2003 8
20036
20036 () () ()
A Study on T he Problem of Educational Sy stem in Kor ea....... i
.,. 6-3- 3-4 6-3- 3-4 2 6-4- 2-4.,,,.,.,. :,,,,,,,. ii
I. 1 1. 1 2. 1 II. 3 1. 3 1) 3 2) (1, 2 ) 5 2. 25 1) 26 2) 27 3. 37 1) 37 2) 37 3) 38 4) 40 III. 42 1. 42 1) 42 2) 42 3) 43 4) 44 iii
2. 45 1) (1994) 45 2) (1988) 48 3) (1981) 49 4) 7 50 5) (1991) 51 6) 53 3. 56 1) 56 2) 59 3) 62 IV. 64 67 Abstract 69 iv
<- 1> 5 <- 2> ( : ) 6 <- 3> 14 <- 4> 26 <- 5> ( : ) 28 <- 6> ( : ) 29 <- 7> ( : ) 31 v
I. 1...... 2... 1
...,... 2
II.... 1. 1). (Kulturhoheit )., (Kulturministirum ). (Kulturministerkonferenz).. 1) 2) (1)(Kindergarden ). 36,...,,,. (2) 1) (1997).. :, pp. 204206. 2) (1993).. : 3
(Grundschule)( ). 4(6) (56).. (3) 1 () 1 4,,, 12. (4) 2 ( ) 21,,,. 10 11 11 13. 2,, 2 (Zweiter Bildungsweg ) ( ), (Sonderschule). (5) (, 3.) 2.. (Universität ), (T echnische Hochschule), (Gesamthochschule Hochschule), (Hochschule) (,, ) (Pädagogische Hochschule)( ). (Kundt und Musikhochschule). (Fachhoschule). 2 4
(Abitur ). 2) (1, 2 ) 3) (1) 3... 3 75%, 5 80%... (: ). <- 1> 4) 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 16 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3) (1997).. pp. 206208. 4) (1997).. p. 230. 5
. 68%,,. ( ).,.. (2). 1 4 610. 5, 6 (11 12). 630 6 1231 6. 1..,,,,.. 12025 30.. 5) <- 2> ( : ) 5) Christoph Führ (1988). Schulen und Hochschulen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bonn, p. 232. (1997).. p. 210 6
1 2 3 4 2 3 3 3 17 7 7 5 5 17 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 2, 2 1 2 2 2 2+2 2+2 1 1 1 24 25 27+2 27+2.. 3 1 (),. 30. 3, 4 1....,, 6). 1.,,. 6) Christph Führ (1988), p. 83. (1997).. p. 211. 7
,.. () (Schulkindergarten ) (6). (3) 1 1,,..,,, (Gesamtschule).. 1. 2 (). 1. 1 (). (Haupt schule): 5 9 10, 79, 10 () (Realschule): 5 7 10 (Gymnasium ): 57 10 (Gesamt schule): 5 7 10 8
5, 61 10. 16: 1.. 7) ( ),,, 2.,,,, 2,,, 2, (Haupt schule). 8). 1. (Orientierungsstufe(Förderstufe)) 5, 6 1 ( Förderstufe ). 5, 6( 6 ). 1920 1. 1953 ( ).. (Haupt schule) 9) (Haupt schule) 5 (5 10 ). - 19797 46(5 11.,, 6). 7) Christph Führ (1988). p. 86. (1997).. p. 212. 8) 5, 6 2. (1997). p. 212. 9) Hauptschule.,.. (1994).. p. 26. 9
-.,. 5. 60(Volksschule). 3.. (, ).,.,. (Gemeinschaftsschule). 1969.. 10)... (Arbeitslehre).. -. - -. 82. -,,. ( 2 ) (,,, ) 10) Christph Führ (1988). p. 90. (1997).. p. 214. 10
. (Kolleg)(Abitur). ( -, ).. 1986285 43.... (Realschule) 11) 5 10 6... 1. 1950 23 1960 43, 1970 86, 1980135, 198697. 198630%....,.., (), 11) Realschule, intermediate school.... p. 29. 11
. 1. 1 ( ).. 5, 6 7., 1 2 3,,...,,,,., 8.. 2. - 1982 1. (, ).,,.,. ( Gymnasium ) 1, 2 13. 1 5 10. 5 13 9(7 13 7). 1, 10, 2. 12
1 (5 10 ). 13,. 60. 1,000, (1890) 400 12).. 27%, 5 10%.. (Altsprachliches Gymnasium ), (Neusprachliches Gymnasium ), - (Mathematisch - Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium )1972.. (Musikalisches Gymnasium ), ( ).. 5, 7, ( ), 9.. - 5 72, (), 9 3 ( 12) Christoph Führ (1988).. p. 100. (1997).. p. 216. 13
, ). 13) - 3. 3 2.,.,. 3,,. <- 3> 14) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 6 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / ( ) 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 / / / ( ) 5 5 4 4 3 / / 6 4 5 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 (2) (2) (2) 29 29 32 33 32 33 35 ( ). ( - ) 13) 5, 1 2, 3 3.. (1997).. p. 217. 14) Christoph Führ (1988).. p. 238. (1997).. p. 219. 14
- 1986 1312. 12 13. - 10,,. 10.. 15) ( ) - ( ) 1, 2,,, 12. (Gesamtschule) 1,.. 105 1,,.....,,. 5 ( 7 ) 10..,, 15) (1997).. p. 219. 15
.. ( ). 3... (, Kernunterricht ), (, Kursunterricht ). 16) 2 (Gymnasiale Oberstufe) 11 13.,., ( ). 1988. 17) 3(1113 ) 2 4.,.,, 12, 13. 16). 17) Christoph Führ (1988).. p. 112. (1997).. p. 221. 16
(:, )( ). 12, 13. 18). 1,, :,,,,,,,,,,,. 2 :,,,,,. 3 - :,,,.. 11 2. 3 6 5. 11 12. 2 2 6. 12 13. 134 (Abitur ) 19).,., (, ).. 20) (4) (Berufsshulen) 1 (910 ). 2 18) 2 1. 19) p. 58 20) Christoph Führ (1988).. p. 116. (1997).. p. 223. 17
60 %.,,,, 5.,,, (),,. (,,, ). (11 ),... 3, 4, 2, 3( 12). (Dualsystem ). 60%, 40%. 1, 23 1, 2.,..,. (Factloberschule) 1960 (1982 ).. (Beruniches Gymnasium )... (Kollegschule) (, 12 ) 18
.... (Abendschule) 50,,.. (Berufsaufbauschule). (Sondersmule).,. (Privatsctulle).. 4 50 5.2%. 10%..,,... (5) ( ) 21).. 22)., 21) (1997).. pp.224230 22) Han sgert Preisert und Gerhild Framheim (1944). Da s Hochschulsy stem in Deut schland, hr sg. v. Bundesministrium für Bildung und Wissenschaft. Bonn. p. 54. (1997).. p. 224. 19
. (Universität ), (HochschuIe), (Gesamthochschule), (Pädagogische Hochschule). (T echnische Hochlschule), (T ileologische Hochlschule), (Musik Hochlschule) (Musik und Kunst Hochlschule),. (Fachhochschule). 3. (Fernuniversität), (Universität der Bundeswehr).. ( Abitur ). (Abitur ). 12, 131... (Numerus clausus).. 10% (). 10%. 45%. 20% 23) 15%. 23).. (Wartezeit). (1997).. p. 225. 20
(Universität ) (F akultät ) ((Institut )). 70 80 (Fachbereich) (: I: F achbereich I)... (Ordentlicher Professor )( Leherstühlinhaber ).,. ().,... (Haupt seminar ) (VorIesung). (vorlesen ). 24),..... (Habilitationsschrift ).. 24) Hegel, Hegel. (1997).. p. 226. 21
.. (2, 3 ). 5. ( ),,,. ( ).. ( ).. (Zwischenprüfurlg ) 2.,,., (Magister ) (Staatexamen ).,.,..... 22
... (Bundesausbildungsförderung) (BAföG)... 25) (DAAD).... ( 10) ( 4 ),.. (),. (Asta)............. (UIliversität sbibliothek ), UB. 25). (1997).. p. 227 23
... (Femallsleihe)... (Erwachsenderlbildung, W eiterbildung ),. (Gasthörer).... 26) ( (Volkshockchule)) ( ).,,.. (Nichtstaatliche Hockchule) 27) 1993362, 62..,,,,,., (BAföG). 19919 26) Christoph Führ (1988).. p. 187. (1997).. p. 228. 27) BMBW ( - )(1993). AKT UELL. Bildung und Wissenschaft. 21/ 93. Nicht staatliche Hochschulen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bonn. (1997).. p. 228. 24
1. 28) 12 ()..,..... 2. 29), 6-3- 3-4. ( )- - - () 16. 23 2, 4 6,.,,,,,... 28) Rainer Ortleb(1992) Das Bildungsw esen im vereinten Deut schland, in: Wirtschaftlicher W andel im neuen Bundesgebiet und Strategien der Qualifizierung, hrsg. v. Winfried Schlaffke/ Reinhard Zedler. Köln. pp. 2749. (1997).. p. 229. 29) (1996),.. pp. 152170. 25
<- 4> 30) 21 16 20 19 18 15 14 13 17 16 15 14 12 11 10 9 13 12 8 7 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 6 1 1) (1) 3. 31) 1982 1998,,.. (2) 30) (1997). 1997-15 ( 1). - -. 1997. 12. 30. (2002). 6709.. 2002. 8. 26. 31) 5567. 1998. 9. 17. 26
. 6. (3) 12. (2004).., (,, )..,. (4). 7,,,,. (5) 1 2. (),, ( ),,,,. 2) (1) 27
<- 5> ( : ) 32) 8,343 307 184 129-4,294 3,155 274 3 - - - - 3 - - 4,237 - - - - 4,195-42 4,103 307 184 129-96 3,155 232. 2000 38.3%, 2001 39.9%, 2002 41.9% 33).,. (3 5),,,.,,,, 5,,.,,,,,,,,. 32).. 2002.(4. 1. ) (http:// std.kedi.re.kr/ ) 33).. (http:// std.kedi.re.kr/ ) 28
,,.,,. (2) <- 6> ( : ) 34) 1 2 3 4 5 6 238 204 204 204 34 34 34 34 210 238 102 102 102 102 120 136 136 136 136 136 102 102 102 102 60 68 68 68 90 102 102 102 102 102 68 68 68 68 180 204 1 68 68 68 68 ( ) 80 34 34 68 68 60 68 68 68 68 68 30 34 34 68 68 68 830 850 986 986 1,088 1,088 34. 34) (1997). 1997-15 ( 1). - -. 1997. 12. 30. p. 9. 1 29
1,, 30, 1 3. 140.,,,,..,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,. 5, 6 2, 1, 2. (3) 1 23.,,,,,,, (),,,, ( ).,,,,..,,,,,,,, 30
,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,. <- 7> ( : ) 35) 7 8 9 10 11 12 170 136 136 136 68 68 34 34 102 102 136 170( 68) 136 136 102 136 102 136 136 102 68 102 102 102 102 102 68 68 68 34 34 34 34 34 68 34 ( ) 102 102 136 136 136 136 136 204 68 68 68 68 8 1,156 1,156 1,156 1,224 144 34. 145, 50.,,,,. 11, 12 2. 35) (1997). 1997-15 1. - -. 1997. 12. 30. p. 9. 1 31
36),..,.,..,.,.. 7, 4.,,,,,,.,,.,. 36) (1997). 1997-15. 3. 1997. 12. 30. p. 7. 32
37),. 1 (10 ). 2, 3 (26 ), (53 ),,,,. 10 ( 1).. 11, 12 (: 9-, 10-, 10-, 9- b, 10- a, 10- b ), 10. 16., 10. 56, 82.,. 37) (1997). 1997-15 4. (). 1997. 12. 30. p. 7. 33
11. 24.,.,..,,. 2. (4) ( ). 2002 376 62 314.. 1 3. 38),, (),,,,. 39), 38) 20003095, 20012994, 20023204. (http:// std.kedi.re.kr/ ) 39) (2002). 6709.. 2 34
. 40).. 41). 42).... 2 2.,,. 43). 40) (2002).. 21 41) (2002).. 22 42) (2002).. 331 43) (2002).. 142, 3 35
. ().. 4..,,,.. ( 2001.1.29) 44),,. 23.... 44) (2002). 6709.. 4146. 36
.,. 45) 3. 1). 7580% 41.9%. 37.8% 46)... 2). 6 4.. 12 5349 45) (2002). 6709.. 4758. 46) 8,343 3,155 ( p. 27. <- 5> ) 37
12 834 11 56 12. 20 30 24 30..,,,, 3.,. 3) (1) 1 1,,, 1. 1 ( ),,, 2,,,,,,,.., ( ),,,,,,,, ( ) 2. 38
. (2) 2 2...,, -,..... 34 23.., 3 2.. 39
.. 4).. BK21.. 1 2. 5.... 40
.... 160 47).,,,.. 47) (http:// std.kedi.re.kr/ ) 2002 ( 3,577,447, 59,750) 41
III. 1. 1)........... 2). 6 4. 664 10 42
.. 6..,,,, 3... 3)...,..... 7.,. 43
......, 4..,,.,. 4.. 4).... 44
...,.... 2.. 7.. 1) (1994) 48) 1951 6-3- 3-4 48) (1994). ( ). : 45
. (1) 16... 16...,. (2 6). ( ) 1, 1 5-3- 4-4. 24., ( ).,, ( ).. 30. 40,, 46
,,,,,.,,..,,.. (2).. 16, 3.,...,. 8-4- 4, 1960 6-3- 3-4. 1966 70%.. 47
,.,.,..... 6-3- 3-4. 2) (1988) 49),,..,,,.,,,.,,.. (1). 49) (1988).. : 48
. (2).,,,.,,,. (3)..,. (4). 9 (2004 )... (5).,,,,,,. (6),. (7).. (8),. 3) (1981) 50),. (1) 50) (1981) 49
. (2),,. (3),. (4),. (5). (6). (7) 6-3- 3-4. 4) 7 51) 7 19906. (1). (2). (3). (4) (). (5). 51) (1992)., :, : 50
5) (1991) 52). (1). 6-3- 3-4.,,,. (2).,. (:, ). (3).,,. (4). (), (),.,,,,. 52) (1991). : 51
.., 1520% 3040%.. (5) (9).,,. (6).,. (7),,.,.... (: ). (8). 52
. 90%,.. (9).,,,.. (10) 16.,,,.. (11)... 6),. 53) 53) (1996)., pp. 168170 53
. (1). 6-3- 3-4.,,,. 16. 16.. 6-3- 3-4. (2)..,,.....,,,.., 54
......,,..,.....,,,.. 55
3.,.... 1).... 56
.. IMF....... 57
....... 54)...,,.(:,, ),. 1 54).. 2002916. (www.hankooki.com) 58
.. ( ).... 2). (1).... 7. 59
.. (2). =..... 20.... 60
.. 1020.. BK21.. (3)... 12 1 1 2 3 12. 1 2 61
.,,,..,. 3)..... 62
1.,. 63
IV.... 192021... 2.......,,,. 64
.,,... 6-3- 3-4 6-3- 3-4 2 6-4- 2-4. 6-3- 3-4 12 56 1 2 12, 6-4- 2-4 4 65
2.,,.,. 130.... 66
(1996) 2000,,. (1997). 1997-15 1. - -. 1997. 12. 30. (1997).2 (1997).3 (1997).4 () (1997).4 () (1997). (7 ) (1998). 1998-10. (1998).. (1999). - - ( 27) (1999),... 2002916. (www.hankooki.com ) (1988).. : (1981) : RR- 411. : (1994). ( ). : (1996),. (1996) - 6 -,. (1997) - 7 -,. (1996),. (1994).. (1998). 5567.. (www.moleg.go.kr) 67
(2002). 6709.. (www.moleg.go.kr) (1992)., :, : (1997) 7,,. (1996) 2000,. (1996),. (1991). : (1997).. : (1979). : (1985) :. : (1997) 7,. (1997) 7,. (http:// std.kedi.re.kr/ ) BMBW ( - )(1993). AKT UELL. Bildung und Wissen schaft. 21/ 93. Nicht staatliche Hochschulen in der Bundesrepublik Deut schland. Bonn. Christ oph F ühr (1988). Schulen und Hoch schulen in der Bundesrepublik Deut schland. Bonn. Han sgert Preisert und Gerhild F ramheim (1944). Das Hoch schulsy stem in Deut schland, hrsg. v. Bundesministrium für Bildung und Wissen schaft. Bonn. Rainer Ortleb (1992) Das Bildung swesen im v ereinten Deut schland, in: Wirt schaftlicher W andel im neuen Bundesgebiet und Strategien der Qualifizierung, hr sg. v. Winfried Schlaffke/ Reinhard Zedler. Köln. 68
Abstract A Study on T he Problem of Education al Sy st em in Korea. by P ark, E ui- Sok M aj or in General Social Science E ducation Gra dua te School of E duca tion D ong - A Univers ity T oday there are many social is sues on nation ' s education in Korean society and lot s of them are presented by parent s ' group and educational kinds of groups. T he reason of these issues is that Our educational sy stem is dependant on entrance sy stem to the collage. In the superficial point of view, it suggest s the goal for raising compet ent person s and developing good hum an nature, but in the subst antial point of view, our educational sy stem is ju st for collage entrance. Due t o these kinds of problem s, high educated per sons have trouble in getting job and m anufacturing industry has trouble in getting human resources. T o solve these problem s, though, som e industries have hired foreign worker s or enforce re- education for career, this policy has causes lot s of social problem s and lot s of loss in society through v ariou s ill side effect s. T o solv e this seriou s problem s, our education sy stem mu st put stress upon raising a competent per son, so in this research, I want to look for 69
the proper m odel in the Germ any educational sy stem. In Germ any, t wo other curriculum s provide v ariou s choices such a s v ocational Education and education for collage. In the collage, Germ an educational sy stem does not permit graduation without complete self- m anagem ent. T he pow er which German has in the w orld is based on this educational sy st em. In this research, comparing with educational sy stem, curriculum, m anagement in German through v ariou s previous researches, I tried to search for improv ement of our educational sy stem. At fir st, I suggest that our 6-3- 3-4 educational sy stem should be changed to 6-3- 3-4 sy st em which includes kindergarten. S econd, I think that our current sy stem had better change int o 6-4- 2-4 sy st em which includes kindergarten and tw o- w ay sy stem in middle school - one is for collage and the other career. T his sy stem will provide efficient human resources t o the indu stries and proper preparation for collage education. If so, collage ha s to enforce function for research. In addition to this change of educational sy stem, ev ery middle school and high school should have professional counsellor, school doctor, etc. And by reduction in classes, school have to give various experience to students. In short, we should escape from education for ex am and provide student s variou s experiences in various social fields to help them choose their future for them selves. 70