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1 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.7, No.4, April (2017), pp 초등학생의검도트레이닝과신체구성행동체력 인지유연성과의영향관계에관한연구 백종원이민기박재성 요약 본연구는초등학교재학중인학생들명을대상으로검도트레이닝집단명비교집단명으로구분하여주전후종속변인들은측정하였으며집단및반복에따른차이검증은이원변량분석을실시하였다결과는첫째검도트레이닝에따라서체지방률은소량감소하였으나통계적인차이는나타나지않았다근육량은반복측정결과에서통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다둘째검도트레이닝에따라서제자리멀리뛰기를제외하고모든변인에서두집단모두증가하는경향을나타내었다그중악력자리멀리뛰기및왕복오래달리기에서통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다셋째검도트레이닝에따라서인지기능의변화는전반적으로증가하였으나특히신경운동속도지수에서통계적인차이를나타내었다이러한결론을종합해보면검도트레이닝은초등학생들의근육량근력심폐지구력향상에긍정적인운동이라는것을확인할수있으며학습과관련된인지유연성개발에도작용을할수있을것이라고생각된다추속연구에서프로그램의다양화를통해서전문체력또는전반적인뇌기능을함께분석한다면한층더의미있는연구가될수있을것으로사료된다핵심어검도신체구성인지유연성행동체력트레이닝 Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate a change on body-composition, active physical fitness and cognitive flexibility function according to 12week Kumdo training in schoolchild. Subject were separated two groups such as kumdo training and control groups and tested test-retest of 12week. Results as follow; First, there was decreased bodyfat according to kumdo training, it was not statistic significantly difference. Also, muscle mass was statistic significantly changed. Second, both kumdo and control groups increased an all of factors except of Standing Broad Jump Movement, there was statistic significantly difference on Received (February 20, 2017), Review Result (March 7, 2017) Accepted (March 14, 2017), Published (April 30, 2017) ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2017 HSST 897

2 grasping power, Standing Broad Jump Movement and shuttle run. Third, change of cognitive flexibility function was generally increased, especially, symbol digit coding was statistic significantly difference. Forth, there was statistic significantly interaction between group and repeated. Based upon factor analysis, kumdo training is positive exercise on muscle mass, muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance improvement. also kumdo training effect to cognitive flexibility function related with study ability. At follow-up study, it should be meaningful study if detail brain function will studied. Keywords : kumdo, body-composition, cognitive flexibility, active physical fitness, training 서론 아동기는조직적인학습생활이시작되는만세의초등학교시기의기간을말하며학동기라고부르는데이시기의아동은신체적정신적으로성장발달이활발히이루어지는시기이다또한아동기는두뇌발달이가장현저하게일어나는시기이며지능발달의결정적시기이기도하다이시기는지능과신체의발달이매우밀접한상관이있는것으로밝혀졌는데이시기에운동발달이지연되면아동들이학교생활에서경험하는학습장애의중요한원인이되며말하기읽기쓰기등에도영향을준다이는운동발달이단순히신체적인동작에국한된것이아니라시각지각발달및신경조직의발달과도상관관계가있음을알수있다선행연구에서체육교육을매일받은아동들이그렇지않은아동들보다동작학업수행학업태도점수가높았다고보고하였으며또다른선행연구에서는대와대성인들이개월간규칙적인운동을수행한결과지능검사점수가정도증가했다고보고하였다이처럼움직임은두뇌의성장을촉진시킬뿐만아니라두뇌의퇴화를예방하는데효과적이라고보고되었다일반적으로주의집중력은개인이주어진시간내에얼마나많은필요한정보만을선택할수있느냐로개념화할수있다이는특히스포츠경기상황에서선수들이변화하는상황을신속하게깨닫고민감하게대처하는능력인데집중은골퍼가퍼팅할때와야구에서타자가스윙을할때처럼한두개의단서에만반응할때일어난다다시말하자면집중능력이란즉각적인학습으로부터단서나정보를수용할수있는학습자의용량부호화전달저장해석운동적반응을말하는데이에대한적절한의사결정을할수있는역량은주의력에의해영향을많이받게된다그리고정보를저장하고인출하는시간이한정되어있으므로운동시간역시집중능력과적용이가능하다특히주의력은우리가할수있는것은무엇이고어떻게그것을수행할것인지에대한윤곽을제공하기때문에정보과정과수행에있어깊은관련이있다고할수있다대게시합상황에서선수들은한번에여러가지과제에주의집중해야한다경기력이뛰어난선수는효과적으로주의분할을할수있는반면경기력이좋지않은선수는수시로주의노력을분배해야하고그결과저조한수행의결과를초래하게된다몇몇검도수련과관련된선행연구들에서초등학생의검도수련은학습태도및주의집중력에긍정적인변화를나타내었다고보고하였다하지만현재까지검도운동을이용한신체활동증량에따른인지능력수준변화에대한연구는 898 Copyright 2017 HSST

3 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.7, No.4, April (2017) 부족한실정이다더욱이검도의경우초등학생및청소년의정신건강및신체건강에효과적이라는주장이있으나실질적이고과학적인근거가부족한상황이다따라서검도운동수련효과에대한이론적근거의재현성확보와검도운동수련효과에대한지속적인검증의필요성이있다고판단된다본연구는초등학생들의주간검도수련에따른신체구성행동체력및인지기능의변화를규명하는데있으며검도의효과와초등학생들의정신및신체건강개선을위한기초자료를제공하는데목적이있다 연구대상 연구방법 이연구의대상자는현재신체및정신적으로의학적특이사항이없는시초등학교에재학중인초등학생명을목적표본추출방법으로표집하였으며참여자및학부모들에게실험참여에대한구체적인설명을한후자율의사에따라참여하였다연구대상자들의신체적특성은표에나타낸바와같다 표 연구대상자의신체적특성 대상 연령 신장 체중 검도운동비교집단 연구설계 연구설계는총명의대상자들을검도트레이닝집단과비교집단각각명으로설정하여주간의검도트레이닝을통한종속변인의차이및변화를분석하였다초등학생들의신체구성은생체전기저항법을이용하여측정하였으며행동체력은체육과학연구원에서제시하는측정방법에의거하여측정하였다또한인지유연성은을이용하여측정하였다실험에참가하기전에대상자및보호자에게안내문을연구목적과방법을충분히알린후자율적인참여를유도하였다본연구의독립변인은검도트레이닝이며종속변인은신체구성행동체력및인지유연성으로설정하였으며주간의반복측정을수행한종단연구를수행하였다 측정도구및방법 ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2017 HSST 899

4 체력 악력근력연구대상자는직립자세로선후악력계를손가락제관절이직각이되게잡고오른쪽왼쪽각각회측정하여평균치를사용하였다악력계는를사용하였다 윗몸일으키기근지구력연구대상자는매트위에누운자세에서무릎을도각도로굽혀세우고팔은가슴에올려놓고상체가무릎에닿을정도로한동작을초간측정하였다 제자리멀리뛰기순발력연구대상자는발구름판이설치된고무판위에서모듬발로뛰도록교육하였으며지측정하여높은기록을사용하였다 단위까 왕복오래달리기심폐지구력왕복오래달리기는셔틀런측정을하였으며점증적으로빨라지는부저에맞추어뛰게하였다대상자는주어진목적지에회도달하지못하였을경우탈락으로간주하였으며최대왕복횟수를사용하였다 인지유연성검사인지기능검사는미국에서인지기능평가도구로사용되고있는를사용하였고측정항목으로는기억력신경운동속도지수복합주의력지수로총종을평가하였다평가는시에위치한집중력훈련소에방문하여전문가통제하에평가하였다측정항목으로는으로세부적평가특징은다음과같다 상에나타나는단어및도형을기억하여단기기억력을평가할수있는항목으로결과는언어기억점수와도형기억점수의평균치를이용하였다 초등학생들의신경운동수행속도에결과가좌우되며신속한뇌의판단과반응을통한결과를나타낸다 900 Copyright 2017 HSST

5 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.7, No.4, April (2017) 복합주의력지수는에서원하는조건에올바른해답을빠른시간에선택하는능력을평가하는검사로시각적정보의올바른이해및불필요한정보에대한거절능력을평가하는항목으로집중력을기초로하는평가항목이다 집중력을기초로하며선택을요하는정보및조건들에대한반응성에기초하여두뇌의빠른선택및판단의여부를평가하는항목 검도트레이닝프로그램주간검도수련프로그램은표에나타낸바와같다주차까지기본동작을수련하고주차부터기술습득및반복훈련을실시하였다운동은총분으로준비운동및정리운동을각각분씩수행하였으며본운동은분으로하였다 표 검도트레이닝프로그램 기간 내용 시간 기타 주 준비운동및기본자세이동막고베기발도착검정면베기좌우베기자연세등베기법마기법찌르기법마무리운동 주 주 주 자료처리 준비운동및기본자세쌍수검법정리운동준비운동및기본자세쌍수검법반복훈련정리운동준비운동및기본자세쌍수검법외수검법기본자세및반복훈련 분 준비운동분 정리운동분 본운동분 본연구의자료처리는 통계패키지프로그램을이용하여모든자료의평균과표준편 차를제시하였다연구대상자의 주간검도수련에따른종속변인의차이는이원변량분석혼합 설계 를이용하여분석하였다모든자료의유의수준은 로설정하였다이 연구에분석된자료는중도탈락자명을제외한총 명의자료를적용하여분석하였다 연구결과 ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2017 HSST 901

6 검도트레이닝에따른신체구성체지방률근육량의변화 주간검도수련에따른신체구성의변화를분석한결과표에나타난바와같이체지방률은검도트레이닝집단은소량감소하였으며비교집단에서는증가한결과를나타내었다하지만집단및반복측정결과에서통계적으로유의한차이는나타나지않았다근육량의경우두집단모두에서소량증가하였으며반복측정결과에서통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다 표 주간검도트레이닝에따른신체구성의변화 변인집단사전사후체지방율검도트레이닝비교집단근육량검도트레이닝비교집단 집단반복집단반복 검도트레이닝에따른행동체력의변화 초등학생들의주간검도트레이닝에따른행동체력의변화를분석한결과표에나타난바와같이제자리멀리뛰기를제외하고모든변인에서두집단모두증가하는경향을나타내었다그중악력과제자리멀리뛰기에서통계적으로유의한상호작용효과를나타내었으며왕복오래달리기에서는반복측정에서만유의한차이를나타내었다 표 주간검도트레이닝에따른행동체력의변화 변인집단사전사후악력검도트레이닝비교집단윗몸일으키기검도트레이닝회비교집단제자리멀리뛰기검도트레이닝비교집단왕복오래달리기검도트레이닝회비교집단 집단반복집단반복 검도트레이닝에따른인지기능의변화초등학생들의주간검도트레이닝에따른인지기능의변화를분석한결과표에나타난바 902 Copyright 2017 HSST

7 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.7, No.4, April (2017) 와같이기억능력의경우검도수련및비교집단모두에서다소감소한결과를나타내었으며통계적으로유의한차이는나타나지않았다신경운동지수는검도트레이닝집단에서많은변화량을나타내었고집단반복측정간에통계적으로유의한상호작용효과를나타내었다한편복합주의력지수에서는두집단모두에서증가는하였지만통계적으로유의한차이는나타나지않았다한편인지유연성은집단및반복측정간상호작용효과를나타내었다 표 주간검도트레이닝에따른인지능력의변화 변인집단사전사후기억력검도트레이닝비교집단신경검도트레이닝운동지수비교집단복합주의력검도트레이닝비교집단인지유연성검도트레이닝비교집단 집단반복집단반복 논의 본연구는초등학생들의주간검도트레이닝따른신체구성행동체력및인지기능의변화를규명하는데있으며검도의효과와초등학생들의정신및신체건강개선을위한기초자료를제공하는데목적이있다검도트레이닝집단과비교집단을구분한뒤신체조성과행동체력및인지기능을비교분석하였으며결과에대한논의는다음과같다장기간지속적인운동은체지방을연소시키고제지방량을증가시키는데긍정적인작용을한다또한지방대사를활성화시키고이상혈중지질의긍정적변화에영향을준다운동에따른심폐지구력의변화는년대이후지속적긍정적인변화의결과들을보고하고있다이러한선행연구결과는운동의강도시간및형태에따라서다양한요인들에의해서영향을받는다고하였다본연구의결과로주간검도트레이닝에따라서신체구성과행동체력을분석한결과검도트레이닝에따라서근육량악력제자리멀리뛰기및왕복달리기에서집단및반복간에유의한차이를나타내었다이러한결과는선행연구에서트레이닝에따른근육량의변화에유의한차이가없었다는결과와상반되는결과를나타내었다하지만신상근등의주간검도트레이닝에따른신체구성의변화연구와는일치하였다이러한결과의차이는대상자들의실력수준의영향을받았을것이라고생각되며초보자의경우안정된동작으로지속적인반복수행이다소어려워체지방연소를위한이상적인강도에근접하지못했을것이라고생각된다하지만기술습득에있어초등학생의 ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2017 HSST 903

8 경우기존에사용하지않던전완근대퇴근등의사용과다른무예종목과는달리검을들고운동을한다는측면에서근육량및악력에서유의한차이를나타내었다고생각된다근육량은신진대사원활및기초대사량상승으로지방이용의효율성을높인다따라서체지방감소와더불어제지방증량을위한프로그램설정또한필히요구된다고생각된다행동체력은일상생활의필히요구되는신체능력으로정의되며그종류로는근력근지구력심폐지구력순발력등이있다검도종목은다소미흡하나타무예종목의선행연구에서많은효과규명이이루어졌으며특히비만청소년들의체력에긍정적인변화가나타난다는것은보고되었다 본연구에서행동체력중민첩성과순발력을대표하는제자리멀리뛰기에서트레이닝에따른통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다선행연구를보면대부분의연구에서통계적인변화를나타내었다반면검도에비해택견및태권도에서의순발력변화가더높다고보고하였는데이러한결과는타무예종목의경우경기가끝날때까지쉬지않고기본스텝이요구된다는부분이있으나검도는도구를사용하여타격하는것이기때문에다른무술에비해더많은순발력과민첩성이요구될수있다고생각된다현재까지동일한대상으로수련효과를규명한연구는없기때문에어느무술이더효과가좋다고단정하기는어렵지만모두가무예스포츠의종목으로유사한결과를나타낸것이라고생각된다심폐체력은유산소성운동능력을평가하는데중요한지표로사용된다본연구에서측정된왕복달리기를통해서심폐지구력을계측하였으며그결과반복측정에따라서통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다이석권등은태권도수련시발차기와품새수련의최대운동능력에의강도를나타낸다고보고하였다검도와관련된선행연구가미흡하여직접적인비교는어려우나검도또한심폐에서근육으로단발적이면서강한혈류공급이요구됨으로초보초등학생수련대상에영향을미쳤을것이라고생각된다한편인지기능은체력및근력이퇴화하는것과유사하게청년기를지나면서부터감소하게된다그러나규칙적인신체활동수행을지속한다면뇌신경가소성을개선하고이를통해서인지기능을향상할수있는것으로보고된바가있다이러한선행연구를토대로본연구에서는인지기능과관련된가지요인을분석하였다분석한결과전반적으로향상되는양상을나타내었지만특히신경운동지수에서통계적으로유의하게향상되는결과를나타내었다이와관련된연구를보면초등학생을대상으로유산소운동을실시한결과인지기능이개선되었다고하였으며등는분간순환운동을실시한결과집중력과기억력이향상되었다고하였다하지만위의연구들은본연구와달리기억력및인지유연성에는차이를나타내지않았고신경운동지수에서만통계적인차이를나타내었다이러한측면에서본연구는장기간운동을수행하였는데도불구하고검도트레이닝집단에서증가양상이뚜렷하지않았다는결과에의문을가질수있으며이러한결과는대상이검도초보자이자초등학생이라는점과운동의목적이기보다는흥미위주로생각한다는것이결과에영향을주었을것으로생각된다따라서후속연구에서는다양한종목및피험자대상으로무예활동과인지활동을동시에적용하는처치 904 Copyright 2017 HSST

9 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.7, No.4, April (2017) 및인지능력의세부항목들까지평가한다면더의미있는연구가될것으로생각된다위의논의를종합해보면검도트레이닝이근육량근력심폐지구력을변화시키는데긍정적인역할을할수있으며인지능력중중추신경에서말초신경으로보내는신경속도를개선하는데효과적인운동으로생각된다 References [1] Y J Ahn (1997). New Infant Development Series, Jung-il books. [2] Scott C. M. (2002). General language performance measures in spoken and written narrative and expository discourse of school-age children with language learning disabilities. J Speech Language Hearing, 42(5), [3] Eric O. (1994). Fit kids, smart kids-new research confirms that exercise boosts brain-power. Parents Magazine, pp [4] Hannaford C. (1995). Why learning is not all in your head Arlington. Great ocean Publishers. [5] J M Ryu (1998). Exercise Performance and sport psychology. [6] K T Kim (2000). The effect of Kumdo practice on the pers onality formation and the pro - social behavior of teenagers [7] J.H Kang, C H Lee (2005). Change on Serum Lipid of Obese male Student's by Regular Kumdo Training, The korean society korea, 21(2), [8] Y H Son, S Y Cheon (2014). Effect of Headong Keumdo and Teakkyon Practice on Basic Physical Fitness in a Elementary School Students, 23(4), [9] S G Cho (2008). Study on Learning Attitude and Attentiveness of the Elementary Students according to kumdo Training. [10] Cotman C. W., & Berchtild N. C. (2002). Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends. J. Neurosci, 25: [11] Dobbins M, De Corby K, Robeson P, Husson H, Tirilis D. (2009). School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged Cochrane Database of Systematic(Review), The Cochrane Collaboration. [12] S G Shin, J H Heo, B H Yoo, U H Paek, Y J Hong, T O Gil (2006). The Effect of Taekwondo, Haedong kumdo and Taekkyon Practice of The Twelve Week`s on The Body Composition and Physical Fitness in A Male Elementary School Students 14(2), [13] WHO. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic report of a consultation. WHO, Genava.Y H Son, S Y Cheon (2014). Effect of Headong Keumdo and Teakkyon Practice on Basic Physical Fitness in a Elementary School Students, 23(4), [14] S M Kim (2009). Comparative analysis on General Taekwondo Poomsae and Rhythmic Taekwondo Poomsae Training Program on Body Composition and Blood Lipid Level in Over Weight Elementary ISSN: AJMAHS Copyright 2017 HSST 905

10 School Students. [15] Y J Yoon (2009). The Effects of Taekwondo Training for Elementary School Student on Leg Strength and Balance. [16] S K Lee, M A Gong, H S Kang (2003). Measurement of Exercise Intensity during Basic Movement, Kicking and Poomsae of Taekwondo. Exercise science, 12(4), [17] Nelson, C. A., & Monk, C. S. (2001). The use of event-related potentials in the study of cognitive development. Developmental Cognitive Neurosci, [18] Hillman C. H., Buck S. M., Themanson J. R., Pontifex M. B., Castelli D.M. (2009). Aerobic fitness and cognitive development: event-related brain potential and task performance of executive control in preadolescent children. Dev. Psychol. 45, [19] Pesce C, Crova C, Cereatti L. (2009). Physical activity and mental performance in preadolescents: effects of acute exercise on free-recall memory. Ment. Health. Phys. Act, 2: Copyright 2017 HSST

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)