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미만성폐출혈을보인주폐포자충폐렴 1 예 경희대학교의과대학호흡기내과허우영, 전정원, 이영재, 박상도, 이상욱, 박명재, 유지홍, 강홍모 A Case of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia with Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Woo Young Heo, M.D., Jung Won Jeon, M.D., Young Jae Lee, M.D., Sang Do Park, M.D., Sang Wook Lee, M.D., Myung Jae Park, M.D., Jee Hong Yoo M.D., Hong Mo Kang, M.D. Department of internal medicine, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is an infectious disease of immune-compromised host. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate PCP with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. Association between PCP and diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage has been reported in 30% of PCP with HIV positive patients. But association between PCP and diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage has not been reported in non-hiv positive patients without any known underlying causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. We report a case of PCP with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage in 66 years old male patient. We confirmed PCP and diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. We can exclude the possible other causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage except PCP. PCP may be one of possible cause of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage in non-hiv immune compromised patient. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2004; 57:372-376) Key words : Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. 서 면역이저하된환자들에게서폐렴은가장많은합병증중하나이며주요사망원인이다. 1 이중주폐포자충폐렴은면역기능이저하된환자들에게발생하는기회감염질환의하나로, 장기이식후면역억제요법이나자가면역치료, 또는후천성면역결핍증후군환자들에게서많이발생한다. 1-4 그러나주폐포자충폐렴은기침, 발열등의비특이적인증상을보이고 2,3 방사선학적검사에서도비특이적인소견을나타내는경우가대부분이다. 5 따라서증상이나방사선학적인소견으로는진단이어려운경우가많다. 미만성폐출혈도비교적드문질환이지만, 이또한증상이나방사선소견만으로는진단이어려운경우가 Address for correspondence : Myung Jae Park, M.D. Department of internal medicine, Kyunghee university medical school, Seoul, Kyung-Hee medical center, Department of internal medicine, Dong daemun-gu, Hoegi-dong, Seoul, Korea 130-702 Phone : 02-958-8200 Fax : 02-968-1848 E-mail : mjpwis@hotmail.com Received : Jun. 30. 2004. Accepted : Aug. 17. 2004. 론 많으며 5,6 주폐포자충폐렴에서미만성폐출혈이동반되는경우는후천성면역결핍증후군환자에서보고되고있으나 3,4,6 미만성폐출혈의알려진원인질환없이 HIV 음성인주폐포자충폐렴에서미만성폐출혈이보고된적은없었다. 이에저자들은증상이나방사선학적인소견에서진단이어려웠고환자의임상상태가악화되어진단목적으로시행한기관지내시경검사및세포세척술상에서진단되었던미만성폐출혈이동반된주폐포자충폐렴 1예를경험하였기에보고하는바이다. 증례환자 : 이, 66세남자현병력 : 2003년 10월본원신경외과에서뇌간신경교종을감마나이프치료후우측사지마비발생하여메틸프레드니솔론 (1.5g/day) 투여중, 투여 9일째부터발열, 기침과함께흉부방사선사진상침윤성병변발생하여항생제치료하였으나임상증상과방사선학소견상악화소견보여내과로전과되었다. 과거력 : 특이사항없음가족력 : 특이사항없음 372

Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 57. No. 4, Oct, 2004 사회력 : 특이사항없음직업 : 무직이학적소견 : 전과당시혈압은 130/70mmHg, 호흡수는분당 20회, 맥박은분당 80회, 체온은 38.6 였다. 의식은명료하였으나급성병색이었고흉부청진상수포음이나천명음은청진되지않았다. 심음은규칙적이였으며, 심잡음이나분마음은없었다. 복부촉진상압통은없었고간이나비장은촉지되지않았다. 사지및신경학적검사에서는우측사지마비가있었다. 검사소견 : 대기중에서시행한동맥혈가스검사상 ph 7.445, 이산화탄소분압 31.4mmHg, 산소분압 54.1 mmhg, 중탄산염 21.3mmol/L, 산소포화도 89% 였다. 일반혈액검사상백혈구 7420/mm 3 ( 호중구76.9%, 림프구 15.4%, 단핵구 4.3%), 혈색소 12.1g/dL, Hemato crit 35.4%, 혈소판 317,000/mm 3 였고, PT와 aptt도정상범위였다. 생화학검사상 Bilirubin T/D 0.52/ 0.13 mg/dl, AST/ALT 34/48 U/L, Protein/Albumin 6.0/2.9 mg/dl, BUN/Cr 11/0.8 mg/dl, Na/K/Cl 134/4.0/91 mg/dl 였다. 뇨검사상적혈구, 백혈구, 뇨단백, 뇨침사등은모두음성이었다. Anti-HIV anti body와거대세포바이러스에대한 IgM 항체, 다른면역혈청학적검사모두음성이었다. 전과후시행한객담검사소견은도말검사, 배양검사모두음성이었고입원 9일째, 흉부방사선학적소견의악화와함께시행한혈액검사상혈색소가 8.5g/dL 로감소하는소견보였다. 방사선소견 : 입원직후촬영한흉부방사선사진상정상적인흉부소견이었으나 (Fig. 1-1), 기침, 발열이발생한후촬영한흉부방사선사진에서는좌상엽과우하엽에침윤성병변이보이고있고 (Fig. 1-2) 임상증상악화후촬영한흉부방사선사진상에는전폐에침윤성병변이관찰되었다 (Fig. 1-3). 전산화단층촬영상에도좌상엽과우하엽에폐렴으로의심되는침윤이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 기관지내시경소견 : 전반적인기관지점막에는특이소견은없었지만기관지페포세척액은피빛을띄고있었고세포검사를실시하였다. 병리학적소견 : 폐포세척액에서헤모시데린이침착된대식세포 (hemosiderin laden macrophage) 가확인되었 Figure 1-1 Chest PA. At admission, No active lung lesions. Figure 1-2. Chest PA. After steroid therapy, Infiltra tion in left upper lobe and right lower lobe. 고 (Fig. 3) Gomori s methenamine silver 염색상둥근모양의주폐포자충의포낭을관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 4). 진단및임상경과 : 환자의임상증상, 기관지내시경소견및폐포세척액검사결과와함께임상경과중발생한빈혈소견으로미만성폐출혈을확인할수있 373

WY Heo, et al.: A case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage Figure 1-3. Chest PA. After 9 day, More aggravated lung lesion. 었고폐포세척액의특수염색을통해주폐포자충에의한폐렴을진단할수있었다. 환자는중환자실에서인공호흡기치료와함께 Trimethoprim-sulfame thoxazole 투여를받았고이후임상증상과흉부 X- 선상침윤소견이모두호전되어퇴원하였다. 고찰 주폐포자충폐렴은장기이식후면역억제요법이나자가면역치료, 또는후천성면역결핍증후군환자들에게서많이발생하는기회감염질환의하나 로, 1-4 기침, 발열등의비특이적인증상이나타나며, 2,3 흉부방사선학적인소견으로주폐포자충폐렴을진단하기에는어려움이있어서기관지폐포세척이나경기관지폐생검등의여러수기를통해주폐포자충의영양형 (trophozoite) 나포낭 (cyst) 를증명하여진단할수있다. 8 치료로는 Trimethoprime Sulfamethoxazole (15-20 mg/kg/day of trimethoprime과 75-100 mg/ kg/day of Sulfamethoxazole) 을 3-4회분할하여경구또는정주로 21일간투여한다. 보통치료후 4-8일만에임상증상이호전되며 7-10일후에도임상증상의호전이없거나치료 5일후에더악화된다면치료실패로간주하여 Pentamidine 사용을권유하고있다. 주폐포자충폐렴의흉부방사선학적소견은초기에폐포삼출액과폐포간질비후에의한간유리음영, 폐경화와, 그후로는폐간질비후에의한선상망상음영이주된소견이되고후기에는폐낭종형성과드물게미만성의폐섬유화에의한폐실질의왜곡이동반될수있으며 5,9,10 질환의증가에따라다양한병변이나타나는것도보고되고있다. 9,10 이러한미만성폐병변의원인으로는박테리아감염, 항암요법에쓰이는약제의독성, 폐혈증, 고농도산소의지속적인투여등다양하며, 바이러스, 마이코플라즈마, 리케치아와진균도원인이될수있다. 또한면역기능이떨어진환자의경우에서는주폐포자충폐렴도미만성폐병변의원인이되며특히거대세포바이러스감염과동반되어잘발생한다. 1,4,9,11 본환자에서는스테로이드사용에의한 Figure 2. Chest CT. After steroid therapy, ground glass opacity in left upper lobe and right lower lobe 374

Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 57. No. 4, Oct, 2004 Figure 3. Hemosiderin-laden macrophage in BAL fluid(h&e, 400) 면역력의감소가있겠지만, 거대세포바이러스에대한항체검사에서 Anti-CMV Antibody IgM은음성이었고 Anti-CMV Antibody IgG 는양성이어서급성거대세포바이러스감염은배제할수있었고또한흉부방사선학적인소견에서폐병변의빠른진행을보여주폐포자충폐렴이외에도다른원인을고려하여야했기에기관지내시경을시행하였다. 미만성폐출혈은호흡곤란, 객혈, 빈혈등과함께미만성폐병변의발생시에의심할수있으며기관지폐포세척을시행하여피빛을보이면폐출혈을확인할수있고검사당시폐출혈이멈춘상태이면폐포세척액에서헤모시데린이침착된대식세포 (hemosi derin laden macrophage) 를확인하는것이진단에도움이된다. 6,12,13 본증례에서도폐포세척액에서헤모시데린이침착된대식세포를증명하였고발열, 호흡곤란의악화와함께흉부방사선학적소견의악화와더불어혈액검사상빈혈의소견이동반되어서미만성폐출혈을진단할수있었다. 미만성폐출혈의방사선학적인소견은급성기에는간유리음영에서광범위한폐포경결까지다양하며, 만성기에는망상결절음영을보일수있다. 6,14,15 하지만이러한미만성폐출혈의소견은비특이적이어서다른폐질환과감별이필요한데초기단계에서는진단이어려울수있다. 미만성폐출혈은비교적드문질환으로원인에따른각각의임상경과및치료가다양하다. 6,12 미만성폐출혈의원인은크게면역성과비면역성으로나눌수 Figure 4. Pneumocystis carinii cysts with round form(gms, 1000) 있는데, 면역성은베게너육아종증, 헤노호자반병 (Henoch-schӧlein purpura), 베쇄병 (Bechet disease), 항인지질항체증후군, 면역복합체침착질환 (complex disease), 항사구체기저막항체질환인 goodpasture s syndrome 등이있고비면역성원인으로는울혈성심부전, 요독증, 혈소판감소증, 이차적인폐병변이동반된후천성면역결핍증등이있다. 6,7,12,15 주폐포자충폐렴이미만성폐출혈을동반할수있다는보고는있으나대부분후천성면역결핍증환자인경우이었다. 그러나본환자는이전병력청취와면역학적검사를포함한모든혈액, 방사선학적검사를통해서이미알려진미만성폐출혈의면역학적원인, 비면역학적원인을모두제외할수있었고 Anti-HIV 항체가음성인환자로써폐출혈이동반된드문경우라고할수있다. 이전의연구에의하면후천성면역결핍증환자에게서발생하는호흡기질환중폐출혈의위험인자로는흡연, 신부전증, 응고장애가있고, 1-4 다른폐질환이동반된후천성면역결핍증환자에게서미만성폐출혈이발생한경우에 CMV 폐렴, 폐카포시육종, 폐부종, 혈소판수가 60,000/mm 3 미만일때폐출혈이더많았던것으로보고하고있다. 7 일반적으로후천성면역결핍증환자에게서주폐포자충폐렴이자주발생하지만미만성폐출혈이동반되는것은 30% 이내이고, 다른폐질환들, 예를들면카포시육종, 거대세포바이러스폐렴, 침윤성아스페르질루스증, 폐부종등에서는 80% 이상에서폐출혈의소견을 375

WY Heo, et al.: A case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage 보였다. 따라서후천성면역결핍증환자에게서주폐포자충폐렴은많은기회감염중의하나이지만다른폐질환에비해서폐출혈이동반될가능성은낮은것을알수있다. 본증례는후천성면역결핍증환자가아닌스테로이드사용에의한면역억제상태에서발생한주폐포자충폐렴환자에서미만성폐출혈이동반될수있음을보여주는증례로사료된다. 요약 저자들은면역억제제인스테로이드를사용하던환자에게서주폐포자충에의한폐렴과함께미만성폐출혈이발생한환자 1예를경험하였기에보고하는바이다. 참고문헌 1. Benfield TL, Prento P, Junge J, Vestbo J, Luudgrene JD. Alveolar damage in AIDS-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1997;111:1193-9. 2. Forrest EM, Zala C, Djurdjev O, Siuger J, Craib KJ, Lawson J, et al. Determinants of short- and long term outcome in patients with respiratory failure caused by AIDS-related pneumocystis carinii pneu monia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:741-7. 3. Phair J, Munoz A, Detels R, Kaslow R, Rinaldo C, Saah A. The risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. multicenter AIDS cohort study group. N Eng J Med 1990;322:161-5. 4 Neusch R, Bellini C, Zimmerli W. Pneumocystis car inii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- positive and HIV neqative immunocom promised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1519-23. 5. Heo JS, Kim KI, Kim CW, Park SK, Cho GJ. Radiographic and HRCT Findings of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia. J Korean Radiol. Society 1999; 41:313-20. 6. Green RJ, Ruoss SJ, Kraft SA, Duncan SR, Berry GJ, Raffin JA. Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage. Chest 1996;110:1305-16. 7. Vinceut B, Flahault A, Antoine M, Wislez M, Parrot A, Mayaud C, et al. AIDS-related alveolar hemor rhage. Chest 2001;120:1078-84. 8. Kwon KY, Yoon CH, Kim SP, Park KK, Jang ES. Bronchoaveolar Lavage of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia: Cytological and Ultrastructural Featu res. Korean J Cytopathol. 1994;5:1-9. 9. Sandhu JS, Goodman PC. Pulmonary cysts associ ated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pati ents with AIDS. Radiology 1989;173:33-5. 10. DeLorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, Stone DJ. Roentgeno graphic patterns of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 1987; 91:323-7. 11. Kim S, Kwak JJ, Kim DW, Jin SY, Lee DH. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Presented as Dif fuse Alveolar Damage. Korean J Pathology 1996;30: 1155-8. 12. Nah JO, Kim SJ, Shim TS, Lim CM, Lee SD, Kim WS et al. Twenty cases of diffuse alveolar hemor rhage: A single center retrospective study. Korean J Medicine 2002;62:258-67. 13. Specks, U. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndro mes. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2001;13: 12-7. 14. Seo MR. Song KS, Lee JS, Lim TH. Radiologic Findings of Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage. J Korean Radiol. Society 1998;39:1125-30. 15. Santos-Ocampo AS, Maudell BF, Fessler Bj. Alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest 2000;118:1083-90. 376