01KJC2006-9(홍은경).hwp
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1 대한세포병리학회지제 17 권제 1 호 The Korean Journal of Cytopathology 17 (1) : ISSN 요로종양의세포병리 국립암센터병리과 홍은경 = bstract = Cytopathology of Urinary Tract Neoplasms Eun Kyung Hong, M.D. Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Urine cytology is the most useful technique for detecting either primary or recurrent neoplasms in the urinary tract. lthough urine cytology is the traditional method of detecting these neoplasms, its diagnostic accuracy has been underevaluated because of low sensitivity. The cytologic interpretation of urinary samples is not an easy task, even with some expertise in this area, for many reasons. In low-grade urothelial carcinoma, no reliable or reproducible diagnostic cytologic criteria can be provided because of the lack of obvious cytologic features of malignancy, which is one of the main factors lowering its diagnostic accuracy. Many diagnostic markers have been developed recently to enhance its diagnostic yield, but the results have not been satisfactory. However, urine cytology plays a role in detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma or its precursor lesions. It still shows higher specificity than any of the newly developed urine markers. Understanding the nature of urine samples and the nature of neoplasms of the urinary tract, recognizing their cytologic features fully, and using cytologic findings under appropriate conditions in conjunction with a detailed clinical history would make urine cytology a very valuable diagnostic tool. Key words: Urine, Cytology, Urinary tract, Neoplasm 논문접수 : 2006년 2월 3일게재승인 : 2006년 2월 17일 책임저자 : 홍 은 경 주 소 : ( ) 경기도고양시일산동구마두1동 809번지, 국립암센터병리과 전 화 : 팩 스 : address : hongek@ncc.re.kr
2 2 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 서 론 요로상피암종의재발유무추적 세포검사의일차목적은암세포또는암세포와유사한비정형세포를찾아내는데있고, 그런점에서요세포검사도예외는아니다. 1-3 그러나요세포검사는암세포검출의민감도가매우낮아최근의문헌에보고된민감도를조사한바에의하면 4 35% (13~75%) 로진단정확도가떨어지는검사로알려져왔다. 대부분의임상의사나판독하는병리의사모두다른표본의세포검사법보다중요하지않은진단방법이고진단의존도가떨어지는검사방법으로생각하여왔다. 이로인하여종양표지자를이용하여요검체에서요로상피암종을검출하는매우다양한방법들이최근에개발되어사용되고있다. 4,5 그러나요세포검사의민감도가떨어지는이유는요로상피암종의대부분을차지하는저등급요로상피암종의세포학적비정형성이정상세포또는반응세포와뚜렷하게다르지않은것이그이유중에하나이고, 고등급요로상피암종의경우비정상세포를잘선별해낼수있어위양성율이매우낮은, 즉특이도가매우높은검사법이다. 1-3 진단표지자들을이용한검사방법은한결같이요세포검사보다민감도가높다고하나특이도는세포검사가훨씬우월하다. 4-6 따라서요세포검사의문제점을잘파악하고종양선별검사로서의적응증을제한한다면비뇨기계암종의진단에매우효율적이면서진단정확도가높은검사법으로활용할수있다. 1-3 요로상피암종은재발율이매우높고다발성발생율도높은종양이므로조직학적으로진단되고치료된요로상피암종환자의추적검사의목적으로사용할수있다. 방광암의발생위험이있는집단의선별검사일반인구집단을대상으로한암세포검사는전혀효용성이없지만직업적으로방광암발생위험이높은환경에노출된집단에서는암세포검출을위한선별검사로사용할수있다. 특이비종양질환의진단특이한세포형태를유발하는바이러스질환, 특히 human polyomavirus 감염이나화학요법및방사선요법에의한세포변화등을검출하는데유용할수있다. 요세포검사판독의문제점 요세포검사는저등급요로상피암종을검출하거나진단할수없다는단점외에도아래와같은문제점으로판독의어려움을초래할수있다. 요세포검사의적응증 방광내시경과같은침습적인진단방법결정을위한선별검사 요로상피암종의가장확실한진단방법은방광내시경하생검이며, 요세포검사를방광내시경과상호보완적으로사용하면진단율을높일수있다. 즉세포검사의정확도가떨어지는저등급요로상피암종은내시경하에서주로유두모양증식을하므로쉽게진단된다. 반면에세포학적으로잘검출되는고등급요로상피암종에서유두모양증식이없거나편평한병변일경우내시경으로잘검출되지않을수있다. 진단적세포의수거율이매우낮다. 세포진단의정확성은얼마나많은양의세포가도말되는가와세포형태가얼마나제대로보존되어있나에달려있다. 요세포검사는요의채취방법에따라세포성분과보존상태가크게다를수있다. 가장흔하고쉽게얻을수있는표본인자연배설뇨 (voided urine) 는대부분세포성분이낮고제작과정에서세포손실도많으므로도관삽입뇨나방광세척에의한요검체보다진단효율성이떨어진다. 신선뇨를이용하여곧바로슬라이드를제작하고슬라이드의세포부착율을높일수있는성분을첨가한세포원심분리법이나액상세포검사방법을사용하여세포수거율을높일수있다.
3 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 3 쉽게변성에빠진다. 요는산성이고, 요소를비롯한유기물질이많아고장액 (hypertonic solution) 상태이고단백성분이매우낮아탈락된세포가잘보존되지않고쉽게변성에빠진다. 이런세포들은염색질이농축되어과염색되고, 고장액내에서세포가수축되어핵 / 세포질비율이증가되고핵막이불규칙해져악성세포와의감별이용이하지않다. 채취방법에따라세포성분이다르고판독기준이다르다. 표본채취방법에따라요의세포성분이달라지고군집으로탈락하는경우도발생하게된다. 침습적방법을사용하였을때에는변성은별로없지만군집을이루어탈락하므로저등급의유두모양요로상피암종과감별이거의불가능하다. 요의세포표본을판독할때에는표본채취방법, 방광내시경소견, 병력등을반드시참조하여야하고, 표본에따라서로다른판독기준을숙지하고있어야한다. 요세포검사의종양병변의판독 요세포검사의주목적은암세포를검출하는것이므로요에서검출가능한종양을중심으로세포병리를설명하기로한다. 요로상피에서기원하는종양의최근분류법인 WHO/ISUP consensus classification (1998) 7 에서는요로상피암종을전암병변, 유두모양증식을하는종양과침윤종양등으로분류하고있으나 (Table 1), 세포학적으로는크게유두모양종양과비유두모양종양으로나눌수있다. 이두유형은형태학적양상과임상양상이크게다르며후자의종양이비침윤단계에서부터세포검사로쉽게검출된다. 8 유두모양종양 형태학적으로중앙에섬유혈관중심을갖는유두모양증식을특징으로하는종양이며조직학적으로유두종 (papilloma), 저악성도의유두모양요로상피암종 (papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUN- LMP)), 저등급유두모양요로상피암종 (papillary urothelial Table 1. WHO/ISUP consensus classification system (1998) Normal Hyperplasia -flat hyperplasia -papillary hyperplasia Flat lesions with atypia -reactive (inflammatory) atypia -atypia of unknown significance -dysplasia (low-grade squamous intraurothelial neoplasia) -carcinoma in situ (high-grade squamous intraurothelial neoplasia) Papillary neoplasms -papilloma -papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential -papillary carcinoma, low-grade -papillary carcinoma, high-grade Invasive neoplasms -lamina propria invasion -muscularis propria (detrusor muscle) invasion carcinoma, low grade), 고등급유두모양요로상피암종 (papillary urothelial carcinoma, high grade) 으로나누고각각의세포학적특징은 Table 2와같다. 세포학적으로는유두모양종양은저등급과고등급으로나눌수있고저등급에는저악성도의유두모양요로상피암종 ( 대부분의이전 WHO grade I) 과저등급유두모양요로상피암종 ( 일부이전 WHO grade I과대부분의 WHO grade II) 을포함하고고등급에는고등급유두모양요로상피암종 ( 일부이전 WHO grade II와 grade III) 이포함된다. 저등급유두모양요로상피암종이암종은비교적예후가양호하나 50~75% 에서재발하며, 5% 미만에서고등급암종으로이행할수있어지속적인관찰이요망되는암종이다. 방광내시경상방광내로자라는유두모양종양을보이고, 방광세척뇨에서진단적인소견을보이지만자연배설뇨에서는진단적인종양세포가잘탈락되지않을뿐아니라세포학적비정형성이미미하기때문에거의진단이어려워세포검사의진단정확도를낮추는큰요인이된다. 여기에기술하는세포소견은방광세척뇨표본의소견이며, 이때진단되는암종은거의대부분 WHO grade II에해당하는병변이고 ISUP grade의 PUNLMP, WHO grade I은세포학적으로주위의요로상피나반응성변화를한요로상피와거의구분이되지않아진단이어렵다고볼수있다. 세포학적비정
4 4 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 Table 2. Cytologic features of papillary urothelial lesions Features Papilloma Papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential Low-grade papillary carcinoma High-grade papillary carcinoma Number of cell layer No more than 7 More than 7 More than 7, marked More than 7, marked Nuclear size Normal Uniformly enlarged Enlarged with variation in size Enlarged with variation in size Nuclear shape Normal Elongated, round-oval, Uniform Round-oval, slight variation In shape & contour Moderate-marked pleomorphism Nuclear chromatin Fine Fine Mild variation in cells Moderate-marked variation in cells with hyperchromasia Nucleoli bsent bsent-inconspicuous Usually inconspicuous Multiple prominent Mitoses bsent Rare, basal Occasional, any level Usually present, any level Umbrella cells Uniformly present Present Usually present May be absent Table 3. Cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinoma - Cell clusters or groups of >5 cells - Individual cells other than superficial cells in significant numbers in most high power fields - High cellularity - cute inflammation - Increased N/C ratio (other than superficial cells) - Nucleoli - Granular nuclear chromatin - Hyperchromatic nuclei - Open nuclear chromatin - Irregular nuclear borders - Nuclear molding - Nuclear eccentricity - Elongated nuclei or spindle-shape nuclei - Necrosis - nisonucleosis - Cytoplasmic homogeneity - Prominent nucleoli - Irregular border fragments of cell clusters - bsent cytoplasmic collars - Peripheral palisading in cell clusters 형성이주위요로상피와크게다르지않기때문에여러가지의형태학적진단기준 (Table 3) 을찾아보아야하며방광내시경소견을참조하는것이좋다. 방광경을시행하면서얻는방광세척뇨표본은비종양성병변에서도단일세포뿐아니라세포군집이많이떨어져나오므로종양의진단을위해서는단일세포의세포소견을면밀히검토하는것이더욱진단적이다 (Fig. 1). 세포군집내에섬유혈관중심을가지고있으면유두모양종양조직의절편이므로진단이가능할수있다 (Fig. 2). Raab 등은이러한세포학적기준으로검경하였을때비종양성병변과감별하는유용한세포소견 (primary criteria) 은다음의 3가지이고이중두가지이상이있을때진단이가능하다고하였다. 9 이러한진단기준은최근많이실시되고있는액상세포검사방법에도동일하게적용될수있다. 10 -핵세포질비증가 (increased N/C ratio) -불규칙한핵경계 (irregular nuclear border) -세포질의균질성 (cytoplasmic homogeneity) 세포질내공포는암종에서는매우드물기때문에세포질이균일하지않고공포를함유하면서핵의비정형성이보이면비종양성, 반응성병변의가능성이높다. 위의소견중한가지만존재할때한쪽으로치우친핵 (eccentrically placed nuclei), 미세과립모양염색질 (fine granular chromatin, hypochromasia), 핵다형성 (nuclear pleomorphism), 핵변조 (nuclear molding), 핵비대 (increased nuclear size) 등의부가소견 (secondary criteria) 이있으면진단에도움이될수있다 자연배설뇨에서도위와같은소견이관찰될수있으나방광세척뇨에비해그출현빈도가매우떨어지므로 ( 방광세척뇨의민감도가 2.5배이상 ) 신뢰성있는양성진단을내리기어렵다. 1-3,10 자연배설뇨에서이전에도관삽입이나기구의사용이없이상당한양의상피세포가단독또는커다란군집, 조직절편의형태로나타날경우의심할수있으나요로결석이나심한염증이있을때도나타날수있으므로주의를요한다.
5 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 5 C D Fig.1. Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma in catheterized urine. (, ) Papillary clusters with cytoplasmic collar () or irregular papillary clusters () can be seen in reactive, non-neoplastic condition as well as low grade papillary tumors. (C, D) The clustered epithelial cells show irregular nuclear border, slightly enlarged nuclei and cytoplasmic homogeneity. Fig. 2. Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma in catheterized urine. () very large papillar clusters with fibrovascular core in the center indicates tissue fragment of papillary tumor. () Corresponding histologic feature discloses papillary urothelial carcinoma. 고등급유두모양요로상피암종자연배설뇨에서진단적인세포가너무적은경우문제가될수있지만대부분의경우많은세포성분과뚜렷한세포학적비정형성을보이므로진단이용이하고진단정확도도높은편이다. 암세포는크기와모양이다양하나핵은정상세포의두배이상으로커져있고과염성을보이며간혹핵소체가뚜렷하고핵이한쪽으로치우쳐있다. 단일세포의소견은비유두모양침윤암종과동일하다. 세포성분이많지만주로단일세포로도말되는경향이고큰유두모양군집은잘나타나지않는다 (Fig. 3). 따라서세포학적으로비유두모양암종과의구별은쉽지않고대개고등급요로상피암종으로묶어서기술한다. 세포소견을정리하면 Table 4와같다. 1-3
6 6 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 C D Fig. 3. High grade urothelial carcinoma in catherized urine. The cellularity is high with many variable sized cell clusters and singly scattered cells. There is variable degree of cellular pleomorphism and individual cells show clear features of malignancy. Table 4. Cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of high-grade urothelial carcinoma - Monomorphic hypercellular specimen - Loose clusters and single cells - Variable cell size - Increased N/C ratio - Increased nuclear size - Irregular nuclear membranes - Hyperchromatic, coarsely granular chromatin - Variable presence of nucleoli - Variable amount of cytoplasm - Cytophagocytosis - Tumor diathesis with background debris 고등급요로상피암종은샘분화나편평세포분화를동반할수있고드물게는방추모양세포나다형성세포를포함하는육종모양암종의형태를취할수있어세포학적으로이런분화가인지될수있다. 매우진한핵을동반하는단일세포가나타날경우비종양병변을감별하는것이어려울수있다. 특히주의해야할경우는 polyomavirus 감염, 요로결석, 화학요법또는방사선조사후반응, 상부요로의세척또는솔질표본, 비특이반응변화등이있다. 1-3 다음은반응성요로상피와저등급및고등급요로상피암종의세포소견을요약하였다 (Table 5). 침윤요로상피암종유두모양증식이있는침윤성종양이나유두모양증식이없는침윤암종이나, 평탄한상피내암종 (carcinoma in situ) 모두세포학적으로앞에서기술한고등급유두모양요로상피암종과다른점이없다. 좀
7 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 7 Table 5. Cytologic features of reactive urothelial cells, low grade urothelial carcinoma, and high grade urothelial carcinoma Features Reactive Low grade UC High grade UC Cell arrangement Papillar aggregates Papillary & loose clusters Isolated cells & loose clusters Cell size Increased Increased & uniform Increased & pleomorphic Cell number Variable Often numerous Usually numerous Cytoplasm Vacuolated Homogeneous Vacuolated N/C ratio Normal/Increased Increased Increased Position of nucleus Eccentric Eccentric Eccentric Nuclear size Uniform Enlarged Variable Nuclear contour Smooth Irregular, notches & grooves Markedly irregular Nuclear chromatin Fine, regular Fine, irregular Coarse, irregular Nucleoli Often large Small/absent Variable UC : urothelial carcinoma C D Fig. 4. Invasive urothelial carcinoma, high grade in voided urine. Small and large cellular clusters and isolated cells are scattered in heavy necrotic and inflammatory backgrounds. 더괴사성배경과염증이있고변성된세포가많아지는경향이있으나이러한소견은감별점이되지않는다 (Fig. 4). 세포검사로요로상피종양을진단하는데 제한점이있으므로방광경소견및조직검사결과와비교해보는것이중요하다.
8 8 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 Fig. 5. Carcinoma in situ in cathetherized urine. () Epithelial cells of naked nuclei are scattered in clean background. Individual cells have features of malignant cells showing hyperchromatic nuclei with coarse chromatin and thick nuclear membrane. () Histologic section of carcinoma in situ. Lack of cohesiveness of this tumor makes many cells shed in urine. 침윤요로상피암종의전암병변 WHO/ISUP 분류에의하면비정형성세포를보이는전암병변으로저등급상피내종양 (low grade intraurothelial neoplasm (LGIUN), dysplasia) 과고등급상피내종양 (high grade intraurothelial neoplasm (HGIUN), carcinoma in situ) 으로나누고있고 LGIUN은상당한세포비정형이있으나상피내암종에는못미치는경우로정의되어있으나비종양, 반응변화와세포학적또는조직학적으로뚜렷이구분이어렵고흔히주위에더고등급의병변을동반하는경우가많으므로실제로이러한용어를세포검사에서사용하는것은매우어렵다. 그러나한연구에의하면약 19% 에서상피내암종이나침윤암종으로진전하였다는보고가있어주의를요하며, 12 앞으로조직및세포소견이더명확하게정의되어야하리라고본다. 반면 HGIUN/carcinoma in situ는평탄한병변으로암세포와거의구분이어려운비정형세포로구성되어있으므로조직및세포에서진단이용이하다. 이병변은침윤비유두모양종양의전암병변으로 72% 에서침윤성또는비침윤유두모양암종에동반되어나타나므로 HGIUN/carcinoma in situ 단독으로나오는경우는오히려적지만, 13 환자의약 83% 에서침윤암종으로진전하며, 추적검사를하면침윤암종으로발전하는데약 5년이걸린다. 14,15 육안적으로관찰되지않으나뚜렷한세포학적비정형성을동반하므로방광경검사에음성이더라도요세포검사에서악성세포가인 지되므로요세포검사의대상이되는주요병변이다. 방광경내시경상저등급유두모양요로상피암종의소견이나세포검사가양성일경우상피내암종이있을가능성을항상염두에두어야한다. 대부분세포검사에서양성을보이더라도조직진단을하는데에는시간이걸린다. 상피내암종에서침윤암종과뚜렷이구분할만한세포소견은없다. 그러나다음과같은소견이더자주관찰된다고알려져있다. 대개종양세포는침윤암종세포에비해비교적그크기가작고상당히균일하면서핵이과염성으로진하나핵막이불규칙하고염색질이굵은과립모양이다. 핵소체가간혹뚜렷하게나타나나침윤암종에비해그정도가약하다 (Fig. 5). 그러나약 l/3에서뚜렷한세포학적다형성을갖기도한다. 따라서단일세포의소견만으로는고등급유두모양암종과매우유사하다. 상피내암종세포는응집력이매우떨어져단일세포로자주나타나며, 군집의경우에도 5~15개의세포로이루어진소규모의세포집단이흔하다. 16 상피내암종이침윤암종과동반한경우에도상피내암종부위에서더많이탈락을하는것으로되어있다. 침윤암종과감별되는점은배경이깨끗하고염증세포의동반이적은점이다. 요세포검사에서상피내암종의인지는임상적으로발견하지못한암의존재를시사하고, 세밀한임상검사나추적검사를필요로하는상태임을알려주는의미가있다. 요세포소견과방광경을통해확인된육안소견및생검결과와의상관관계를보면다음과같다.
9 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 9 방광경소견 유두모양종양 유두모양종양 유두모양종양 비유두모양종양 종양발견못함 세포검사조직검사 (-) 또는비정형성 (+) (+) (+) (+) 저등급유두모양종양 저등급유두모양종양고등급유두모양종양 비유두모양침윤성암종 상피내암종신우나요관의암종 판정 세포 - 조직상관관계좋음 상피내암종을찾아야한다 세포-조직상관관계좋음상피내암종동반가능성확인세포-조직상관관계좋음상피내암종동반가능성확인 암세포의위치를밝혀야함 신원샘종 (Nephrogenic adenoma) 신원샘종은비교적드물게발생하는양성병변으로방광을위시한요로기관내에점막내로유두모양, 용종모양증식을하므로탈락되어요세포검사에서종양세포가발견될수있다. 유두모양구조를보이거나조직편으로탈락되었을경우요로상피암종과감별이어려울수있다. 18 Favor neoplastic cells Favor non-neoplastic cells -variable cellularity -mostly tissue fragments -nucleoli may prominent -pale to lacy cytoplasm -uniform round nuclei, evenly dispersed chromatin -smooth nuclear membrane 감별진단 세포검사에서위양성을보일수있는여러병변이있어요세포검체를진단하는것은매우어렵다. 아래와같은경우검경전임상정보를충분히검토하고요세포표본의제작에주의를하는것이오진을막을수있는방법이다. 기구조작도관삽입이나방광세척에의한요에서는큰요로상피세포집단을흔히관찰할수있고조직절편이탈락되어 3차원구조를형성하거나거짓유두모양군집을형성하여저등급유두모양요로상피암종의군집과매우유사할수있다. 감별은앞에서언급한대로주위에단독으로탈락된세포나군집의변연에세포중첩이없이도말된부위를관찰하여단독세포의소견을중심으로감별할수있다. Favor neoplastic cells Favor non-neoplastic cells -high cellularity -isolated, aggregates & tissue fragments -sheets with well defined borders -pale, vacuolated cytoplasm -small nuclei -smooth nuclear membrane 반응 / 재생세포 (Fig. 6) 요로결석이나방광염의경우커다란조직편이출현할수있다. 기구조작에의한변화와유사한소견을보이며, 배경에염증을동반한다. 세포소견만으로암종과구분이어려울수있으며, 반복하여요검사를시행할필요가있다. 국소또는전신화학요법 Thiotepa, mitomycin C, CG vaccine 등의국소주입, 전신항암제인 cytoxan, busulfan 등에의한세포변화는고등급암종과감별이어렵다. 암종의경우보다변성의정도가대개심하디. 전반적으로주위에다량의적혈구, 백혈구, 세포파편등이관찰된다. 국소주입인경우주로표층세포에변화가나타난다. Favor neoplastic cells Favor non-neoplastic cells -variable cellularity -enlarged, clumped & deeply stained nuclei -prominent nucleoli -low N/C ratio -frayed cell border -vacuolated cytoplasm 방사선조사로인한변화방사선조사에의한변화는다른장기의상피세포와유사하다. 특히자궁경부암종으로방사선조사를받은경우요로상피의변화가전이편평세포암종과감별이어려울수있다. 임상소견과반복검사가필요할수있다. Favor neoplastic cells Favor non-neoplastic cells -Striking gigantism and -low N/C ratio multinucleation -frayed cell border -enlarged nuclei with granular -vacuolated cytoplasm to smudgy chromatin -cytoplasmic polychromasia -nucleoli and intranuclear vacuoles
10 10 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 C D Fig. 6. Reactive cellular changes in catherized urine. (, ) In the presence of calculi, slingly scattered or clusters of atypical cells can be present in urine. lthough hyperchromatic, the nuclear shape is round to oval with smooth nuclear membrane. (C, D) Reparative epithelial sheets in radiation cystitis and histologic section. 바이러스감염으로인한변화 Human polyomavirus 감염에의한세포변화는 decoy cell 이라고하며진하게큰핵을보여암세포와감별이매우어렵다. Polyomavirus에감염된세포는 1950년 ndrew Ricci에의해처음발견되어 decoy cell 이라고명명되었으며, 크고균일한과염성핵을가진세포로암세포와유사하게보일수있는양성세포로기술되었다. Polyomavirus는 papovaviridae의한종류로 K virus와 JC virus의두가지 strain이있는데뇌와요로기관을선택적으로침범하며, 뇌에서는주로 JC virus에의해진행성다초점성백질뇌병증 (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) 을유발하고, 하부요로에서는 K virus와 JC virus에의해면역억제환자나암환자에서출혈성또는간질성방광염을유발거나요관상피를침범하여요관폐쇄를유발하기도한다. 그러나실제로증상이없는건강한성인이나소아의요검사에서도검출되기도한다. 대개증 상이없이 5주정도지속하여바이러스감염세포가탈락된다. 1 Polyomavirus에감염된세포는뇌나요검사에서같은소견을보인다. 뇌에서는특징적으로핍지교세포 (oligodendrocyte) 를선택적으로침범하며요로상피세포의핵과같은변화를보인다. 전형적인세포는그크기가매우커져 25~35 um 또는그이상의크기를보인다. 핵은두배이상커지는데전체세포의 2/3를차지하며원형또는난원형으로핵안을가득채우고있는균일한진한호염기성의봉입체가있다. 간혹아주가느다란봉입체주위달무리가있을수도있으나뚜렷하지않기때문에바이러스봉입체로인지하기가쉽지않다. 염색질은봉입체에밀려핵막에달라붙어불규칙하게두꺼워진핵막을만든다. 세포질내봉입체는없다. 때로는핵은세포의한쪽에치우쳐있고세포질이길게꼬리를내어혜성처럼보이기도한다. 진단은전자현미경이나면역염색또는 polymerase
11 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 11 Fig. 7. Decoy cells in voided urine. The cells show very large hyperchromatic nucleus in the center. The nuclei has homogenous basophilic inclusions without hale and thickened nuclear membrane. The cell resembles malignant cells, however, the nucleus is round with smooth nuclear border unlike that of malignacy. chain reaction 등을시행하여확진할수있다. 핵이크고진한호염기성을보이므로암세포에서보이는과염성의핵과유사하나암세포와는다음과같은세가지소견으로감별할수있다 (Fig. 7). -고배율에서자세히보면염색질양상을알수없이젖빛유리모양의균일한호염기성색상을보인다. -핵막이불규칙하게두꺼워져보이나핵막의바깥면이매우둥근모양을보인다. -이러한세포는항상단독으로출현하며군집을이루지않는다. 면역억제상태나소아에서는이런세포가매우다량으로나올수있으므로특히주의를요하나면역억제상태가아닌경우나성인에서는이런세포가매우소수출현한다. 바이러스감염세포가시간이지나면바이러스입자가빠져나가봉입체가창백해지면서핵이비어있는느낌을주고염색질망이형성되어있다. 그러나염색질이핵막으로밀려있으므로여전히핵막이두꺼워져있는상태로관찰된다. Favor neoplastic cells Favor non-neoplastic cells -high N/C ratio -low cellularity, isolated cells -enlarged nuclei with -smudgy & structureless intensely basophilic chromatin chromatin -thickened, beaded nuclear -smooth & round nuclear membrane border -clean background 요검사에서인지된비정형세포의판독요령앞에서언급한여러가지이유로여러비종양성병변에서암세포와유사한비정형세포가출현할수있다. 따라서요세포판독에서비정형세포로진단하는것은임상의에게어떤도움도주지못한다. 경우에따라서는비정형세포로진단할수밖에없는경우가있겠지만가능하면비종양성, 반응성변화또는악성세포의심등으로나누어진단하고 비정형세포 라는용어를사용하지않는것이좋다. 3 비정형세포가보이면다음과같이판독한다. 자연배설뇨에서세포군집이나타날때 : 세포이상이별로없는세포군집이나타날때저등급요로상피암종의가능성이있겠으나, 그렇지않은경우의빈도가훨씬높다. 방광경검사상유두모양조직의존재가확실하지않는한음성으로판독한다. 저등급요로상피암종의세포소견을만족할때 : 저등급요로상피암종의세포소견을모두보인다고할지라도그소견은정확하다고볼수없으므로요세포소견만으로진단하는것은위험하다. 진단적인소견을모두만족하더라도고등급으로의심되지않는한음성으로판독한다. 고등급요로상피암종의암세포가매우적게나타날때 : 암세포로인지하기에숫적으로너무적고세포크기가작을때만약핵막의불규칙성이확실히인지될경우비정형세포로진단하지말고 악성세포의심 으로진단하여재검사를시행하도록한다.
12 12 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 C D Fig. 8. Squamous cell carcinoma in voided urine. (-C) In well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, many anucleated squames and elonged spindle cells can be seen with inflammatiory cells. There are cords of sqamous cell carcinoma cells showing hyperchromatic and angulated nuclei and cytoplasmic keratinization (C). (D) In poorly differenated squamous cell carcinoma, enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli are occasionally seen. nucleated squamous cells are also noted in the upper right. 고등급요로상피암종이의심되나변성이심할때 : 전반적으로세포변성이심할경우판독이불가능하지만주위의양성요로상피가잘보존되어있고, 진하게농축되고뭉개진염색질로암이의심되는세포가변성이되었을경우고등급요로상피암종의가능성이있으므로 악성세포의심 으로진단한다. 세포가커져있고핵막의불규칙성이보이나그정도가경미하고숫적으로적을때 : 정상이나양성요로상피가아닐가능성도있으나진단적이지못한세포이므로음성으로판독한다. 요로상피암종이외암종편평세포암종 (Squamous cell carcinoma) 요로상피암종에서분화가나쁠때편평세포분화를 가질수있으므로종양의거의대부분이편평세포분화를보일때진단할수있으나세포학적으로진단은요로상피암종의가능성을완전배제한경우에가능하다. 원발편평세포암종은대개분화가좋은경우가많으므로각질형성이현저하고방추모양이나올챙이꼬리를가진세포를보여진단이어렵지않고, 다른부위에서발생하는경우와동일한세포소견을보인다 (Fig. 8). 매우분화가좋아표층의무핵편평세포나이상각화증에해당하는세포가주로도말되고, 세포의비정형성이뚜렷하지않으면편평화생과의감별이어려울수있다. 종양의분화가좋지않을경우암세포임을쉽게인지할수있으나요로상피암종과감별이어려운데요로상피세포보다핵막이두껍고핵막의불규칙성이좀더심하고세포질은두껍고과립상이다. 분화가좋지않을때에는핵소체가뚜렷하므로샘
13 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 13 C D Fig. 9. denocarcinomas in catheterized urine. () Singly scattered atypical uni- or bi-nucleated cells with abundant cytoplasmic mucin are present. Some cells show signet ring cell features. (, C) Clusters and isolated cells in catheterized urine. Some are distended with mucin. (D, E) Epithelial cell cluster of mucinous epithelium with relatively evenly distributed nuclei (D). The histologic section shows mucinous adenocarcinoma with epithelial strips floating in mucin pool (E). E 암종과도감별이어렵다. 여성의경우자연배설뇨표본에서이러한편평세포암종세포를인지하였을때에는여성생식기암에의한오염의가능성도염두에두어야한다. 샘암종역시요로상피암종에서분화가나쁠때샘분화를가질수있으므로종양의거의대부분이샘분화를보일때진단할수있으나세포학적으로진단은요로상피암종의가능성을완전배제한경우에가능하다. 샘암종은원발또는이차모두방광을침범할수있고이차성의경우원격장기에서의전이나주위인접장기에서직접파급의형태로발현할수있다. 원발샘암종은형태학적으로비특이적유형, 대장의샘암종과유사한유형, 반지세포암종, 점액암종, 투명세포암종등이있으며이러한형태학적유형에따라세포소 견이매우다를수있다 (Fig. 9). 19 방광에서는대장의샘암종과유사한유형이가장많다. 이경우입방또는원주상피가비교적단단한군집을이루고, 과염성핵과공포로차있는세포질을갖는다. 조직과유사하게군집의경우핵이원주형으로길쭉하게보일수있다. 반지세포암종의경우핵은그리크지않으며, 세포질내점액으로인하여핵이한쪽으로밀려서얇아져있는양상이며, 대개점액배경에흩어져서도말된다. 투명세포암종은세포질내공포가있거나포말모양이지만핵이눌리는현상은잘나타나지않는다. 세포가덩어리를형성하여도말되고반지세포보다핵의과염성과다형성이심하다. 소세포암종원발또는전이소세포암종이요세포검사에서관찰될수있으며, 폐의소세포암종과유사하며간혹요
14 14 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 로상피암종, 샘암종또는편평세포암종과동반되어나타날수있다. 세포학적으로상당히많은양의세포가도말되고, 핵세포질비가높은나핵상태의핵으로주로관찰되며염색질은과염성의과립모양이고핵막은불규칙하다. 세포의변조도보이고유사분열상, 핵파편형성등이흔하고배경에괴사가동반된다. 20 신경내분비표지자에항상양성반응을보이므로면역염색이도움이될수있다. 악성림프종, 고등급요로상피암종을감별해야한다. 혈액림프구병변요세포검사에서간혹관찰되는것은악성림프종과형질세포종양이다. 악성림프종의경우원발림프종보다는전신적인침범시이차적으로방광을침범하는경우가많으나이둘모두매우드물다. 악성림프종의유형에따라요세포검사에서나타나는악성세포의크기와모양이다르지만대부분흩어져도말되는경향이있고높은핵세포질비를갖는다. 고등급의경우괴사성배경을보이고세포자멸사체도흔히보인다. 이경우고등급요로상피암종과의감별을항상염두에두어야한다. 요로상피암종의세포보다핵이둥글고세포중심에위치하며핵막이부드럽고매끈하고핵소체가뚜렷하며, 세포밀도가높아도낱개로도말되는경향이도움이된다. 21 방광점막의기원인경우는대개 MLToma의형태로나타나므로주로중등도크기의세포가염색질이균일하고핵소체가뚜렷하지않다. 22 형질세포종양도드물게방광을침범할수있으며요검사에출현할수있다. 23 역시세포가낱개로흩어져도말된다. 세포형태는형질세포유사모양을나타내므로인지할수있으나요로상피암종의한유형인형질세포모양요로상피암종은형질세포와유사하므로주의를요한다. 이때에는핵의비정형성과악성도가뚜렷이나타나므로형질세포와감별할수있다. 8,24 요로를침범하는이차종양전립샘샘암종전립샘의샘암종이방광경부나근위요도를직접침윤하는것은드물지않은일이나, 자연배뇨된요에서나타나는경우는매우드물다. 대개요에서검출되는경우는매우진전된병기이거나요도주위의중앙부에서발생하는암종이다. 전립샘마사지를한후암 Fig. 10. Prostatic duct adenocarcinoma in catherized urine.. () Tight papillae and clusters with cells of high N/C ratio and overlapping nuclei are noted in urine. Cellular stratification is present but the cells are evenly arranged like that of adenocarcinoma. () Histologic appearance of papillary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. 세포의출현이있을수있다. 전립샘샘암종중분화가좋은암종은조밀한유두모양군집을나타내거나원주상피의형태로서핵의모양으로암세포임을인지하게된다. 간혹선방구조가나타나기도한다. 분화가좋지않을수록핵의크기가커지고큰핵소체를보이게된다. 세포의응집력도떨어져서단일세포로자주도말된다. 8,19 만약자연배뇨된요에서전립샘암종세포가발견된다면요로상피암종과의감별이쉽지않다. 고등급전립샘암종의경우고등급요로상피암종과의감별은핵이좀더둥글거나난원형으로핵막이부드러우며염색질이균일하게퍼져있는미세분말모양이라는것이다. 특히세포간의다형성이별로없이핵이균일한크기와모양을보이는점이전립샘기원을시사한다. 25 전립샘암종중전립샘요도에용종모양또는유두모양증식을하는전립샘관암종 (prostatic duct adenocarcinoma) 은전립샘암종의 0.2~0.8% 를차지하는매우드문종양으로조직소견이자궁내막암종과유사하다. 조직소견을보인다. 이종양은노령에발생하고 70~80% 에서전립샘샘방기원의암종을동반한다. 모든예가혈뇨및요로폐쇄의증상을나타내고, 종양은 PS에미만성으로양성반응을보인다. 이종양은요도를침범하므로종양세포가요에탈락하고진단이가능하다. 전립샘관암종은잘형성된유두구조가혈성도말배경하에관찰된다 (Fig. 10). 26 상피세포의군
15 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 15 C Fig. 11. Renal cell carcinoma in voided urine. (,) Clusters of epithelial cells showing clear, vacuolated cytoplasm and enlarged somewhat degenerated nuclei with prominent nucleoli are present. (C) Clear cell renal cell carcinoma in tissue section. 집에서는심한핵중첩이관찰되고핵막은불규칙하고핵소체는뚜렷하다. 세포질에는큰분비공포를가질수도있다. 10% 에서핵고랑 (nuclear groove) 이나타난다. 조직학적으로유두모양또는체모양구조를보이며높은 Gleason 등급의전립샘샘방기원암종과감별을요한다. 세포학적으로전립샘암종뿐아니라요로상피암종, 양성샘종성용종, 신원성샘종등과도감별을요한다. 신세포암종신우기원의종양을제외하고는신장의실질기원의종양을요세포검사로검출하기는매우어렵고그검출율은 0~40% 로보고되고있다. 1,27 간혹신우를침범하여요에종양세포가포함될수있다. 그러나보고예의약반수에서신우침범이없이도검출되며, 신우를침범한종양의 1/3에서요세포검사는음성이다. 28 종괴의크기가클수록검출율이높으며, 병기나핵등급에따른검출율의차이는없다. 검출율이낮은이유는진단적인세포의탈락이적고, 분화가좋고핵등급이낮은경우악성세포로인지하기어려우며흔히혈뇨를동반하여혈성도말배경을보이고손쉽게변성에빠져동정이어렵기때문이다. 신세포암종은낱개또는군집을이루어탈락한다. 잘보존이된경우대개세포의전체크기가매우크고세포질은얇고미세과립모양또는많은공포를가지며핵은크고한쪽으로치우쳐있고비정형과과염성이있으며핵소체가크다 (Fig. 11). 세포질이호산성과립모양이고핵 이농축된세포도출현하며, 간혹세포질내공포를많이함유하고핵소체가뚜렷한양성다핵거대세포가나타날수있고방광세척이나도관삽입뇨의우산세포와도감별을요한다. 그러나신세포암종을다른샘암종과구별할뚜렷한기준은없다. 또한요로상피암종과도감별해야하며신원성샘종에서도비정형세포가출현할수있으므로감별해야한다. 주위종양의파급과전이종양인접장기인대장및여성생식기종양의파급으로요에서암세포가검출될수있다. 형태학적으로원발샘암종, 편평세포암종및요로상피암종과의감별은불가능하다. 피부 ( 악성흑색종 ), 난소, 고환, 유방등의전이종양이방광및요로에전이할수있다. 비상피종양방광이나전립샘기원의비상피종양은매우드물다. 간엽조직기원의종양은대개강내로용종모양증식을하고, 악성종양의경우표면및표층의종양이괴사되면서소변내로종양세포들이떨어져나올수있다. 간혹조직이괴사되면서조직편으로탈락된덩어리를세포블록표본에서관찰할수있다. 가장흔한육종은소아의경우횡문근육종이고, 성인의경우평활근육종이다. 탈락세포가악성소견을보이지만조직진단이나면역세포화학검사의도움없이진단은불가능하다. 횡문근육종의요세포소견을기술한바
16 16 대한세포병리학회지 / 제 17 권 / 제 1 호 / 2006 에의하면심한괴사, 출혈및염증성배경하에매우소수의악성세포가도말된다고하며, 종양세포는비교적둥글거나약간방추형이고, 핵은크기가작고한쪽으로치우쳐진하고과염성이며, 핵막은불규칙하고세포질은소량이다. 종양세포는단독으로도말되지만간혹소수의세포가집단을이루어보일수도있다. 드물게긴꼬리를가진방추모양세포가기술되기도한다. 29 평활근육종도매우소수의세포만검체에포함될수있으며, 조직과같은궐련모양의방추모양세포를볼수있다. 대개주위에많은양의요로상피세포가같이도말되며이러한세포와뚜렷이다른비정형세포가단독으로도말된다. 종양세포는세포질의경계는불분명하고, 핵은크고과염성이며간혹핵소체가관찰된다. 30,31 결론 암세포검출을목적으로하는요세포검사는아직도방광을비롯한비뇨기계종양을진단하는데중요한검사방법이다. 그러나종양의특성과요표본의특성으로모든악성종양을진단하는데유용하지는않다. 원래세포검사가선별검사의성격을띠고있고따라서침습적인진단방법에앞서시행되는경우가많으므로세포소견만으로판독을해야할경우가대부분이지만요세포검사의경우는이에해당되지않는다. 요세포검사결과가의미있게활용되게하기위해서는판독시항상임상병력, 이전또는현재방광내시경소견, 이전요세포검사소견, 요의채취방법등을자세히파악한후현미경판독에임해야하며, 비정형세포가출현했을때가능성있는여러상황을배제하기위해요세포소견을숙지하고있어야한다. 참고문헌 1. Koss LG, Melamed MR. eds. Koss' Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic ases. 5th ed. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006; Huges JH & Cohen M. Urinary Cytology. In: Foster CS, Ross JS eds. Pathology of the Urinary ladder. Philadelphia. Saunders Co. 2004; Renshaw. Urine and ladder Washings. In: Cibas ES & Ducatman S eds. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Co. 2003; van Rhijn WG, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2005;47: Sanchez-Carbayo M. Recent advances in bladder cancer diagnostics. Clin iochem 2004;37: Planz, Jochims E, Deix T, Caspers HP, Jakse G, eocking. The role of urinary cytology for detection of bladder cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;31: Epstein JL, min M, Reuter VR, et al., the ladder Consensus Conference Committee. The WHO/ISUP classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasia of the urinary bladder. m J Surg Pathol 1998;22: Geisinger KR, Raab SS, Stanley MW, Silverman JF, bati eds. Modern Cytopathology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2004; Raab SS, Lenel JC, Cohen M. Low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: cytologic diagnosis by key features as identified by logistic regression analysis. Cancer 1994;74: Xin W, Raab SS, Michael CW. Low-grade urothelial carcinoma: reappraisal of the cytologic criteria on ThinPrep. Diagn Cytopathol 2003;29: Whisnant RE, astacky SI, Ohori NP. Cytologic diagnosis of low grade papillary urothelial neoplasms (low malignant potential and low-grade carcinoma) in the context of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification. Diagn Cytopathol 2003;28: Cheng L, cheville JC, NEumann RM, ostwick DG. Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder. m J Surg Pathol 1999;23: Orozco RE, Martin, Murphy WM. Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: clues to host involvement in human carcinogenesis. Cancer 1994;74: Melamed MR, Voutsa NG, Grabstald H. Natural history and clinical behavior of in situ carcinoma of the human urinary bladder. Cancer 1964;17: Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1999;85: Highman WJ. Flat in situ carcinoma of the bladder: cytological examination of urine in diagnosis, follow up, and assessment of response to chemotherapy. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: Rosa, Cazin M, Dalian G. Urinary cytology for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. cta Cytol 1985;29: Henke G, Callaghan EJ, Timmerman TG, Hughes JH. Nephrogenic adenoma mimicking carcinoma. potential pitfall in cytodiagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol 2000;22:49-51.
17 홍은경 : 요로종양의세포병리 ardales RH, Pitman M, Stanley MW, Korourian S, Suhrland MJ. Urine cytology of primary and secondary urinary bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1998;84: li SZ, Reuter VE, Zakowski MF. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. clinicopathologic study with emphasis on cytologic features. Cancer 1997;79: Quinn M, Flanigan R, Sienko, Wojick EM. Cytologic features of recurrent lymphoma involving the urinary bladder. Diagn Cytopathol 2004;31: Kempton CL, Kurtin PJ, Inwards DJ, Wollan P, ostwick DG. Malignant lymphoma of the bladder: evidence form 36 cases that low grade lymphoma of MLT type is the most common primary bladder lymphoma. m J Surg Pathol 1997;21: Farinola M, Lawler LP, Roaentoal D. Plasmacytoma with involvement of urinary bladder. Report of a case diagnosed by urine cytology. cta Cytol 2003;47: Zhang XM, Elhosseiny, Melamed MR. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. case report and the first description of urinary cytology. cta Cytol 2002;46: Krishnan, Truong LD. Prostatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed by urinary cytology. m J Clin Pathol 2000;113: Vandersteen DP, Wiemerslage SJ, Cohen M. Prostatic duct denocarcinoma: cytologic and histologic ase report with review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;17: Piscioli F, Detassis C, Polla E, Pusioli T, Reich, Luciani L. Cytologic presentation of renal adenocarcinoma in urinary sediment. cta Cytol 1983;27: Piscioli F, Pusioli T, Scrappini P, Luciani L. Urine cytology in the detection of renal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1985;56: Krumerman MS, Katatikaru V. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder with intraepithelial spread in an adult. rch Pathol Lab Med 1976;100: Hajdu SI, Koss LG. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic myosarcomas. cta Cytol 1969;13: Hemachandran M, Nada R, Rajwanshi. Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder: diagnostic challenge in urine cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2004;31:281-2.
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