가 0.35 이상값을기준으로 MATLAB (R2015b, version , The MathWorks, Inc., USA) 를이용하여정점 (node), 간선 (link) 과가중치 (weight) 로구성되는가중그래프 (weighted graph) 를 Fig. 2와같이나타내었다. 총 17개검사항목에서 46쌍 (paired group) 이 r 3.5 이상의상관관계를보였고, 이들중원거리융합이향운동 (DBO blur, DBI blur, DBO break, DBO recovery, DBI break) 과관련된상관계수가 6~11개로많고중앙부분에밀집형태를보였고, 근거리융합이향운동 (NBO blur, NBO break, NBI recovery, NBO recovery, NBI blur, NBI break) 과관련된상관계수는 2~7개로상대적으로적었고외각으로산재되는형태를보였으나, 원거리나근거리와관련된상관계수는평균적으로각각 0.575와 0.505로비슷하였다. PRA, NRA 및 NPC와관련된상관계수는각각 0.440, 0.405, 0.369로융합이향운동과관련된상관계수보다낮았다. 한편, BAF와 VF간의상관계수는 0.434로독립적으로나타났다. 이는 Song 등 [30] 의연구에서이들간의상관계수가 0.487보다약간낮은편이며, Shin [31] 의연 구에서 VF가융합이향운동과관련이없는것과일치한다. 양안시분석에서조절자극선과관련된항목, 즉원거리와근거리의각각의양성융합이향운동 (DBO blur와 NBO blur) 과 NRA의상관계수는 0.424, 0.369이며, 조절억제선과관련된항목, 즉원거리와근거리의각각의음성융합이향운동 (DBI break와 NBI blur) 과 PRA의상관계수는 0.372, 0.737로평가되었다. 이로부터상대조절력과관련된상관관계에서 NRA가원거리양성융합이향운동과의상관관계보다 PRA가근거리음성융합이향운동과의상관관계가높았다. 결과적으로원거리와근거리의융합이향운동은상호영향이크며, PRA와근거리음성융합이향운동과의영향도크게작용하였다. NRA와원거리양성융합이향운동의영향, NPC와관련된영향은크지않았고, BAF와 VF의상호작용은독립적으로나타났다. 그러나양안시검사의각항목은독립적으로그영향이제한된것이아니라대부분상호영향을미치는것으로확인되었다. 이러한결과로미루어볼때양안시이상의진단에서각검사항목들은상호관련성 [11,29] 을충분히고려하여야하고, 또한처방에서

7 Comparative Interpretation of Clinical Data and Their Correlations in Binocular Tests 37 시기능훈련 [32,33] 에의한비정시의교정은먼저음성과양성융합이향운동의훈련이병행되어야하며, 이와관련된상대조절력훈련, 그리고이향용이및조절용이훈련순으로진행하는것이좋을것으로본다. 결 론 20대한국인을대상으로양안시검사의각항목별임상적자료를 Morgan이제시한기준설정방법으로기댓값을결정하여비교한결과, 근거리음성융합성이향운동 ( 흐린점과분리점 ) 과경사 AC/A를제외한사위와융합이향운동의임상값은 Morgan보다컸으며, 기댓값은큰범위를나타냈고이범위에포함되는정상안의비율은낮았다. 근거리검사항목간의상관관계는 Morgan보다그수가적었으나그정도는컸다. 양안시검사의각항목의결과값은특정집단, 연령대에따라평균과표준편차가다르고이로인해표준편차의적용비율에따라결정되는기댓값이다를수있다는것을보여준다. 또한, 양안시의검사의각항목간의상관계수로부터상호작용효과를확인하였다. 따라서 Morgan의연구와달리시환경이다른한국인을대상으로다양한연령대에맞는양안시평가의진단과관리기준을위한각항목의새로운기준값설정이필요하다. REFERENCES [1] Cacho Martínez P, García Muñoz A, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Treatment of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions: a systematic review. Optometry. 2009; 80(12): [2] Elliott DB. Clinical procedures in primary eye care, 3rd Ed. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007;1-10. [3] Jiménez R, Pérez MA, García JA, González MD. Statistical normal values of visual parameters that characterize binocular function in children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24(6): [4] Yekta A, Khabazkhoob M, Hashemi H, Ostadimoghaddam H, Ghasemi-Moghaddam S, Heravian J et al. Binocular and accommodative characteristics in a normal population. Strabismus. 2017;25(1):5-11. [5] Cacho-Martínez P, García-Muñoz A, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Is there any evidence for the validity of diagnostic criteria used for accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions?. J Optom. 2014;7(1):2-21. [6] Morgan MW. The clinical aspects of accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1944; 21(8): [7] Morgan MW. Analysis of clinical data. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1944;21(12): [8] Grisham JD. The dynamics of fusional vergence eye movements in binocular dysfunction. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1980;57(9): [9] Rim TH, Kim SH, Lim KH, Choi M, Kim HY, Baek SH. Refractive errors in Koreans: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey Korean J Ophthalmol. 2016;30(3): [10] Borish IM. Clinical refraction, 3rd Ed. Chicago: The Professional Press, 1975; [11] Schor CM, Ciuffreda KJ. Vergence eye movements: basic and clinical aspects, 1st Ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heineman, 1983; [12] Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014; [13] Yu DS, Cho HG, Moon BY. Influence of different diagnostic criteria on frequency of convergence insufficiency. 2016;21(3): [14] Shin JA, Lee OK. Relationship between subjective symptoms with near work and binocular function. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2007;12(3): [15] Kim JD. Kim HJ, Hwang JH. Relation between gradient and calculated AC/A ratios according to binocular vision types. Korean J Vis Sci. 2012;14(4): [16] Abraham NG, Srinivasan K, Thomas J. Normative data for near point of convergence, accommodation, and phoria. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(1): [17] Duane A. A new classification of the motor anomalies of the eye, based upon physiological principles, together with their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1886; [18] Kim KH, Moon HK, Noh HR. Correlation between age and visual performance. Korean J Vis Sci. 2014;16(3): [19] Weymouth FW. An experimental comparison of three common methods of measuring heterophoria. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1963;40(9): [20] Sanker N, Prabhu A, Ray A. A comparison of near-dissociated heterophoria tests in free space. Clin Exp Optom. 2012;95(6): [21] Benjamin WJ. Borish's clinical refraction, 2nd Ed. St. Louis: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006;910. [22] Queirós A, González-Méijome J, Jorge J. Influence of fogging lenses and cycloplegia on open-field automatic refraction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28(4): [23] Godtland R. An Investigation into the relationship between vision and personality. J Behav Optom. 2012;23(3): [24] Gupta NC, Narang RK, Khurana AK, Parmar IPS, Ahluwalia BK. Exophoria and refractive errors-evaluation of 250 cases. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1987;35(4): [25] Palomo Alvarez C, Puell MC, Sánchez-Ramos C, Villena C. Normal values of distance heterophoria and fusional

8 38 Dong-Sik Yu, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Byeong-Yeon Moon vergence ranges and effects of age. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244(7): [26] Wajuihian SO, Hansraj R. Vergence anomalies in a sample of high school students in South Africa. J Optom. 2016;9(4): [27] Cho YR, Park HJ, Seo JK, Seong JS, Kim JM. The study of binocular function of college students. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2005;10(2): [28] Morgan MW. Accommodation and its relationship to convergence. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1944; 21(5): [29] Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014; [30] Song HJ, Choi HS, Ryu GC. The relationship between binocular accommodative facility and vergence facility. Korean J Vis Sci. 2012;14(1): [31] Shin HS. Relationship between vergence facility and fusional vergence. 2009;14(3): [32] Grisham JD, Bowman MC, Owyang LA, Chan CL. Vergence orthoptics: validity and persistence of the training effect. Optom Vis Sci. 1991;68(6): [33] The 1986/87 Future of Visual Development/Performance Task Force. The efficacy of optometric vision therapy. J Am Optom Assoc. 1988;59(2): 양안시검사의임상자료와상관관계의비교해석 유동식, 조현국, 김상엽, 문병연 * 강원대학교안경광학과, 삼척 투고일 (2018 년 1 월 29 일 ), 수정일 (2018 년 3 월 7 일 ), 게재확정일 (2018 년 3 월 19 일 ) 목적 : Morgan 의연구와같은방법을사용하여 20 대한국인을대상으로임상자료의기준값과그들의상관관계를비교하여해석하고자하였다. 방법 : 83 명 (166 안, 평균 22.34±2.50 세 ) 을대상으로운무법에의한굴절검사를실시한후사위, 경사조절성폭주비 (AC/A), 조절력, 폭주근점, 융합이향운동, 상대조절력, 양안조절용이와이향용이검사를실시하였다. 각검사의기준값은 Morgan 방법과같이평균 ±0.5 표준편차로하였다. 각검사의평균, 표준편차, 기준값과각검사항목간의상관관계는 Morgan 이설정한값과비교하였다. 결과 : 이러한임상자료를 Morgan 의자료와비교했을때, 두자료에서평균순위의차이는없었다 (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.274). 평균, 표준편차와표준편차내의분포에서의 Spearman 상관관계는각각 (p<0.001), (p<0.001) 과 (p = 0.017) 였다. 각검사항목에서임상자료간의주요차이는근거리음성융합이향운동의흐린점과분리점, 경사 AC/A 를제외한사위와융합이향운동의평균값은더높았고, 기준값의범위는더넓었으며, 기준값이내의분포는더낮았다. 근거리검사에서각검사항목간의 Pearson 상관관계는더적지만더높았다. 결론 : 이러한결과는양안시검사의각항목의기준값은 Morgan 값과다르다는것을암시한다. 또한, 상관계수로부터각항목간의상호작용에서차이가있다는것을나타낸다. 이러한차이는연령대및인종과같은대상자기준에의한것으로여겨진다. 따라서한국인을대상으로다양한연령대에맞는양안시평가의진단과관리기준을위한각항목에대한새로운기준값설정이필요하다. 주제어 : 기준값, 임상자료, 양안시검사, Morgan

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