16(3)-02.fm

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1 w z wz 16(3) : 353~363, 2011 Korean J Community Nutr 16(3) : 353~363, 2011 DOI: /kjcn w š z w p : w w t w "TTPDJBUJPOPG8IPMF(SBJO$POTVNQUJPOXJUI4PDJP%FNPHSBQIJDBOE &BUJOH#FIBWJPS'BDUPSTJOB,PSFBO1PQVMBUJPO#BTFEPO,PSFB/BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOE/VUSJUJPO&YBNJOBUJPO4VSWFZ 4FVOHNJO-FF Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women s University, Seoul, Korea "CTUSBDU The objective of the current study was to examine associations of whole grain consumption with socio-demographic (i.e.: sex, age, household income, education, marriage status) and certain eating behavior factors (i.e.: dish source, eating place, meal type) among a generally healthy Korean population. Using twenty-four hour recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, whole grain intake (g/day) was calculated for a total of 8,836 generally healthy Koreans aged 6 years and higher. The study subjects had very low whole grain intake. Specifically approximately 60% of the subjects reported no whole grain consumption on the survey day, and mean daily intake ranged from 8.0 g to 15.1 g in different gender and age groups. Living with a spouse was found to be a positive environment factor for whole grain consumption, especially among men. As household income levels increased, whole grain consumption status also improved. The proportion of non-consumer was lowest in a 6-19 year group, and mean intake amount was highest in middle-aged adults. Major dish sources for whole grain consumption included boiled rice with mixed grains, corn, boiled rice with, cereal products, and other types of boiled rice. It was found that whole grain consumption was highly affected by eating places rather than meal types. The best contributing eating place was home in each age and gender group. The study findings may be useful in planning nutrition education strategy and formulating dietary behavior guidelines for whole grain consumption improvement. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(3) : 353~363, 2011) KEY WORD : whole grain consumptionásocio-demographic factorsáeating behavior factorsákoreans õ r p#rr # m# #ep o /# ˆ #E /# v/# k # v# p# # o #p # k r p=#5344 #9o#5<p#r rp=#5344 #9o#46p# r }ˆp=#5344 #9o#49p#}ˆ *This research was conducted by the generous financial support of the Youlchon Foundation (Nongshim Corporation and its affiliated companies) in Korea. Corresponding author: Seungmin Lee, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women s University, 147 Mia-dong, Kangbukgu, Seoul , Korea Tel: (02) , Fax: (02) smlee@sungshin.ac.kr Ê m# p# #pl#mkr#n p#pr +Mrqhv #5335,1# p# #mkl l #rr #r p #eq v /#k/# /# k# p# v p m # #p # p # m 1#Dqghuvrq# +5333,p#ee #45 # l l# # ˆ l # rp#r p# #eq v p# o p#k#59( eˆ # mp /#k#:8/333 p# p#l p#43 # r # #l #r # # q# p#txlqwloh p#eqv # pp# q# p#txlqwloh l# l#58( pp# m +Olx# #4<<<,1# # p#l l # #6 # #p #r #e p# mp# # stp#o p#69(#r # p# m 1#r p# # # p# m #op # p#p # p #k r 353

2 354Áw š xy p 1#p p#l l l #r p# p# q# p p# # pp# p# q# p# l# l 54 6:(#r # p# p # l +Ph hu# #5333> Ixqj# #5335>#Prqwrqhq# #5336>#Pxqwhu# #533:,1 kn /#53sp#kl# #73 p#l l # #s r p # ˆ #l # #r #ep # k #kp# o p#54 76(# # # p # m +Mdfrev #4<<;,1# kp#m # # #p /# p r r# l l #83/333l p#t #p # q #4; # r#s # #r p# p# q# p#txlqwloh p# k# o p#r # p# q# p#txlqwloh l# l#k#4<( #op # pp# l +Iolqw# #533<,1# p #v rp#r p# v #m l# #l l# l/# #tn# p# # r #ep v l#r # # q # ~rp# p# e 1# 5338 # Glhwdu # Jxlgholqhv# iru# Dphulfdqv l#6r}#p p#r #e p# q #pp /#kn r~# # #t#rl # #r #r #e p # # p# q #p +X1V1#Ghsduwphqw#ri#Khdowk dqg# Kxpdq# Vhuylfhv# )# X1V1# Ghsduwphqw# ri Djulfxowxuh#5338,1#533: l# r # p#irrg Jxlgh # k #s p#r #e # # s #pp # p#v # v # # # # p# p p#r #e p # # p# q #p +Wkh# Plqlvwhu# ri# Khdowk# Fdqdgd# 533:,1# m p Irrg# Vwdqgdugv# Djhqf l # r # Wkh# hdwzhoo sodwh #r # p# ~rp#kr# tp#re #pv #kp # # # p# k #r #e p# # p# q # p +X1N1# Irrg# Vwdqgdugv# Djhqf 533:,1# /# q#n p#epv p#r # l# # ~rp#l p# #pv#k 1 r #e l# # rrp#l m# l# r epv l# m #r # #vvp#o #p p# # # /# rp #r # tp# q l# j# #p +Dqghuvrq#)#Wrehopdqq#4<<8>#Fohyhodqg #5333>#R*Qhlo# #5343,1# # p# p# t p# v #p #n p# n #r p# p# n# p# p #m v /# ~rp# t# #tn# ol# #~ rp#l # n# k #erp 1#p #p #e l #q p# #r p# #vvp#o # rp# l # #p # n#l v l#p l t #v l#m 1#p #l p#r #e # #e /#pe/#ˆ /# /# n /#r # p#l # l# #ˆ p# l#r # p#tn#suhglvsrvlqj #hqdeolqj#npp#žk q# m +Fkdvh# #5336> Pdutxduw# # 5339># Ednnh#)#Ylfnhuv# 533:># Odfh 533:># Exujhvv0Fkdpsrx{# # 533;># Jhoodu# 533<,1# v /# p# n# # p#e rp p l# #vv# o # l# n # q #re q# #l p# p#ll 1# pp#r # vv# op# n p#r #r rp# # #v #re #o l #r # tl #e #p #q # n 1#n p# l l #p r#npp#r # tl#m p# # p # #p +R*Qhlo# #5343,#r #e l# #pe # #er#r p#p r#npl# # v# #p p +Fkdvh# #5336,/#r # t #p r np p#l p# # #n # ov # # or # rl#on # p 1# #r # #e p# k # l#o rp #l # r /# p#r # p#tn# ope/#e # #q p#m # l# ˆ # n#trp 1# /# #l #p rp # # pp#r # tp#žk q# mp /#r # tp# /#l /# t/# o t/# ˆ# p#p r#npl# #l # p #p v# q# m 1#kn /# p#r # p# p# # ~rp#e # l #p q#tn#r # o pe/#r # p#e q # #e s # p#l # # l# #l #k p# ˆ #v# k 1# óýßá Ì r # #Žkp#o # q #r p p# v # p# l#t rp # v p # mks #q #pn m 1#l e #er p# tp # q# l#s #p lv#533: m#533; p# mks +r7 #4/#5,#q # p # m 1#r7 # mks #5338 # d q #s # v p # ËpË /#s /# # 4/#5/#6 # o # #6 # p# l# q # r m 1#533: #s l #433 #s 5/ s,# p # r lp /#533; #s l #533 #s #7/ s,# r l +Plqlvwu #iru#khdowk/#zhoiduh#dqg

3 Á355 Idplo # Diidluv# )# Fhqwhu# iru# Glvhdvh# Frqwuro# dqg Suhyhqwlrq#5344,1#r#7 # mks # s /# vs /#mks # l#pp /#p#t#mks # p#ed /#ep r/#mkve/#e kr # p p# #e s /#s #4pr#e s /# 45 #p p# p # #e s # 1 s # s /#p /# /# v# #m rs/# r # # p#v/# # # t /#p pn/# o# # r /# ˆs # p # l#p 1# #l # s p# s /#p /# o# # r # p#p #q m#mks #t#e s p#57e # q #pn m 1# s p# s /#p /# o# r # p#p v l #r s ol#p l# rp #p lrp /#e s # #mk #5 p # #mks Žp# # rp# l#le# rp #s m 1#e s p# ~rp#s np s 4pr# # k# #pep#s # # /# rl #s #pe# e /#e sr#l # #p rp# # # p 1# ó mok p#ep # # #e p# k p# rp # p #e s l#p #r~# lq #t# 9 #p p#r rp # # lq # #l p# q #r m 1# #9 #p p#e s l# l #44/:9; #t# s p#p #q # ˆp # s#k/#e v /# /# k/# v v# p#p rp#ep l m p# #v p# q# o #p # q#5/<65# p#rn ##;/;69 p#q # #l p# l# n l 1# ãý Îö Æ l # qp#57e # q # # # #r # ˆ # l# l#p #e ##783 # /#r # o#l l# # qlp#ee m 1#r # oe p # ##87 p#e #t#e p# n#o # # # rp# ~##55 p#r e #r m 1#m # l/#e l#r p# n# # p#r p #e # # p# p p #Ž # p#e # m 1#p # # rp# #r # o#e # rp Š l#mr#r #e #45 m# #r #e #43 # m 1# #r #e p#eqs /#e e# Š/#e # pv#s # p# l#r # o pp # rp #Ž l# q #r # # l#rn m 1# ~rp /# q p# n#l # l # q # p#r # o pp#eqs # l# # # r# p#93( #r # o p r mp /# e l#r p# n#e # p l# #;8( # o #p # p # ˆ #r # o pp#;8( #r m 1#p # r # #r #e p#r # o pp# q# #r # # l#rn l /#v#r # o pp#83( # #e p#433j mp# n# #e p# #r # p#83jp # 1#p # rp# ~#mr#r m# #r #e p # #e p## p# q# # l#4p#4p##r # p# m 1# Îö ò ù ò Î l qp#57e # #q # l #r #e m#l l#p #pe /#e q /# s # #p n l# #pe /#e q /#e s #r # l# l #r # m 1# q# pp#r # p #pe # # e# l# mp /# p# ep # #r # p# #e q # #e s # m 1#e s l #e q # r/# /#vq/#ok o2o o/# pr2 p 2 v /#pov2 }v/#pel /# er/# r2 pr2r r/# ˆ# p # lp / e s #k /#re/#r /# ep # l#s l 1# ò ãý p r# # s # # s l # v # # o /# /# #l /# l /# ˆm o# # r # l # v # o tp#pn m 1 tp# o # tp # /# t /# t / p # lp /# o tp# #sl#p / t #sl#p /# #sl /# #sl#p p # p # l 1# ˆl# # p# nqm# # #p +o nq#,m# nqm# # #pv k + v#kp/#o nq# /# /#p /# p# n,p# # p # l#ee m 1 # Ìæõ #q } # # r# rp#vdv#vriwzduh#yhuvlrq <15+Fdu /#QF/#XVD, #pn l#ee m 1#q p# p# # # p/# # # t /# # # o # m

4 356Áw š xy 1# # # l #l /# o t/# t/# ˆ p#tn#p r#npl# #v # # # rp#e e m /#r # tp# l# # # pr # rp /#r # # p# #w0whvw# DQRYD rp #ee m 1#DQRYD rp# # rp #op # nl #Gxqfdq v#pxowlsoh#frpsdulvrq whvw #ee m 1# # r# rp#op t#3138l ee m 1#r # l# # ope/#e q /#e s p# l # # # #l v # l # # p p#r # # # o # m 1# Š Œ ò»ï Îö é p r#np+ /#l /# o t/# t/# ˆ,l# #r # l# p #p l# # Table 1. Distribution of whole grain intake levels by socio-demographic factors Whole grain 0 <20 20 Whole grain 0 <20 20 Men (n = 3,934) Age group Total years years years (N = 3,934) (n = 1,339) (n = 1,058) (n = 986) 2,404 1) (61.1) 2,914 1) (23.2) 2,616 1) (15.7) 657 (49.1) 386 (28.8) 296 (22.1) 724 (68.4) 211 (19.9) 123 (11.6) 633 (64.2) 224 (22.7) 129 (13.1) 60 years (n = 551) 390 (70.8) (16.9) 568 (12.3) Women (n = 4,902) Age group 2) Total years years years (N = 4,902) (n = 1,248) (n = 1,609) (n = 1,368) 2,885 (58.9) 1,302 (26.6) 5,715 (14.6) 617 (49.4) 400 (32.1) 231 (18.5) 960 (59.7) 435 (27.0) 214 (13.3) 807 (59.0) 354 (25.9) 207 (15.1) Men (n = 3,810) Women (n = 4,705) Income group Income group Bottom Bottom Middle Middle Top Top Bottom Bottom Middle Middle Top (n = 569) (n = 932) (n = 1,126) (n = 1,183) (n = 669) (n = 1,185) (n = 1,420) 422 (74.2) 584 (14.8) 563 (11.1) 611 (65.6) 205 (22.0) 116 (12.5) 654 (58.1) 294 (26.1) 178 (15.8) 633 (53.5) 306 (25.9) 244 (20.6) 491 (73.4) 120 (17.9) 558 (58.7) 737 (62.2) 283 (23.9) 165 (13.9) 782 (55.1) 422 (29.7) 216 (15.2) 60 years (n = 677) 501 (74.0) 113 (16.7) 563 (59.3) Top (n = 1,431) 742 (51.9) 441 (30.8) 248 (17.3) Whole grain 0 < Whole grain 0 < Primary school (n = 396) 320 (80.8) 547 (11.9) 529 (57.3) Men (n = 2,232, 20 years) Education group Middle school (n = 253) 174 (68.8) 551 (20.2) 528 (11.1) High school (n = 860) 572 (66.5) 184 (21.4) 104 (12.1) Men (n = 2,425, 20 years) Marriage Status Partner Live together (n = 1,844) 1,230 (66.7) 1,382 (20.7) 1,232 (12.6) College (n = 723) 448 (62.0) 164 (22.7) 111 (15.4) Partner do not live together (n = 581) 424 (73.0) 596 (16.5) 561 (10.5) * Primary school (n = 792) 617 (49.4) 400 (32.1) 231 (18.5) Women (n = 3,335, 20 years) Education group Middle school (n = 335) 960 (59.7) 435 (27.0) 214 (13.3) High school (n = 1,250) 807 (59.0) 354 (25.9) 207 (15.1) Women (n = 3,511, 20 years) Marriage Status Partner Live together (n = 2,574) 1,560 (60.6) 1,662 (25.7) 1,352 (13.7) College (n = 958) 501 (74.0) 113 (16.7) 563 (59.3) Partner do not live together (n = 937) 614 (65.5) 205 (21.9) 118 (12.6) 1) N (%) *: p <0.05, : p<0.001 by chi-square test for difference between socio-demographic status within gender *

5 Á357 #Wdeoh#4 5l# m 1#Wdeoh#4p#l /# t/# o t/# ˆl# #r # tp# # # l# # p 1#r # tp# v#kp /# #53 j2gd # # /# #53 j2gd #p # p# # p # l 1#r~# # 6/<67,#t 5/ (,p# v#kp /#< (,p 53 j2gd # # /# :(,p# 53 j2gd #p # s l 1# r~# l # 7/<35,# t 5/;;8 +8;1<(,p# v#kp /#4/ (,p 53 j2gd # # /#: (,p# 53 j2gd #p p# # m 1# Ël# q # #l # l #r # tp# #op # # p # ˆ +s? 31334,1# #r # v#kp# qp pp#9 4< # l # # #7<14(/#7<17( # #t# q# p# pp# m 1#53 #p # p#l l # # l #73 8< p#r # qp# pp# q# /#53 j2gd #p # qp# pp# q# p# p ˆ 1# tp# o # tp # /#t /#t /# p # m 1# Ë # l # tp# kv #r # qp# pp# #53 j2gd #p # qp# pp#v # p # ˆ +s? 31334,1 o tl# #r # tp# # q# l p #9 4< # q #rn # m 1# o tp #sl#p /# t #sl#p /# #sl / #sl#p p# # p # l 1# Ë # l # o tl# #r # tp# #op # # p # ˆ +s? 31334,/# o tp# kv qp# pp# kv #53 j2gd #p # qp# p p# kv #k p# m 1# q p# # ˆl# # p# nqm# # #p +o nq#,m# nq m# # #pv#k + v#kp/#o nq# /# /#p /# p# n,p# # p # l# mp / o tl# # l m# v #53 #p p# p # m 1# Ël# l # nqm# # #p q p# nqm# # #pv#kp# q #r # qp# pp#op # k +s? 3138,1# Wdeoh#5 # Ël# q p#l /# o t/# t/# ˆl# # #4p#r # p# ˆ # p 1# r# # q # #l l# #r # p 53 6< # p#;133 Ë 5619< jp #ˆ#l l# l#oprp # p#rs m +s? 3134,1#l # q p#r # p#73 8< # p#48147 Ë Table 2. Mean whole grain intake (g/day) by socio-demographic factors Variables Age group Income group Education level Marriage Status Men (n =3,934) Women (n = 4,902) Mean SD 1) Mean SD 2) 6 years age < 20years a3) a,b 20 years age < 40 years b b * 40 years age < 60 years a ** a * 60 years a b Men (n =3,810) WomenG(n = 4,705) Mean SD Mean SD Bottom b b Bottom middle a,b a Middle top a * a * Top a a MenG(n = 2,232, 20 years) Women (n = 3,335, 20 years) Mean SD Mean SD Primary school Middle school High school College Men (n = 2,425, 20 years) Women (n = 3,511, 20 years) Mean SD Mean SD Partner live together ** Partner do not live together ** 1) : not significant, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01 by ANOVA or t test for difference between socio-demographic status within gender 2) : not significant, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01 by t test for difference between gender within a row 3) Different letters represent statistical difference by Duncanís multiple comparison test

6 358Áw š xy 8<154 jp # q# # m +s? 3138,1#l # # Ël#r # p# # #53 6< # p# Ël# #oprp# p #p # p # ˆ / l # q p# p# # k +s? 3138,1# # o l# #r # p# # q p# n o #:1<: Ë j/#t o #<1<< Ë 6<1;3 j/#t o #451<5 Ë 791<9 j/# o #461;3 Ë 6<178 jp # # o # p #r # p#oprp # ˆ +s? 3138,1#l # q # v # # o # kv #r # p#oprp #v m +s? 3138,1# o tl# #r # # l Ël# l # o# tp# p #r # p#v # p# mv # r#op l # v# m /# # o t# l# # Ël#r # p# p # pv#kk 1# ˆl# #r # p# # # q p# n# nqm# # #p # p 441:6 Ë 7<169 jp # nqm# # #pv#kp# p#:166 Ë 5614; j # p#op # k +s? 3134,/#l # q p# n# nqm# # #p # p#r # p# p# p#plp # rp #op v #kk 1# # nqm# #pv#kp# l #r # p# Ël# #:166 Ë 5614; j/#45143 Ë 761<6 j#p #l # q p#r # p#op k +s? 3134,1# Îö pp#e p# pe #l #e p #s pep # # n # p /#r # #e p # rp #p #o l#r # l# # #pe p# Š m 1#Wdeoh#6p# #l l# r # # #pe # o#8 jp# ˆ # p 1# # 6/<67,#r # l# # pe# p# /#9 4< # p# #q j2gd,/# j2gd,/#m +41<3 j2gd,/ e lr j2gd,/#s +316; j2gd,p# #r # #p lv #pl /#53 6< # #le#4o q +61;< j2gd,# # pp #m +31;9 j2 gd,/# +31;8 j2gd,/#e lr +317: j2gd,/#s Table 3. Top 5 dish items for whole grain intake by gender and age group Men years (n = 1,339) years (n = 1,058) years (n = 986) 60 years (n = 551) Corn Corn 0.86 Corn 4.26 Corn Cereal product 1.00 Cereal product 0.47 Corn gratin Women Cereal product 0.13 barley 6 19 years (n = 1,248) years (n = 1,609) years (n = 1,368) 60 years (n = 677) Corn 1.97 Corn Corn 7.58 Corn Cereal product 0.94 Cereal product Corn salad 0.14 barley barley

7 Á j2gd, p # ˆ 1#73 8< # #93 p # # #4o # #q j2gd Ë914:#j2 gd,p# v /#m +7159#j2gd Ë913<#j2gd,/# +31;;#j2gd Ë31;9#j2gd,p# p # ˆ 1#l # 7/<35,#r # l# # pe# l #9 4< # #53 #6< # + q A m A Ae lr,/#73 8< # #93 p # p+m A q A A,# # pe# #4 7 o # p # ˆ 1# Îö ò ùý ò Î r # #e p# p#kk #o l#r # l# l #e q m+wdeoh#7,m#e s +Wdeoh 8, # k 1# # 6/<67,p#r # l# #e q /# #l # # rp#4o # # #q l# #o # pp#k# #pl /# 93 #p p# rl p#r # # tp# #l l l# rp # p# p # ˆ 1#9 4< # l #6144#j2gd /#53 6< m#73 8< #vql #31<6#j2gd Ë516;#j2gd /#93 #p p#pov2 }v p#31;7#j2gd #5ol# ˆ 1#l # p#r # l# #e q # q# q # v # rl p#r # p# q# k 1#9 4< # p# /#pov2 }v/# ˆ/#pel # # #p lp /#53 6< # p# ˆ/#vq/#pel /#pov2 }v# p #r # #p lv #pl 1#73 8< # p#vq/#pov2 }v/# r2 pr2r r/#pel l /#93 #p # p# ˆ/#pov2 }v/#vq/#pel #s l 1 Ël# q p#r # l# # s # #l # p # l# # #9 53 # Ël# #r e+7135 j2gd Ë6164 j2gd,/#r j2gd Ë613; j2 gd,/#k j2gd Ë51;9 j2gd,/# e+5169 j2gd Ë 5179 j2gd,p# p #r # #p lv #p # p # ˆ 1#53 6< # # p#r j2gd,/ k j2gd,/#re+41;6 j2gd,/# e+4166 j2gd, p /#l # p#re+6174 j2gd,/#r +51:4 j2gd,/ k j2gd,/# e+41<9 j2gd,# p #s l < # Ël# p# e+7184 j2gd Ë8156 j2gd,/ r +51<7 j2gd Ë618; j2gd,/#k +51:< j2gd Ë6165 j2gd,/#re+5144 j2gd Ë6134 j2gd,p# p #r # #pl 1#93 #p # p# e+81;6 j2 Table 4. s for whole grain intake by gender and age group Men 6 19 years (n = 1,339) years (n = 1,058) years (n = 986) 60 years (n = 551) 1 Home 9.01 Home 5.96 Home 9.12 Home School 3.11 Work place 0.93 Work place Miscellaneous 0.58 Restaurant 0.73 Miscellaneous 0.59 Miscellaneous Street convenie nce store or bakery 5 Restaurant 0.16 Women 0.25 Miscellaneous 0.29 Restaurant 0.24 Work place Restaurant years (n = 1,248) years (n = 1,609) years (n = 1,368) 60 years (n = 677) 1 Home 8.67 Home 8.26 Home Home School 2.41 Miscellaneous 0.88 Work place 1.48 Miscellaneous Work place Miscellaneous 0.16 Restaurant Restaurant 0.09 Street convenie nce store or bakery Work place Restaurant 0.31 Restaurant 0.12

8 360Áw š xy Table 5. for whole grain intake by gender and age group Men 6 19 years (n = 1,339) years (n = 1,058) years (n = 986) 60 years (n = 551) 1 Lunch 4.02 Dinner 2.62 Snack 4.51 Snack Dinner 3.53 Breakfast 2.22 Dinner 2.94 Breakfast Breakfast 3.33 Lunch 1.83 Breakfast 2.79 Lunch Snack 2.36 Snack 1.33 Lunch 2.11 Dinner 2.38 Women 6 19 years (n = 1,248) years (n = 1,609) years (n = 1,368) 60 years (n = 677) 1 Lunch 3.31 Lunch 3.41 Snack 5.23 Snack Dinner 3.08 Dinner 2.71 Dinner 3.58 Lunch Breakfast 2.86 Breakfast 2.44 Breakfast 3.32 Breakfast Snack 2.46 Snack 1.96 Lunch 3.01 Dinner 1.57 gd,/#k +51<9 j2gd,/#re+5184 j2gd,/#r +516; j2gd,e p# p #s l /#l p# n# e+8145 j2gd,/#re+5143 j2gd,/#k +41<7 j2gd,/#r +418: j2gd,# p # ˆ 1# #l l # pp#r # tp#m m # # n# p# tp# p # ˆ /#r # #vvp#o # # op#mk o# # r# # or # p#e # rpp#e m 1#r~# qp#k#93( #s pl#r #r # v#kp# p # ˆ p /# # #le# # # #l # l# #;13 j 4814 j # ## # p#k#8(l# v# #erpl 1#p #r~# # p#rl #83( #r # #n p#e v +X1V1#Ghsduwphqw#ri#Khdowk#dqg Kxpdq#Vhuylfhv#)#X1V1#Ghsduwphqw#ri#Djulfxowxuh 5338>#Wkh#Plqlvwhu#ri#Khdowk#Fdqdgd#533:,l# # # r # p# tp 1#p #rs #r # tp#n p# nl # d # p # # #p 1# #XVGDp#4<<7 4<<9#Frqwlqxlqj#Vxuyh #ri#irrg Lqwdnhv# e # Lqglylgxdov# q # # l l / Fohyhodqg# +5333,p# # pp#4p## # 91:#vhuylqj#t#r # v # tp#413#vhuylqjl #413#vhuylqjl# v# #p p# p #k 69(l# # m 1# p # v# 4<<< 5337 Qdwlrqdo# Khdowk# dqg# Qxwulwlrq# H{dplqdwlrq# Vxuyh p#q l# # p#l l +R*Qhlo# #5343,#4< # p # # pp# r # p# 4p# #31:4 vhuylqjl# # p # ˆ 1# /#l /# t/# o t/# ˆ# p#l p r#npl# r # tp# # /# l #r # tp# p#eˆ # p mp #p #p r#np p#r # tl#op #m p# v # p # l 1# nqm# # # p#r # l# # rrp#npp # ˆ p /#p #k p#l l# l# l # n# r 1# nq mp# # l#op #e p#o # npp # # #pp /# # nq #l # n# p#e p#l l# l# # p#r p# p# #p p#re #p 1#kn # p# tp#v r p# #v # p # ˆ /#r #e l# #r l#pl# rr#r p#qknpp #qn # ppp#e 1#l l# # p # l # qp# pp# #l l # q# k /#p #o op # # ep# l#q # p#r #e l# # #p lv #p # p #o 1# #r # # p#t # pp# q# p# p # ˆ 1#p #k Ë ~ l# l#r #e l# # # # l# # ep#v # l# l# p# l# rr#m p# v#k #l p# vp# m # p # r 1#n p# l #l l# #r # p# p # # #p 1# # p p#l l #84 #p pp#r # # # p+31::#vhuylqj,#4< 84 # l+3196#vhuylqj,# l# # kp # l#6 vhuylqjp # #p p# p #84 #p l #919(/

9 Á361 4< 84 l #71;(l# l#k m +R*Qhlo# #5343,1# p #p rnp #r # # p#l # l # tp# # # m# # p# #mr #p v#k # n # l 1#m # l tp# pl# # l # o tp#op npp # ˆ p /# p# # l #o p v#kp#npp # ˆ 1#p # # #r # p# p # p # n# /# qp# pp#r rp # n# p# p#p #opp #qn mp #o 1# /#r # l# #e rp#p #o #pm# p# # v#r ep# n # p#rr m #Ž 1 #l l #r # #e p# p# # # #o l#r # l# l # ope/#e q /#e s # p#r r# # r#tn # m 1#r # p#tn# ope# o# l # #q /#m /# /#e l/#s # p# # p # ˆ /#r # p#rs v #r # l #ep#t ep # #e p#m p# # l # #p # p#k #pl 1#p #mk op#r p #pn # p#r # vvl#pl# n# #on #tr#e #t# # p#vp# #r #~ # # 1#rp# l #e lr p# o # p# pl /#t #p #l l #m p# o # # ˆ 1#r rp # #l p#r # ope#s p# k p# rp # p# p # ˆ # p l# #r # v v# p# ˆp# k p# #n # n# n #Ž 1#r # l# # l #e s l# # p # # plp /#e q # p# p # # p # ˆ 1#p # #r # # #e # #q p#m p# p# # p # 1 r # l#pl# q# # #e q # rp ˆ p /# #l l#pl # ep# # pl 1#p # #nep# #v # el# l # #nel #r # l# #r}rp#tq p pp#r # tp#v eˆ #o # n# n #rp#e 1# # ep# #l p#r # p#tn# p /# e# p# e # # #r # #vvp# rp # prp# p #Ž 1 r # q t # tp# p # q# #e p#p p # #r # # l#m p# # rp#suhglvsrvlqj# #hqdeolqj#np p# #p q# # l #n #l q p#tep #v l#m 1#Pdutxduw# +5339,p# k # p# pv p# p # r #e #nll# #pv #rpm#r #e l# #pv #p # p# qr#e l# l#s m 1# q p#r #e p#rr # # #e p #p v #p # n # q# kp /#r #e p#qrp # o # o # q# p# #p m +Pdutxduw #5339,1#Odfh +533:, # p# p # #l l #r #e p# /#s /#ee # # p l#r #e l# #p rp#ˆ # rrp# p # p# m 1# k #s p# # l# # #ee #l l #p rp# e # p rp # p# # # # p#tn #qkn pp # p l 1# v /#p#l # # p#q p# p# #rs rp# rp# l#p #qknp p# # #ppp#e #l # m +Ednnh )#Ylfnhuv#533:,1#Exujhvv0Fkdpsrx{# +533;,p pvp l# l#k # p#r # #e # # Ëe r#npp# r #o #s v # # m 1#k # p# vl # r# # /# p /#qk # p#n # lp /# # p# vl #r # /#rr # # /# r# # /# /#r #e # p#pp# p#n # l 1#Fkdvh# +5336,p# r# p p#tn# p#r # #p #m #on #ppp# m 1#k p# p #e #l l #r #e l# # n # #e p#s l# # #k p# m +Jhoodu# #533<,/#m # l# # n #l #e #t# q# kp /# l# # n # rp # p# l# # p # ˆ 1#p # p#l p#r # #vvp# # #e o p# p# #pl#on #q #re q #p p#e # # #p 1# p# n#pm# p# p #l p# #erp #r # e l#m p# # k # lnp/#vnp# qknpp#p #o # rp# #l # n # 1# ÝŠÊ #l # pp#r # #vvp#o # op# #v # p#o # q #r q#533: 533; l#e #r7 #4/#5 # mks #q

10 362Áw š xy ˆp #r # p#p r# #p #e + ope/#e q /#e s,#np p#l l#rp# l# m 1# #l p# # #pl# #rlp#nk # p # 1# qp#r # t# m# # p# Š # eˆ # n#rs # p #Žk l 1#r~# qp#k#93( #s pl#r #r # v#kp# p # ˆ p /# # #le#r~# # p#r l #83( #r # #n p#e v l# # # r # p# tp # ˆ 1#p # #r # vvp#o #mktq # n#e # rpp#e 1#r # #p r#np #op #l p# v # p # ˆ 1# nqm# # # p#r # l# # rrp#npp # ˆ p /#kn # p# tp#v #r p# #v # p # ˆ 1#l l# # p # l # qp# p p# #l l # ep# # q# kp /# p#t # pp# q# p# p # ˆ 1#p #p rnpl# #r # p# pl# # # # #v p# p# m #mk o# n# r# #n ov # p# rl# n # # prp # oq op# # #pp # 1# r # p#tn# o#pe# o# l# q /# /# /#s # p# k # #s #o mp / p#r # vvl#pl# n# #on tr#e p# p#vp# #r #~ # # 1#rp# l #e lr p# o # p# pl /#t #p #l l #m p# o # p# p# p ˆ #l l# #r # k p#krp# #k # nrp# l # # p p# m m 1#r rp # #l p#r # ope#s p# k p# rp # p# p # ˆ # p l# #r # v v# p#e ˆp# k p# #n # n# n #Ž 1# #l p# #r # #e p#e e p#m #q p#m p# p# # p#e m 1#r # l#pl# q# # #e q # rp # ˆ p /# #l l#pl # ep # #pl 1#p # #nep# #v # e l# l# # #nel #r # l# #r}rp#t q p# pp#r # tp#v eˆ #o # n# n #rp#e 1# # ep# #l p#r # p#tn# p /# e# p# e # # #r # #vvp# rp # prp# p #Ž 1# #l p# # # pp#e e}v # # vv#s p# r # #pl# q # #v 1# /#r # #vvp#o tq p#n r# #v p# r # ~rp# n# #r # rp#o # q # n # #p 1#kn #r # #e l#m p# # k # lnp/#vnp# #qknpp#p #o # r p# #l # n # 1# Ù Anderson JW, Hanna TJ, Peng X, Kryscio RJ (2000): Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 19(3S): 291S-299S Albertson AM, Tobelmann RC (1995): Consumption of grain and whole grain foods by an American population during the years J Am Diet Assoc 95(6): Bakke A, Vickers Z (2007): Consumer liking of refined and whole wheat breads. J Food Sci 72(7): S473-S480 Burgess-Champoux TL, Rosen R, Marguart L, Reicks M (2008): The development of psychosocial measures for whole-grain intake among children and their parents. J Am Diet Assoc 108(4): Chase K, Reicks M, Jones JM (2003): Applying the theory of planned behavior to promotion of whole-grain foods by dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc 103(12): Chase K, Reicks M, Smith C, Henry H, Reimer K (2003): Use of the think-aloud method to identify factors influencing purchase of bread and cereals by low-income African American women and implications for whole-grain education. J Am Diet Assoc 103(4): Cleveland LE, Moshfegh AJ, Albertson AM, Goldman JD (2000): Dietary intake of whole grains. J Am Coll Nutr 19(3S): 331S- 338S de Munter JS, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Franz M, van Dam RM (2007): Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med 4(8): e261 Flint AJ, Hu FB, Glynn RJ, Jensen MK, Franz M, Sampson L, Rimm EB (2009): Whole grains and incident hypertension in men. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3): Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC (2002): Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. Am J Clin Nutr 76(3): Gellar L, Rovner AJ, Nansel TR (2009): Whole grain and legume acceptability among youths with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 35(3): Jacobs DR Jr, Marquart L, Slavin J, Kushi LH (1998): Whole-grain intake and cancer: an expanded review and meta analysis. Nutr Cancer 30(2): Jones JM, Reicks M, Adams J, Fulcher G, Weaver G, Kanter M, Marquart L (2002): The importance of promoting a whole grain

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