국문요약. (community).., [ ].. - [ ]..,.
. (NGO). (commons) ( 275 ). (commons). (Rousseau).., []...,.
[ ],.. (Elinor Ostrom) [Governing the Commons, 1990],,.. -. -.. (governance).. (new social contract),
(community).. (society) (service)''..,.. (governance). (trust community). 1 [National Trust Act, 1907] 2007.. [ ].
[] (governance). -... :,,,,,,,,,,
Abstract In Korea, there have been many local communities and their properties since 14th century. The medieval kingdom, the Cho-sun Dynasty had proclaimed so-called the Great Code of Government and established king-owned lands and several protected areas. Many People at countryside on the outside of king s areas had gathered or captured forest products and fishery. Such rights of land and seaside use had been excursively recognized by customary law. In the beginning of 20th century, the state had established the modernized registration system of real estate and the ordered that all public lands used by local residents ought to be registered under the state law. But the public water and seaside on shore had been promulgated to state-owned. Local community properties in Korea have been composed of village mountains, village seaside, and small water ways. These public properties are sorts of protected areas. Local residents could use public lands and waters for the purpose of gathering or capturing natural resources, or irrigation ; but could not sell or divide these properties with consents of all concerned stakeholders for lack of historical facts that local residents had not received the charter to such lands from the king or the state. Despite of legal structures, many protected areas or public lands had been missing through privatization by stakeholders or sale by local residents. This is very weak point of modern legal system which does not know the historical background and customary law about public lands and natural resources. Many scholars and practitioners who get accustomed to the management system of natural heritages are apt to vindicate government
model based on strict regulations. But according to legal experience there are some problems of government regulations about natural heritage. Present legal system of natural heritage is too strict and slant toward government regulation to prevent or resolve social conflicts on land use, resource production or recreation. The 5th World Park Congress of IUCN(2003) had recognized that the management system of protected areas which was based on the positive law was not operated well, so several international institutes have proposed an alternative which is to esteem "the traditional use mechanism based on the folk law of local community". The National Nature Trust in Korea established under the National Trust Act of 2006 has three missions. First, the Trust is going to make new public lands and community properties with national interest. Second, the Trust should stop missing properties or restore disappeared properties. The Act of 2006 provides that any real estate or cultural heritage for conservation under the National Trust should not be sold out. Third, the Trust will make a nation-wide network among several public land or properties. Local trusts by NGOs under the Civil Law Code, of course, might be harmonized with the national trust system under the National Trust Act of 2006. The cultural heritage can not be isolated from natural environments. The Act of 2006 prescribes that cultural heritage and natural environments should be preserved together.
목차 3 Abstract 9 1 17 1. 17 2. 18 3. 19 2 21 1 21 1. 22 2. 24 3. 26 2 28 1. 28 2. 29 3 32 1. 32 2. 34 4 41 1. 42 2. 43
3. 48 5 51 1. 52 2. 53 3 59 1 59 1. 59 2. 61 3. 62 2 63 1. 63 2. 64 3. 65 4. 67 3 69 1. 69 2. 70 3. 74 4 79 1 79 1. 79 2. 80 3. 81
2 83 1. 83 2. 84 3 86 1. 86 2. 87 3. 88 4 89 1. 89 2. 90 3. 90 5 92 1. 92 2. 92 3. 94 5 97 1 97 1. 97 2. 98 3. 98 4. 99 5. 100 2 102
1. 102 2. 102 3. 103 3 105 1. 105 2. 106 3. 107 4. 107 4 108 1. 108 2. 109 3. 110 4. 110 6 113 1 113 1. 113 2. 117 3. 119 4. 119 2 120 1. 120 2. 124 3 127
1. 127 2. 128 3. 130 4. 131 5. 135 6. 141 4 143 1. 143 2. 144 3. IUCN 150 4. 157 5. 159 5 160 1. 160 2. 162 3. 163 4. 165 6 166 1. 166 2. 168 3. ( ) 173 4. 176 7 183 1. 183 2. 184
7 189 1. 189 2. 190 3. 191 4. 192 195 199
1. 제 1 장서론 1.. (community).., [].. - [ ]..,..
1 2. 1). 2) (community),,, (governance).. [ ] (2009) (governance) (cross-regulation). 3)... 1), 09-25-01 ( : 2009), p.23 2), p.25 3), pp.270 271
3.... 3.. (society).............
1. (, 2009). (Rousseau).. -.
1 제 2 장공동체의이론과과제 [ ]...... 4). 1 (community)..?, 4), p.21
2? [ ]?. 1.. ( ). 5) [ = ]... 6),. 1 1 : (koinōnia, association, Gemeinschaft), (for the sake of some good, um eines Gutes Willen). 5), 3 ( : 1985), p.64 6), 09-25-01, p.23
1.,,, (city, Staat) (political association, die staatliche)(1252a). 7). (Rousseau) :..,..,,. 8)., [ ]. ( ) (sovereign), ( ) (1252a1). 9). ( 7), ( : 2009), pp.61~62 8) Rousseau, ( 1 2 ), ( : 1980), p.19 9),, p.67
2 ),,. (to megiston agathon), (to megiston kakon).. 10), (462a-e)..... 2.. (international society) 10), pp.136~137
1.... 11).. (Cicero) societas civilis(civil society, ) communitas civilis(civil community, ). 12), Societas Civilis (civil society, bürgerliche Gesellschaft, société civile)'. [ ]. 13).,. 11), 09-25-01, p.22 12),, p.77 13), p.81
2.,.... 14),,. 15)... (governance) NGO. 3.. 14), (: 1999), p.97 15),, p.195
1..,,!(Tout par I'industrie, tout pour elle : Everything by means of industry, everything for it).,. (class of producers).. 16), (Phalange, Phalanx)..,,,. 17),. (Claude S. Fisher) (subcultural theory of urbanism). 18) 16),, p.205 17), pp.210~211 18),, ( : 2007.7.19), p.7
2 -.. (Barry Wellman)... 19) 2 [ ] [ ]. (governance). 1. (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft) 1887. (vertraut) (heimlich) (ausschlie lich) (Zusammenleben), (öffentlichkeit) (Welt) 19),, p.8
2. (Wohl und Wehe),.,.. 20),. (privacy). 2. [ ].,.,,. :,.,.. 21), 20) : 100~101 21) Rousseau, ( 1 6 ),, p.29
2 ( ).,, ( ).,, ( ).... 22) (Gemeinschaft des Blutes) (Haus). -, -,, (Verwandtschaft). 23) (Einheit des Wesens), (Gemeinschaft des Ortes). (Dorf) (Nachbarschaft). (stadt) (Gemeinschaft des Geistes) (Freundschaft).,. 22) : 102~103 23),, p.12~14
2,. (, Vater), (Fürst), (, Meister). 24) (Gemeinschaft) (Gesellschaft).,.,. 25).. (Gemeinschaft) (Gesellschaft),, (Genossenschaft)... 68 8 (Genossenschaft). 26),,. 24), pp.14~16 25),, p.5 26),, 21 (2009.11.27 787 )
2 3,, -, (equity) (efficiency)... 1... ( ). 27) (justice) (NE 1129a), (NE1129b).. (NE 1129a/1130a). (Ulpianus).. (1).. (governance) 27),, p.70
3...,,.,.. 28) (2).,. 29),. 28), p.235 29),, p.277
2. 30) (3) ( 1 1 ). ( ).. (the procedural republic) (the self goveming republic) (republican political theory)..,, [ ] [ ].,.,. 31) 2. (1) [ ].,, 30),, p.48 31),, pp.363~364
3,..,,,....... []. 32) ( 10 ). ( 34 1 ).. 33) (2). 32),, p.358 33) 93 14 : 1995.7.21
2. (Rousseau).. (Rousseau),.,.,,? :. 34) (Assoziation) (Gemeinschaft). (Arbeitsteilung),. 34) Rousseau, ( 1 6 ),, p.28
3 :...,. 35).., 36) ( 8 4 ). ( 119 1 ). (3).. [ ] [Rousseau].. 1),. 35),, pp.93~94 36) 99 135 : 1999.12.23
2 (1987 10 ). 10 [ ] ( )... 10.... 10. 2). [idendity].. [ ]. [ ]. 37) 10, [ ] [ ]. [3 ] 38) 37), (: 2009.9) 38) [ 3 ], (: 2009), p.325,
3 3). [ ]..... [ ]. ( 17 ) (case law) (privacy). ( 19 ) [ = = = ]. (4),,.,,,....
2 (public good).... 39)... (civic virtue)., (civic republicanism). (5).,,,,,,.,. 39),, p.361
4.. (general will) [Rousseau].,..,.. (quantity) (bad quality).,.,. 40) 4... 40),, pp.366~367
2. [post modern]. 41). 1. (1)..,.,.. (2)..,,,,.,. 41),, pp.51~64,
4 (3). 42),,,. (zero-base).. 2. (1) 1980.,. ''(Globalization),. WTO 42)., 8 (2001 11 27 ), 3,,
2,,., (, 2001). TINA (There is no alternative) -.,.,,,..,. 1980 (, 2001)., 1989, - -.. 20.,.
4,,.,,., (D. Harvey).,.....,.. (2). 80%. 43). (OECD) 43) OECD(1997). Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge-based Economy.
2......,...,,. (3) 21..,,.
4.,.,, /.,,.,,,.,,, /.,.(,2001),,,,,..?,,.,,,,,.
2,,.,.(,2001) 3. (1),,....,. (, ).. (NGO). (2) 3.,,
4.,. 44) (partner). ( ) (project).., 3 (the third sector). (3)... [ ].., 44),,, 11 YMCA ( YMCA : 1999 11), 21-27
2.. [ ]. (4).,. ( ), [ ] ( ),...,... 45),,. (silver town). ( ). 45),, (1999 4), 171,
5 (5) ( )..,. ( 31 )..,. 5. ( ) ( 2 ) [ ] ( 103 ), [- /- /- - ].
2 () (commons). 1. (1),..,... 46),.. (2).. 47) 46),, p.387 47),, pp.410~411
5 [ ],. [ ] ( ).. 2. (1)......,,.
2.... 10.. 1 (6:1200 ) 100.........
5 (2) 1) [ ] [ ] [ ]. Harding (tragedy of commons). [ ]....... ( ). 2) ( ). [ (public) ].
2.... (3).?.... 3 [-=2,400 ]... 3....
5 30 3, 3... 3....
1 제 3 장공동체의규범. (customary law). ( ).. 48).,,. (governance). 1.. ( ) ( ). 1. [ ]. 48) 慎, ( 舘 : 1991), pp.79~84,
3 ( ) [ ]. [ ], [ ]. () ( ). () ( ).. ( ).. [ ].., ( ) ( ).. (Ruth Benedict), ( ).,.. ( ).... 49),. 49), ( : 2008), p.30
1.,,.. [ ].. 2.... [ ]. ( ) (), () (),.. [ ].... ( ). 12 ( )
3, 1..,,,. 3.. ( ) ( ),.. ( ).. ( ). ( ).. ( ) ( )... ().
2., ( ) ( ).. 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )..,,, ()... 1.....
3.......... 2..... (1868 )...... :
2...... []...... :..... 3.. [ ].. - -
3. 40km - -..???,...... ( ).....
2......... 4.... [ ]......
3....,.. (lebendes recht)..........,..,
3.... [ ]. ( )., [ ]. ( ) ( ).. ( ). 3.... 1. (1987 )., [ ]. ( 21
3 1 ). ( 8 ). (privacy) ( 17 ). ( ).,..,. 2. ( ). 50). 50) Rousseau, ( ) : ( ),........
3 [ ].. (governance).. (1),,, 1 3 ( 63 1 ). ( 88 2 ). ( 22 2 : 3 ). ( 35 1 7 ). ( )... Rousseau, ( 1 9 ),, p.33
3 (2), ( 3 3 ). ( 3 5 )., ( 4 1 2 ). ( 4 2 2 ). ( 2 10 ). ( 2 17 ). ( 9 ) ( 5 ). ( 2 ) ( 12 1 ). 1 ( 12 3 ). ( 15 1). (15 ) (18 1 ).
3 (3),, ( 3 2 )., ( 7 ). ( 18 1 1 ). ( 23 1 10 ). (4), ( 6 2 ).,, ( 2 2 ). ( ) () ( 43 1 5 ).
3 ( 51 1 ). ( ) ( 57 1 )., ( 13 1 ). ( 13 3 ). 3... (1), ( 74 1 ).
3 ( 48 2 3 )., ( 48 2 2 )... 2007 5 17 ( 1 )., ( 2 1 ). (1) (2) (3) (4), (5) ( 4 ). (2) ( )
3 [ ] ( 6 ). ( ) ( 7 1 ). 2 3, ( 8 3 ). (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ( 13 1 ). (3).,...
3... ( 15 ) ( 16 ) ( 22 ). ( 12 ).
1 제 4 장공동체의쇠퇴와복원.. (commons). (cross-regulation). 1 1. (globalization) (WTO). (FTA) WTO...,...
4 [, IT BT] [, ]..,.,., (legal system)., [ ]... 2.. 1. 1..
1.., (community). (commons). [ ]. 1. 51). 1 3. 3 (natural resources).. 3.,. 51).., 600 84 4 :, (1954 ) (1950 ) (2009.6.21) ;, : ( : 1998),
4 [, ( :2004), ],....... [ ] [ ],.... [ ].,.
2 2 52) 1... (CIFOR) 5.,,.. 150. 7 4,800. 16.... (Bukhori). 3.......... 52),, (2006)
4........ ()...... 2. 3. (Titipan), (Tutupan) (Garapan) ( )..... ()...
2.,....... 3.... (NGO). RMI. (Arief).. (Dede) ( 250
4 ). [ ]. IMF... 3 1. ( ). 53) (Elinor Ostrom) (1990), 3. (self-governance),.. 54) 53), 09-25-01, pp.177 178 54) Elinor Ostrom, Ibid., p.331
3, [ ]... 2..? ( )?,.,. (International Irrigation Management Institute 1986, de Silva 1981).,.
4. (Perera 1986; Uphoff 1985a~c).. 1950 (the right-bank),. 6 5, 32 150, 6 (field channels) (Perera 1986: 88).1970, (Norman Uphoff) (GOLB)(hydrological nightmare) (Perera 1986:88).,.,.. 3....,.,
4... (Perera 1986: 89~91) 55) 4 1. (public commons).., (res communes : law of nature). 56). 1787 (the Northwest Ordinance) (axiom) (common highway). 57) 19 :. 55), (Uphoff 1985c: 44). 56) J. Inst. 2.1.1 57) James Salzman and Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Environmental Law and Policy (Foundation Press: 2003), pp.240 ~ 241
4.... 2. ( ). (public trust doctrine). [ ].. [ ] (waterbody) [] (superior public rights). 58) 3. [ ].. (public trust) 58) Jan G. Laitos, Natural Resources Law, Hornbook Series (West Group, St. Paul, Minn., 2002), p.25
4. (national trust) (local trust). DMZ,.. [ ]... (public trust). 19 59) (public access). 60). 59) Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois, 148 U.S. 387(1893) ; Marks v.whitney, 6 Cal.3d 251, 98 Cal.Rptr.790, 491 P.2d 373(1971) ; Matthews v. Bay Head Improvement Association, 95N.J.306,471A.3d 355(1984) 60) Roger W. Findley and Daniel A. Farber, Environmental Law in a nutshell, 3rd. ed.(westing Publishing Co.,1992), pp.292 296
4. 5 1. 1... (NGO).... 2..... [ ]
5,,.. (equity)...... [ ].,.,,,. NGO.
4 3.......... NGO.,,, [ ] [ ]. [ ]..
5 (local standard) NGO..
1 제 5 장협치를위한이론구성 (cross-regulation). (regulation).,,,.. 1 1. (Elinor Ostrom) (1990),,..,..,.. 61) 61) Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Indiana University:1990) ;,
5,.,..,.. (discount rate).. 62) 2. (commons)..,,..,,, (R.Johnson and Libecap 1982). 3. (sheer perseverance). (Ostrom) (:1999), p.185 62) Elinor Ostrom, Ibid., p.186
1 쉡 (Shepsle, 1989).,,. (Ostrom)..,....,. 63) 4. (Ostrom),., 63) Ibid., p.187
5.,. (Ostrom),,.,.... 64) 5., 64)...
1. (Ostrom). 65) (boundaries) :,. :,,, (appropriation principle),, (provision principle). (collective-choice arrangements) :. :. (graduated sanction) : ( ),. :. 65) Elinor Ostrom, Ibid., p.189
5 :. : ( ),,,, (multiple layers of nested enterprises). 2 1. (Ostrom). (Ostrom)... 66) 2., 66) Ibid., p.409
2,.,,,.., (deficient equibria).,,.,.. 67) 3. (Ostrom).,. 67) Ibid., p.410
5, ( ) (zero condition).. 68),....,...,,. (Ostrom), 68) Ibid., p.411
3. 69).,,.,. 70) 3 1...,. 21 69),., (Johnson and Libecap 1982; Karpoff 1989; Welch 1983). 70) Elinor Ostrom, Ibid., p.412
5. 71),, ( 2 1 1 ).,.,. 2..,,.,. OECD,. 72),, 71), : --, Vol.70 No.3 (: 1998.3), p.2 72) 塩, OECD : 1997 5, Vol.25, No.8(1997), p.824
3,,..,.. 73) 3. (government regulation) (market forces) (intervention). (natural monopoly)., (externalities),. 1970 (social regulation). 74) 4. - - 73) 塩,, p.818 74) Richard J.Pierce,Jr & Ernest Gellhorn, Regulated Industries(West Publishing Co.:1994), p.332
5,.. 75) (mismatches), 76), 77) (design requirements) (performance standards) (market-type incentives in regulation), 78) 79) 80). 4 1... 75) Ibid, p.333 76) Breyer, Analyzing Regulatory Failure: Mismatches, Less Restrictive Alternatives, and Reforms, 92 Harv.L.Rev. 547(1979); ABA Commission on Law and the Economy, Federal Regulation: Roads to Reform chs. 3 & 4(1979). 77) Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, 49 U.S.C.A. 1301-1551. 78) Promoting Competition in Regulated Industries (A. Phillips de. 1975); C. Schultze, The Public Use of Private Interest (1977); R. Stavins & B. Whitehead, The Greening of America's Taxes: Pollution Charges and Environmental Protection (1992). 79) Executive Order No. 12866, 29 Weekly Comp.Pres.Doc. 1925 (1993); Executive Order No. 12498, 50 Fed.Reg. 1036(Jan. 8, 1985); Executive Order No. 12291, 46 Fed.Reg. 13193(Feb. 19, 1981); S. 1080, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. (1981). 80) J. Mashaw & D. Harfst, The Struggle for Auto Safety(1990) ; Verkuil, The Emerging Concept of Administrative Procedure, 77 Colum.L. Rev. 258(1978).
4. (de-regulation)... [ ].. 2. (governance).........
5 3. (voluntary agreement)..,,,, (eco-contracts).,.., (1) (2) (3),. 81) 4... (IEA) (OECD/IEA,1996), OECD 350.. 81) Reforming Environmental Regulation in OECD Countries(OECD:1997), p.29
4. 82) (, Accords de branches-flemish Region ). 82) OECD, OBSERVE (October/November 1995)
1 제 6 장협치사례 (governance).. 3... - (PA) (trust community) (matching fund). 1 1. 83) (BREES) (BR) 3. 83) (MAB) 21, BREES : Biosphere Reserves for Environmental and Economic Security (UNESCO : 2009)
6 (1) 65%,,,,, (2) () (3) 100, NGO,,,,, (4).
1 :,, / /,, (5),,,, (6) : USD27,000,000 (2010~2017),,, (7) : 27 96, (8) 2010: 2011: 2012~2017:
6 (9),,,,,, (10),,,
1 2. (1) (CSR),,,,, CSR. 2006 1,863,.,, (, ),,,. (2) ( 7:3)...,,.
6 (3) ( ),,,. CO2 CO2 CO2, CSR., IPCC Good practice guidance (GPG)..,.
1 3. 84) 1997 (NHT: Natural Heritage Trust), NHT 23 4. (Landcare Programme). (Bushcare Programme) (flora) (fauna). LULUCF(Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry).. NHT (2004 2005 : 3). 4.. 25% ( 10,000ha ). 2020 0.2, 2050 1.2. 84) Natural Heritage Trust-land and Vegetation Programmes
6, 2008 13(Forest Enterprise Framework Strategic Plan 2008 13),.,., (Scottish Climate Change Bill). (not-for profit trust),.,. 2 1. 1. [ ]. ( ) (MTB),..
2.. 60 [ ]. 60. [ ]. 7 1 60... [].. 1 2.5% (national trust).... () (9 ) 2004 4 (2 )..
6,... 85),. (community). EU...,,... [ ]. ( ).... 85) Frank B.Cross, Law and Economic Growth, Texas Law Review Vol.80: 1737
2 ( ) 1......... ( ) 2. (national) (nation). (trust).. (ESSD)....
6 2. 86) (1),,,,. (due process)., [ (incentive) ]. [ ],.. 21 (IUCN) 86), ( : 2007)
2. 3 (win-win) (new social contract) (governance).. [ ] ( governance). (system). (community). (off) (on) (on-off model) 1 1.. (play).
6.,.. (plan) [ ]. (incentive)....,..
3,,. 3 1. (ESSD) ( 7912 : 2007.3.25 )( ) (the National Trust Act of 1907) [ ].......
6 ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5 ), ( 6 ) ( 7 ).. ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5 ). 2. (1) ( 3 ) ( 2 1 ). [ ] [] [ ]. ( 7 2 ). ( 7 1 ),,..
3. 윀 ( 1 ). (2). 2 1 ( ), 2 3 ( ) ( ) ( 2 2 )...,. 87) 88) 89) 90) 91) 87) 12 1 88) 8 1 89). 2 3 90) 2 2 91) 27 1
6 92) 3. (1) ( 3 1 )... ( 3 3 ). (2). (, ) ( 2 3 ).. ( 4 ), ( 5 ), ( 6 ), ( 7 ) ( 16 ) 92) 33
3 ( 4 1 ).. (2007.3.21 ) ( 28 ) ( 17 2 ) ( 4 2 ). 4. (1). ( 5 ) ( 21 ). ( due process) [ prior notice]. (10) ( 5 1 ). ( 9 ) ( 10 2 ). ( 2 4 ). ( 1 ), ( 2 ),
6 ( 3 ) ( 5 2 ).. ( 5 3 )., ( 5 4 ). ( 5 5 ). ( 5 6 ). ( 2 ). (2) ( 6 ). ( 6 2 ). 1), 2), 3), 4) 5) (3 ). ( ) ( 20 1 ).
3 (2 ). (3 ). ( 19 1 3 )(4 ). (3) ( 5 ) ( 6 ). ( 10 2 )..., ( ) ( )., 25 2 4 1 ( ) ( 21 1 ). 93) 93) 21 1 ( 10 2 )
6 ( 21 2 ). ( ) ( 21 3 ). ( 21 4 ). 94) ( 21 5 ). (4)., ( 7 1 ). ( 7 2 ).. 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) (national interest) 95). ( 10 2 ) 2 ( 23 1 1 ). 94) 14 ( )
3 (future generation) ( 8 1 ). (2 ). (5) ( 14 2 ). ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 14 4 ).. 5. (1) []. ( 2 4 ) 3. ( 2 5 ). ( 11 1 ). 95) (national interest) (local trust)..
6 ( 2 2 3 ) ( 8 )..... ( 11 ). 2 ( 23 1 2 ). (2) ( 8 1 ). ( 8 2 ). ( 12 ). ( 9 1 )., ( 9 2 ).
3 ( 10 1 ).., ( 10 2 ). 10 2. 10 2,. ( 13 ). (3) ( 4 1 5 13 ). ( 9 1 ). 1 ( 9 2 ). ( 9 3 ). ( ) ( 9 4 ). ( 9 5 ). (4).
6. ( ), ( 19 1 ). ( 19 2 ).,,,, ( 26 1 ). ( ) ( 26 2 ). ( 26 3 ). ( 20 ). (5)...
3. (NGO) ( 27 1 ). ( 27 2 ). (6) ( 14 1 ). 96) ( 14 2 ). ( 14 3 ).., ( 14 4 ).., ( 14 4 ). 4 90 ( 14 5 ). ( 14 6 ). 97). 96) ( 5 ) ( 6 ).. ( 11 ). 97) 10 ( ) 2
6 ( 10 3 ). (7).... 1) ( 17 1 ). 1 ( 11 3 ).,,, ( 17 2 ). ( 4 6 ).., 98) ( 11 1 ). 2 (1% ) 2 ( 11 2 ). ( 12 ) ( 11 5 ). 2) (council). 50 ( 12 1 ) 99). 98),, (1% ) (4 2 ). 99), 10, 10
3 3 ( 12 3 ).. ( 12 4 ). 100). ( 11 4 ). ( 12 5 ). 6. (1)... ( 15 ).., 10, 10 (1% ) 10 ( 12 2 ). 100) 19 20
6 (2). ( 2 1 ), ( 4 2 ),.,, ( 16 ). ( 19 ) ( 16 ). (3) ( 22 1 ).. ( 22 2 ) 101) ( 22 3 )., 101) 15 ( )
4. 4 102) 1.. [ ]...... (governance). ( ).. 102), IUCN ( : 2009)
6 [].... 2. (1). ( ) [ 1]. [ 1. ] ( ) 1 228 66 2 229 2,040 3 229()4 4 354-1 17 5 195 371 6 195()5 7 195-2 9
4 ( ) 8 195-3 200 9 195-4 785 10 205 661 11 206 453 12 207 132 13 59 36,000 40,734 (2) (Eligibility) ( ) 2.,,, 85% 2. (3) IUCN Protected Area Management Category 1933 International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora national park, strict nature reserve, fauna and flora reserve, reserve with prohibition for hunting and collecting, 1942 Western
6 Hemisphere Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation national park, national reserve, nature monument, strict wilderness reserve 4 (Holdgate 1999). [ 2. 1978 IUCN ] Group Category. Scientific reserve A : Categories for which CN PPA will take special respon sibility. National park. Natural monument/national landmark. Nature conservation reserve. Protected landscape B : Other categories of impo rtance to IUCN, but not excl usively in the scope of CNP PA C : Categories that are part of international l programmes. Resource reserve. Anthropological reserve. Multiple-use management area. Biosphere reserve. World Heritage site (natural) Note : CNPPA - Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas : IUCN (2008) International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 1966 national parks, scientific reserves and natural monuments UN List of Protected Areas 1978 [ 1].
4 (Definition). IUCN 1994,, 6.. Strict protection [Ia) Strict nature reserve and Ib) Wilderness area. Ecosystem conservation and protection (i.e., National park). Conservation of natural features (i.e., Natural monument). Conservation through active management (i.e., Habitat/species management area). Landscape/seascape conservation and recreation (i.e., Protected landscape/ seascape). Sustainable use of natural resources (i.e., Managed resource protected area) IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas(WCPA) 103) IUCN 18 2008, 6. (4) IUCN IUCN (Guideline) 103) CNPPA(Commission on National parks and Protected Areas) WCPA.
6, (definition). global standard IUCN.,, IUCN. [ 1], [ 2] IUCN.
4 [1. ] : IUCN (2006) [ 3. (2005)] ( ) ( ) (%) 9,346,685 1,558,351 16.67 1,009 393 38.96 373,737 60,904 16.30 122,393 3,200 2.61 98,930 4,060 4.10 19 0 0.00 1,564,707 208,836 13.35 36,120 4,152 11.49 11,543,600 1,839,896 15.9 * Note :. * : IUCN (2006)
6 3. IUCN, IUCN (Compatibility), IUCN. (1) IUCN Guidelines for Applying Protected Area management Categories (2008) (protected area) IUCN (definition). A Protected area is : A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. IUCN,. 2007,.
4 2 2 3,,,. 21. IUCN (PA) IUCN. 40,734 88% ( 59 ) 2[2 ].,,,.
6 [2. ] : (2) IUCN IUCN Category : Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. IUCN.
4 Category protected areas conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion in under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area., (low-level). IUCN, 2 [ 4] 40., IUCN.
6 [4. ] * Note : - * : GIS (3) IUCN IUCN (Definition) IUCN IUCN. 1994 IUCN Technical Workshop
4 ([ 5] ). [5. IUCN ] : WCPA Australia and New Zealand Region (2000)
6,, IUCN Is the sustainable use of natural products to meet local community needs allowed in the area?' [ 5].,. (eco-culture tourism),. IUCN Guidelines for Applying Protected Area management Categories(2008) IUCN.,.,..,.
4.... (small-scale)..,. (large-scale). (natural condition). (no-take management zone). 4. (1) [ ] [,, ]
6 (2),, [ ].,,,, ( ). (,, ).. ( 1 1 ).. (). CI. [ ] /
4 : : : ( ) 5. 2008,,.. IUCN. IUCN,, (Global Standard)(Compatibility), IUCN,. IUCN IUCN.
6 IUCN. IUCN (criteria). IUCN Protected Area Category IUCN. IUCN Category. IUCN. 5 1. [ ].. (34 )... [ ] 30. ( )
5.... ( ).,...... (BCA).,..
6 2...., (PA).
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6 : 3 / 21 6 ( /), (4) 105),. ( KBCSD ) 106) 2009 6 9 ( ), KBCSD 50., (Win-Win). KBCSD, 105) [ ] : - KBCSD (2009 6 ) 106) KBCSD,,, 41 (2009.5 )
6,, ( ),,,. KBCSD. 2. 107) (1),,, (2) (, ) ( ) (& ) 107) ( )
6 [ ] ( ) [ ]. (3) 1) : 2016 1,500km : 2012 1,000km : 2009 3 19 (2017 1,000 ) 2) trail' 3) :.
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6. 3. ( ).. (1) GIS 1848.2 912.6, 586, 335 109.9 ( 52.2, 57.7 ) 5.2%, 12% [ (,2007)] ( ) (%) ( ) (%) 1 10.61 9.66 10.83 9.86 +0.22 2 3.79 3.45 10.97 9.98 +7.18 3 51.59 46.96 37.66 34.28-13.93 4-1 14.48 13.18 16.08 14.64 +1.60 4-2 25.18 22.92 24.40 22.21-0.78 5 4.21 3.83 9.92 9.03 +5.71 109.86 100.00 109.86 100.00 -
6 3, 3 2 5., (2) (2009 ) (13 ) : 1816 3949 1057 630 ( = ) 7 9,652,307 2,656,337 () 2 2,652,978 300,758 4 5,858,664 3,343,962 13 18,163,949 6,301,057 : ( 2,2006) ( ) H1 94,735 H2 89,700 D 47,504 S1 28,000 S2 83,422 5 343,361 ()
6 ( ) (%) ( ) (%) 1 119,566 3.10 32,882 1.33 86,684 2 665,807 17.50 53,806 2.18 612,001 3 86,979 2.30 30,057 1.22 56,922 4-1 272,045 7.20 139,579 5.65 132,466 4-2 1,699,013 44.70 1,312,495 53.09 386,518 5 958,061 25.20 903,388 36.54 54,673 3,801,471 100.00 2,472,207 100.00 1,329,264 () ( ) (%) ( ) (%) 1 0.00-2 0.00-3 1,611,954 452,086 18.29 1,159,868 4-1 86,651 443 0.02 86,208 4-2 2,007,859 0.00 2,007,859 5 336,737 0.00 336,737 4,043,201 0.00 452,529 18.30 3,590,672 () : (3).,,.
6 [ ],.. 4. 108) (1). (definition) 4. : * : Wolfgan Strasdas(2002), Ecotourism Manual for Protected Area Managers 4.,... * : 2002 108), ( : 2009)
6 4. 4., keyword., 2008 ( ),. 2. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), (Guideline) Category : Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources IUCN Category.
6..,.. (small-scale).,. (2)... 1).
6 (2009.10).,., 21.. 2)....
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6 [1] * : Wolfgan Strasdas(2002),.. [2]
6 TF'. TF',,.......
7 7 1. 109) (social compact). DMZ [ ] ( ),, NGO. 6 2007 3 20 ( ),,, DMZ.,. 2006,, 77%,.,, 30 2 3,. 6,,,, 3 109) (2009.3), NGO 4
6. 2006,,,. 4,.,,. 6 4, 2007 6.. 2.. (carbon offset). ( CO2),
7 ( ). 110). 2009 7 1. 111) 2009 6 15 6.23 88. 232 1/3. 112) ( ),,, 1 3.. (6.26 ),,, 50%, (). 113) ( 2 ). 110), (Carbon Offset)( : 2008), p.3 111) : http//cpoint.or.kr 112) 2008.11~2009.6 24 113) : 2009 10, 2010 20 ( )
6 : (1kwh)=424gCO2, (1 )= 332gCO2, (1 )=2,780gCO2 : 2 : 10gCO2 1 : 13 4 (350kwh) 10%(35kwh), 173,008 ( 53,424, 118,584 ) = 420kwh(35kwh/ 12 ) =178,080gCO 2 (420kwh/ 424gCO 2 /kwh ) *424gCO 2/kwh = = 17,808 (178,080 1/10 ) **1/10 = 10gCO2 1 = 53,424 (17,808 3 ) ***3 = 13 = 9,882 (56,350 _ 46,468 ) *56,350 = (350kwh) **46,468 = 10% (315kwh=350kwh-35kwh) =118,584(9,882 12 ), IT.
7.,.
1. 제 7 장결론 1., 21. IT [].. (NGO).. 1960. (commons) ( 275 ). (commons)
7... 2. (Rousseau).., []...,. [ ],
3... (Elinor Ostrom) [Governing the Commons, 1990],,. 3.. -. -.. (governance)..
7 (new social contract) 114), (community).. (society) (service)., (developed country) (developing country),,. (underdeveloped country)... (statute). 4. 114), 09-25-01, p.215
4..,.. (governance). (trust community). 1 [National Trust Act] 2007.. ( ). [] (governance). -...
참고문헌, : (2009 : ), 09-25-01 ( : 2009), (2008: ),, ( ) (2008: ),, ( : 2007.7.19),, : 2005) (, (2002.9) /,, : (2002). /, (2001)., (:2001), ( : 2001),,, (8 :2001)
, (: 2001), (2000. 8.), 21 ( :2000), (: 1999), : (: 1999), 21 ( : 1999), (1999: ), (1999), ( : 1998), : ( : 1998), ( : 1997), 3 ( : 1985) (IUCN) : http://www.iucn.org : http://egis.me.go.kr/egis/intro.asp : http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/
International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Natural Resource Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories (IUCN: 2008) Jane Holder and Maria Lee, Environmental Protection, Law and Policy 2nd.ed. (Cambridge: 2007) World Commission on Protected Areas, Forests and Protected Areas : Guidance on the use of the IUCN protected area management categories (WCPA: 2006) WCPA Australia and New Zealand Region. Application of IUCN Protected Area Management Categories (WCPA: 2000) IUCN, ( : 2006) James Salzman and Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Environmental Law and Policy (Foundation Press : 2003) Jan G. Laitos, Natural Resources Law, Hornbook Series (West Group, St. Paul, Minn.: 2002) Robert Kay and Jacqueline Alder, Coastal Planning and Management (E & FN SPON An imprint of Routledge : 1999) Holdgate, M. The Green Web (London. Earthscan : 1999) Roger W. Findley and Daniel A. Farber, Environmental Law in a nutshell, 3rd. ed.(westing Publishing Co : 1992) Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action series: Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions (Indiana University:1990) ;, (: 1999)
, (: 1999) Rousseau, (: 1980)
1. (IUCN) 부록 1. (IUCN) International Union for the Conservation of Nature 1948, NGO 1992 Rio UNESCO 84 140 111 870 NGO, 11,0006 IUCN (State) 84 (Government agencies) 111 NGO 785 NGO 89 - (Affiliates) 35 -
2. IUCN (Council) : WCC : WCC WCC4 - : 1, 1, 6 6, 8 324-5 - 1 38 IUCN
3. [ ] IUCN 6 WCPA,, Regional Committee & National Committee IUCN Committee 50 Council(1999 4 ) 3. [ ] (1),. 115),,., 1910. (4.47) (0.97), 1910 (8.16). 115), (2009 8 )
( : 3), 20C 1,400 km ( 40%). 10 km, 50%, 20%. *: (1917~1919) SPOT (2004)
3. [ ] (2), 116). 116) :
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3. [ ],. -,.,.,. (3), -,,. ( ),,, ( ),
,, (4) 2007, 2008, 2009,.