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OE CD O E C D ' 9 8 4 (MAI), 2 6 (N G O ) ( 10.2 7 ),,, [ ] < > N G O MAI O E C D,, WT O (GAT S ) < > N G O MAI O E C D MAI, < > N G O MAI (M F N ) O E C D MAI MAI < > N G O MAI O E C D MAI O E C D ( ' 7 6 ) MAI

< > N G O MAI MAI O E C D 1,3 0 0, 2 0 4 0 < > N G O O E C D N G O MA I MAI O E C D - MAI O E C D O E CD O E C D 2, - ( ' 9 6. 4, ' 9 4. 4 ) ( ' 9 6. 6 ) ( ' 9 7. 9 ) ( ' 9 7. 10 ) [N G O ] MAI MAI MAI OE CD, MAI - MAI - - - MAI - MAI - MAI ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 2,, 1 0 9 1 )

OE CD O E C D ' 9 8.4 (MA I), 1 9 [ ] ' 9 0 O E C D ' 9 7.5 9 5. 1 0 9 7.4, ' 9 8.4 * 1 9, ( 1 2 ) ( 9 ) ( ) [MA I ],,,, -, -,,,,, - (MAI ), 3-3 [ 1 9 ( 12. 1 5 ) ] < > E U

( S t a n d S t ill ) ( LIST B ) < > MAI - MAI, - MAI 5 * 3 MAI < > ( F D I) -, MAI - *, < > *, < >

< > O E C D (MAI) - -,, MAI - ' 9 8. 1. 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 -, ( R E IO ) E U ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3 1,, 1 13 9 )

( )..,.,. ( ) ( F ID ),. p H,.., 5 0 2 5 0 F ID. F ID,. 1 0.3 0.5 m g 0.0 6 m g... 3 0 ( ) 0.0 2 p p m, 0.0 8 p p m. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

.. 9 7 9 8 %...... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

, 2 1 2 1 D B Rile y. 5,. 8 0 MW ( S p r in g fie l d ) 2 0 E lk h a r t III Illin o i s # 5 T u r r i s c o a l. W o r c e s t e r D B Rile y. 1 9 9 2.... D B Ril e y. 4 1. 3 3 3 5 % 4 2 %.. 4. 4,,,. 3. D B Ril e y B o b c o c k Wilc ox A B B C o m b u s t i o n E n g in e e r in g. D B Ril e y, 1 5 (u t ilit y ),. D B Rile y. ( c o m b u s t o r ) U -. 1/ 3. ' s t a g e d ' ' '. ( )., ( a s h ) (p u l s e -j e t ). 1 2,7 0 0, 3,4 0 0. 19 9 8 2 0 0 1 1. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

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,. 4 0 %. 4 0 %. 9,. [ (r e g e n a r a t iv e ) ] [F D I] 2. 2.. F D I. (N Ox ).. -. 9 2, [ ]. 5 0.. [F F R ] 9 5. " "( ). 9 7. 3,0 0 0 1,2 0 0 / H.,. 1 %. 9 8 1/ 3. "F F R ".. 2 / 3.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

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( ).....,. 2.. [ ] 3 0 %, 10 %.. 10 0 %.,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

( 10 0 % ) [ ] [ ] ( PART ) 1 1 1. 1 0 0 %,,,,, 4,.. 1 S- 3 2 0 6 0, 2 5 p p m,, 2 0 p p m, 10 0 p p m, 5 0 p p m 0 %, 2 0 p p m 5 %, 1 0 p p m 15 %.. 1. 6 0 5 0 1 7 5 8,0 0 0, 9 0 1 0,0 0 0 1 8 ( 2 ), 3 18 ( 2 0 ). ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

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, 2,4 0 0. ( B ir m in g h a m ) ( In t e r n a t io n a l F o r e s t C o m p a n y, IF C ) 5 0 0.. IF C R. W a y n e B e ll. 1 2,5 0 0. IF C 7 1 5. 8 1 9 8 8 6 8.,,. 3 2 7,0 0 0..,,,,., 1,2 5 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

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. 9 IM O ( e m is s io n lim it s ),., 1.5 % (r e p l a c e m e n t r a t e )., IM O 4.5 % ( In t e r n a t io n a l O r g a n iz a t i o n fo r S t a n d a r d iz a t i o n ; IS O ) 19 8 7 5 %.. ( C e n t e r fo r In t e g r a t e d S t u d y o f t h e H u m a n D im e n s i o n s o f G l o b a l C h a n g e ) (N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n ; N S F ). ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

.,., 9 8 %..,,. 3,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

, ( C E C : C o m m i s s i o n fo r E n v ir o n m e n t a l C o o p e r a t io n )., 19 8 8. D DT PC B s,.. (lin d a n e ),. 4 0 C E C,,..,,,,.,,,,. P C B s. 3 0.,. P O P 9 0 %. E PA. : (c h lo r d a n e ) ; D DT/ D D E ; ( d ie l d r in ) ; - (h ex a c h lor- b e n z en e ) ; ; ; PCBs ; (d iox in s ) ; (t ox a p h en e ). E PA 15 2 5 %. PC B s 7 7 8 9 %. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

, ' 9 8. ( C O 2 ). ' 9 2. ( R IT E ).,.,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

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CO 15 % C O 15 %,., 3 0. C O. 3 0 0 C O..,. 1 6 0 18 0...,. C O. C O.. [ ]. 10 %... 8. C O 10 %, 2 5 % C O. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

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* ' 9 3, ' 9 3 ' 9 6 ' 9 3 -, -, ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3 0,, 1 13 8 )

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10 2 ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t i o n Ag e n c y : E PA ). 4 8 2, 1 1 1. 16 %, 2 1 %. "." C a r o l B r o w n e r. ' ' 15.,,. 1 6 %, 3 6 %, 2 1%. 2 7 %. B r ow n e r.,,., 14.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

( ) ( ) ( PH B ),., PH B 7 0 9 5 % 5 0 6 0 % P H B.. PH B (, ), P H B. ( 4 0 % ) 1, 3 0 7. P H B. P H B 3 0, 1 0 k lu x. 4 P H B 1 3 g.,,. " PH B ". ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

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. 2 0 m.. ( G e o r g e s B a n k ) Ch e n ( S c r ip p s ) P e t e r F r a n k s ( ) 8 0 m.. Ch e n -. 1 0 m.. 1 9 9 3 -. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

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E PRI,.,, E PR I All e g h e n y P ow e r ' ' S p r in g d a l e ( a s h )., (c le a n in g p r o c e s s ) E P RI.,,. S p r in g d a le 19 9 5 8. 9 7 % 9 8 % (N P D E S ). 8 9 %, 7 9 %,. N PD E S All e g h e n y P ow e r. 5 0 2 6 0. S p r in g d a le All e g h e n y Po w e r 1 9 9 7. 19 9 6. E PR I (u t ilit y ). S p r in g d a le,. E PR I.,,. All e g h e n y Po w e r (n o n - u t ilit y ). 2 9,0 0 0 2 9 0,,. S p r in g d a le E PR I 1 9 9 7 7 / 8 E PR I. J a c k i e T u r n e r (T.4 1 5-8 5 5-2 2 7 2 j t u r n e r @e p r i.c o m ). ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

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,, [ ],,, [ ] (B O R ) ( C O E ) (E PA ), * : : : : : ' 8 0, ( ' 8 3. 1 2 ) * (S B 2 1 1 1 ) ( ' 9 6.9 ), [ ] ' 7 3, ( ), ( ) 1 0 (W RA ),, ' 8 9 8 4,

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G r e g D o u c e t t e Q u a y D o r t c h ( Ps e u d o n it z c h i a )... D o u c e t t e Q u a y... ( ) (d o m o i c a c i d ),.. 1 9 8 7. P. a u s t r a li s.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

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( ),,. 1 2 1 0 W. R. G r a c e U p t o n B r o o k h a v e n ( B N L), ( S ilic a t e ). ( ).. 2 0,. B o c a Ra t o n G r a c e. B N L, ( a c id s ) (flu o r id e io n s ). < > B N L Le o n P e t r a k is. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

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....,,.. 2 0. 3 4 0... ( ), 9 8. 3 5 5 5.., " ".,, 2 0 3 0 %. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3 1,, )

.,,,. 2,. (, ), (,, ), (, ),.,. [ ]. 8 c m,,.. ( ),..,,.. 1,. 9 8,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3 1,, )

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..... Min g h u a Zh a n g E r i c S a n d e r s o n, S u s a n U s t in, E lis k a Rej m a n k ov a. S a n P a b l o ( P e t a lu m a ).. 3 0.. 3.. 8 5 %.. Zh a n g.. Zh a n g E c o l o g i c a l Ap p lic a t io n s. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

2 0 7 ( E n d a n g e r e d S p e c e s A c t ) 2 0 7 (U.S. F i s h a n d Wild life S e r v ic e, U S FW S ) 9 2 2. 5 7. 9 9... 1 9 9 6 2. U S FW S.,,,,,. U S FW S... (h t t p :/ / w w w.e n n.c o m / n e w s / 0 9 2 2 9 7 / 9 7 0 9 19 0 5.t x t ) ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

, 5 0 0. H.R. 14 2 0.. ( G r a y s ). B ob G r a h a m 19 9 1. G r a h a m. 19 9 5 D o n Yo u n g. 1 0 4 Yo u n g. H.R. 14 2 0 4. 3 Yo u n g. 3 Yo u n g B r u c e B a b b it t. H.R. 14 2 0 B a b b it t.. 1 9 0 3. 5 0 0. Ro d g e r S c h li c k e i s e n...,,,.......,,,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

( C o m m o n w e a lt h S c i e n t ific R e s e a r c h O r g a n iz a t i o n, C S IRO, h t t p :/ / w w w.c s ir o.a u ).. 2 5 %. ( B u r r o w in g b e t t o n g s ), (w e s t e r n b a r r e d b a n d i c o o t s ), (p a le fie l d r a t ).. C S IR O D e n i s S a u n d e r s,,.. ( S h a r k B a y ) ( H e ir is s o n Pr o n g ) 1 2. 5 0. C S IRO J u d y W e s t 2 4 9. 1, 10 6 8 8 6, 8 2, 5 2, 5 0. 1/ 3. Ia n G u n n. AG S R CA (g r e a t b ilb y ), (n o r t h e r n h a ir y - n o s e d w o m b a t ), ( d in g o ), (b r u s h - t a il e d w a ll a b y ), (a r c t i c g o l d e n c a t ), ( s n o w le o p a r d )... G u n n.,,,,,. - 8 0-1 9 6... G u n n... " ". G u n n.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

, 3 0 0 Alb e r t W a t e r t o n. 1 0 5, 2,8 0 0 k m 4. Y2 Y W y o m in g G r e a t e r Ye ll ow s t o n e E c o s y s t e m Yu k o n Ric h a r d s o n... Ye ll ow s t o n Yu k o n. ",. 2,0 0 0. B a n ff Id a h o M o n t a n a." C a lg a r y S t e p h e n H e r r e r o. ",." H e r r e r o.. Ye ll ow s t o n e, N a h a n n i, W a t e r o n, B a n ff, J a s p e r, K o o t et n a y, Y o h o Y 2 Y. B r it is h C o lu m b i a Mu s k w a - Ke c h ik a, Yu k o n S n a k e B o n n e t.. ".,." Alb e r t a D ia n e Pa t e lla. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

(E PA), ( E PA, h t t p :/ / w w w.e p a.g ov ).. E PA Ly n n G o l d m a n E PA. E PA., E PA.,,,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

19 0 0.,,. (h t t p :/ / www.u c d av is.e d u ) 7,0 0 0,,. J im B o u l d in 19 3 0 1 9 9 0. 2 4 2 4 3 6... B o u ld in,,.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

. C S IR O (h t t p :/ / w w w.c s ir o.a u ). N e il M a c Le o d.. ( C r o w s N e s t ) (Mu n d u b b e r a ) ( Q u e e n s l a n d ) 4..,,,..., M a c Le o d... 4 ( La n d a n d W a t e r Re s o u r c e s Re s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n ), ( E n v ir o n m e n t Au s t r a lia B i o d iv e r s it y G r o u p ).,,, ( G r e e n in g Au s t r a li a ). ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

... 1 0 2, Wil d life S e r v ic e N a ir o b i 9 0 N a n y u k i Mu g e Ra n c h 9. 6 1 9, U N 7 6., 3 1 9 9 9 5 9 1. U N. U N.. Wild life S e r v i c e Pa t r ic k O m o n d i. ". U N.". ' B r it a in ' s C a r e fo r t h e Wil d ' Lin d s e y G ill s o n. " 7 0 8 0..." G ills o n. 19 8 9. 19 7 0 1 3 0,0 0 0. 1 9 7 0 1 9,0 0 0. 3 4. 2 6,0 0 0.,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

"Am e r ic a n F o r e s t s (h t t p :/ / w w w.a m fo r.o r g/ ) 9 1, 2 0 % 4 4. 1 9 8 6 1 9 9 3 1 2 0.... G a r y M o ll. Am e r i c a n F o r e s t s. 2 2 4. 0. 1 7 1 7. Am e r i c a n F o r e s t s 0.5. M o ll.. 5 3 0. C h a m b le e. 4 4 % 2,9 0 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0. 1 5,, )

C h r i s t in e S t e w a r t ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t i o n Ag e n c y, E PA ) C a r o l M. B r o w n e r. 1 9 9 7,,. 1 9 9 6 1 1 Win d s o r.... 2 5... C h r is t in e S t e r w a r t.,.. C a r o l B r o w n e r,.,. 2,... 1 9 9 4. - S t e w a r t. 4 16-7 3 9-4 8 2 6. 3 12-8 8 6-7 4 7 4. 3 9 8 1 0 ( B u ffa lo ). -.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

(V o lc a n o e s N a t i o n a l Pa r k ) (N e n e ), ( ).. 2 0 0.. 1 0 3.,... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

(D MZ ) (D e m ilit a r iz e d Z o n e, D MZ ) 3 6 6., DMZ. Ke Ch u n g Kim 10 10 S c i e n c e D MZ. Kim D MZ. Kim 19 9 4 (Ko r e a n Pe a c e Bio r e s e rv e s Sy s t e m ) D MZ., KPB RS.., ( s a lt m a r s h ).,.,. D MZ. 1 9 9 4, 14 %, 2 3 %, 6 0 %. D MZ,. D MZ c iv ilia n c o n t r ol z o n e w h it e- n a p e d c r a n e r e d - c r ow n e d c r a n e. D MZ,. Kim 2 0 2 5 1,.,,. D MZ La Am i s t a d In t e r n a t i o n a l Pa r k. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

Ka t h le e n H u m a n D e b o r a h G o r d o n "C o n s e r v a t i o n B io l o g y " 1 0.. (S a c r a m e n t o ) ( D a v is ). 1,0 0 0 G o r d o n. H u m a n G o r d o n (S a n M a t e o ) (J a s p e r Rid g e B i o l o g ic a l Pr e s e r v e ). 1,2 0 0 1/ 3.., 4 3.. 3 0 % 7 0 %... H u m a n.. G o r d o n.,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

( F y n b o s ) ' (C e r e s Ka r o o ) '.. D e r ic k O n t o n g,., O n t o n g.. (U S DA ) (U.S. N a t io n a l Ar b o r e t u m ). 1 0 1 7. O n t o n g. 3 7.8... 2 0,0 0 0.. 6..., ( Ph y t o p h t h o r a )... E lt o n J o h n J e ft h a s D e r i c k O n t o n g... J e ft h a s. ( C o c h r a n ). J e ft h a s.. 1% 10 %. 10 0.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

.,,,,,.,,.... ( B e lt s v ille ) (Ag r i c u lt u r a l Re s e a r c h S e r v i c e, h t t p :/ / w w w.a r s.u s d a.g ov / ) E d w a r d C. J a e n ic k e, La u r a L. Le n g n i c k.,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

WWF, ' '. (W o r ld W il d life F u n d )....,,, WW F. WW F. WW F. WW F,,,. WW F. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

( ) 9 0 %..... W o r ld Wild life F u n d fo r N a t u r e (WW F ),,,,. WW F F r a n c is S u lliv a n. ".....". " 6,0 0 0 8,0 0 0. 2 / 3.." S u lliv a n. WW F,. 8 8 %., 4 5 % 1 5. Iv o r y C o a s t,. 10 1 5.,,,..." S u lliv a n.,. 6 2 %, 2 %. 1 0 %. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

,.... (in - s t r e a m w e t la n d, ISW ).. 1,0 0 0. 1 % 2.8.. 5 0 %.,... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

, ( B e lt s v ill e ) Yin Min g Li, Ru fu s L. C h a n e y. ( Pa lm e r t o n )..,... 4.. (M e r lin ). ( B o n a n z a ) (T o u g h d o w n ).. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

C S IRO.,. C S IRO ( Q u e e n s l a n d ) ( Pin j a r r a H ills ) ( B r is b a n e ),. An d r e w T a y l o r S t e v e Pe c k ( O ' C l o c k ). Pe c k.. 7 5 0 2 8 0.. 7 5. T a y lo r 2 0 ( G r e a t B a r r e d - fr o g ) ( C o ll a r e d D e lm a l e g le s s liz a r d )., P e c k T a y lo r. J o h n Re a d. 2. Re a d.... T a y lo r Pe c k. 2. T a y lo r. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 2,, )

( Q u e e n s l a n d ) C S IR O... C S IRO Vl a d im ir M a tv e ev G a r y J o n e s...,. J o n e s 4.,........ 2 ( B o o n a h ) (M a r o o n ) (M o o g e r a h ).. J o n e s (fir e t a il g u d g e o n ).. ( Q u e e n s l a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s ( D N R ) ), (t h e Q u e e n s l a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f Pr im a r y In d u s t r i e s ( D P I) ), (N a t io n a l E u t r o p ic a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t Pr o g r a m ). J o n e s. J o h n e s. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

. C S IRO Pe t e r H i c k.... H ic k C in d y O n g,,.... 2 3 0...,,. 4 0 5 5....,,... 10 1..,........ ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

, ' ' (Am e r i c a n B ir d C o n s e r v a c y ) (U.S. F i s h a n d Wild life S e r v ic e ). 2 6 0 '. ( Im p o r t a n t B ir d Ar e a s, IBA ) J e ff Pr i c e,,. 7 0 1 %. 6 0 0.,.. 9 0 %. ' ' 1% 2 0,0 0 0. 1 7,0 0 0 ( 2 0 % ), 13 6,0 0 0 ( 2 0 % ). H a r t w ig 2 8 9. 3 0 %... (U p p e r Mi s s i s s ip p i Riv e r N a t io n a l W il d life a n d Fi s h Re fu g e ) (T r e m p e a l e a u N a t i o n a l Wil d life Re fu g e ).. (W a b a s h a ) III( Ro c k Is la n d III). 3 5 0.,,.. IBA 1 9 8 0 ( B ir d Life In t e r n a t i o n a l ) ( In t e r n a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r B ir d Pr e s e r v a t io n ). IBA ( Pa r t n e r s in F lig h t p r o g r a m ).,.,,,,,,,. IBA. IBA,,,. 3,0 0 0 IBA.,,,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

5,. 19 9 7 9, ( Pr i o r In fo r m e d C o n s e n t Pr o c e d u r e, P IC ). ( F o o d a n d Ag r ic u lt u r e O r g a n iz a t io n, FAO ) ( E n v ir o n m e n t Pr o g r a m m e, U N E P ). (m e t h a m id o p h o s ), (m e t h y l p a r a t h io n ), (m a n o c r o t o p h o s ), (p a r a t h i o n ), (p h o s p h a m id o n ). P IC 1 7 5 PIC.... (W o r ld H e a lt h O r g a n iz a t i o n, W H O ),.. FAO Ni e k V a n d e r G r a a ff.,. 1 9 9 5 2 7 4 8,3 7 7 3,2 0 4. 7,5 0 0.,... P IC FAO/ U N E P P IC..... 1 5 4 P IC. P IC. 1 9 9 7 10 2 0 2 4 FAO. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

. T im o t h y C r o u g h a n ( S e a G r a n t ), ( s m o o t h c o r d g r a s s ). ( S p a r t in a a lt e r n ifl o r a ).. ( S p a r t in a ). Cr o u g h a n,... C r o u g h a n S p a r t in a.. C r o u g h a n.. Cr o u g h a n. 5 0 1. C r o u g h a n.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

, ' '..,,,. ( ) 1,3 0 0, 1 0.,,,. ( ) 8 5.. 2 6, 1. 1 0 0 ( ) ( 1 6 6 0 ) 1 5, 2,0 0 0. 2 0 0,,,,,,, 2 0 0 3. ( ),.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

, S im il a n Is l a n d N a v y S E AL..... S im ila n. P a n g a 6.. 3,0 0 0..... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 0.2 9,, )

( In t e r n a t io n a l Wh a lin g C o m m i s s i o n, IW C ) ( 10 2 3 ),,. 2,0 0 0 M a k a h. M a k a h 7 0. M a k a h.. In u it C h u k c h i 1 2 0. B aj a C a lifo r n i a 19 3 0 ' ' ' '....., 7 0 M a k a h. C h u k c h i.. Will M a r t in. " M a k a h.." J im M c l a y. M a k a h. ".." P e t e r B r id g e w a t e r... M a k a h.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

,. (e le p h a n t s e a ls ), (s e a lio n s ), (h a r b o r s e a ls )..,,,...,,,..,. (U C S C ) J o s e p h M. Lo n g M a r in e La b o r a t o r y S c h u s t e r m a n.,. " (p e r c e p t u a l w o r l d )". (Za l o p h u s c a lifo r n i a n u s ), Ro c k y 2 1 1 9 8 0 S c h u s t e r m a n. 1 2 Rio. S p r o u t s ( Ph o c a v it u lin a r ic h a r d s ii ). 4 Bu r n y c e (Mir ou n g a a n gu s t ir o s t r is ).. ( 1 ) : (p r e c u r s o r )? Ro c k y Rio..,,.., A B B C C A? 5 Rio... Re ic h u m u t h Rio. Rio,.

, Ri o.? S c h u s t e r m a n,,,,. Rio. (2 ) :,.. S c h u s t e r m a n,..,.... S p r o u t s... B u r n y c e. 1... 4. B u r n y c e.,.,.. (4 )?..,. D a v i d Le v e n s o n Rio, S p r o u t s, B u r n y c e. Lev e n s o n. B u r n y c e. Ri o S p r o u t s 1 0 0,0 0 0 B u r n y c e..,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

,.... ( S a n t a C r u z ) (h t t p :/ / w w w.u c s c.e d u ). 10. ( S h a s t a ) 8 9 0 0 ( D e a n ). 3... (fj o r d s ). G r a in g e r H u n t.... H u n t Ro n J a c k m a n. ( Po in t Re y e s B ir d Ob s e rv a t o r y ) S t ev e Za c k.,.,.,,..... H u n t... 2 10. 2. H u n t W a lt o n 3,0 0 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

(M a d a g a s c a r ; ) (r a in fo r e s t ) (b i o d iv e r s it y ),. D id ie r Ra t s ir a k a 1 0 18 (M a s o a la N a t io n a l Pa r k ),., ( e n v ir o n m e n t p r o t e c t i o n ) (e c o n o m ic d ev e l o p m e n t ).., 1,6 0 0 ( s p e c ie s ) 5 %., 3 / 4. 1,3 0 9. 7 5 %. D.C. (W o r ld Re s o u r c e s In s t it u t e ).. 5, (M a s o a la Pe n in s u l a ) 2, 1 7 5. 4 0,0 0 0,. (r e d o w l ) ( s e r p e n t e a g le ),., ( c o r a l r e e f).,.,,., " ( s c ie n t ific a lly d e s ig n a t e d )"., (r e d - r u ffe d le m u r ) 2 2 (Wild life C o n s e r v a t io n o c i e t y ) (C l a ir e Kr e m e n ).., ( B o i s e, Id a h o ) ( Pe r e g r in e F u n d ) ( S t a n fo r d U n iv.).. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

, ( In t e g r a t e d Pe s t M a n a g e m e n t, IPM ). 1 9 9 5 3 2. ( Re c r e a t io n a n d P a r k D e p a r t m e n t ). 1 9 9 4 1 2 1 9 9 5 1 1 3,8 8 4, 6 4. 19 9 7 1 1 9 9 7 8 2 3 8. 4,8 7 7 3 7 2 6 4 0 1 3 6. D a v i d Fr i e d e r s.. ' ( Pe s t i c i d e W a t c h ) '. ' ' IPM. F r ie d e r s IPM.. IPM. 19 9 6 10. 1 9 9 7. 2 0 0 0., ( ),.. IPM. IPM. IPM G r e g g S m a ll.... IPM.. : (E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t ion Ag e n c y, E PA) 1 ; E PA ; 6 5. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

(Is la n d Afr ic a ) 5 ( a a r d v a r k ) (m a n a t e e ) 5 (Afr ic a n g o ld e n m o le ).. M a r k S p lin g e r, (h e d g e h o g ), ( s h r e w ), ( s n o u t ) ( o r d e r ). 6 5 (d in o s a u r ). S p r in g e r. S p r in g e r 5..,,, (h y r a x ).,. S p r in g e r 8 6.,.,,.,,.. 6, S p r in g e r, 8. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

(h o r s e s )? 6, ( e q u in e s p e c i e s )? (p a le o b i o lo g is t ) ( S t e v e n S t a n l e y ) (h o r s e s ),., (p r o t a g o n i s t ),., (v e g e t a t io n ). (J o h n s H o p k in s D e p t. o f E a r t h a n d Pla n e t a r y S c i e n c e s ),.. 3, 6 0 (g e n e r a ). ( c a r b o n d io x i d e ).. (g l o b a l w a r m in g ). 1 0 1 9 (t h e a n n u a l m e e t in g o f G e o l o g ic a l S o c ie t y o f Am e r ic a )., (Ala s k a ) ( S ib e r i a ) ( B e r in g l a n d )., ( Ic e Ag e ). ( c a m e l ) (r h in o s ).. ( s ilic a ),..,.,. 1,3 0 0 15.

.,.. 1, 1 0 0. 6,,..,.. C- 4 ( d o m in a n t ) C- 3. C- 4 C- 3.. C- 4 C- 3,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

. (D a v i s ) D a n ie l W. An d e r s o n.. An d e r s o n, (b r ow n p e lic a n ) 2 5. (t h e s e a o f C o r t e z ),,. An d e r s o n,.... W e s l e y e n,.. (g u a n o ).,.. 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 8 5 %..,,,...... 1 9 8 2 8 3. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

. ( E l Nin o : ) (w e a t h e r c y c l e ). 10 16 (N a t u r e )... ( Pa p u a N e w G u in e a ).... (S o u t h Pa c ific Co m m is s ion ) (O c e a n ic Fis h e r ie s Pr o g r a m ) (Pa t r ic k Le h o d e y ). (N e w C a le n d o n i a ). 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 5 ( s k ip j a c k ). S OI(S o u t h e r n O s c illa t io n In d e x ). S O I., S O I,. (p la n k t o n ).,. (J o h n H a m p t o n ),.. (N a t i o n a l M a r in e F i s h e r i e s S e rv ic e ) (m a r in e e c o lo g is t ) (J e ff P o l ov in a ),.,.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

' ',, ( e n v ir o n m e n t a l c o r r i d o r ).,. ( D a v is ) S u s a n H a r r is o n. H a r r is o n.. H a r r i s o n. H a r r is o n. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

' '.. ( S ie r r a Le g a l D e fe n s e F u n d ) Ka r e n Wr i s t e n,,,. ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l As s e s s m e n t O ffi c e, EAO ) 8 2 6 ( F ir s t N a t i o n s ). " ". Wr is t e n 1,8 0 0,. ' '.. W r is t e n... 8 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

( ).,..... "." Ka lim a n t a n S a t r i o. Ka lim a n t a n S u n g a i W e in. Ka lim a n t a n A d e M. Ra c h m a t. S u a r a Pe m b a r u a n Ra c h m a t, 2 5 3 5 7 3 1 0 0... Ka lim a n t a n 3 0 0. S a m a r in d a S o e p a r n o 3. ",." S o e p a r n o. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

( ) " ".. 5 0,.,,,..,.. 1m. 3 4 m 2 2. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.5,, )

.... (a r m a d illo ). ( O r la n d o ) M o s h e In b a r, Ric h a r d T. M a y e r.,,. 1 3..... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

,. (N a t io n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t io n ) ( Lo n g - T e r m E c o l o g ic a l R e s e a r c h p r o g r a m ). S c o t t C o llin s (Ph o e n ix ) ( B a lt im o r e ).,..,,,. (n u ll h y p o t h e s is ). N a n c y G r im m..,, 1 8. 19 8 0.,,. ' ' ' '. 1 7 0 0. 3.. C h a r le s R e d m a n. 15 0.,,.. ( In s t it u t e o f E c o s y s t e m s S t u d ie s ) S t e w a r d Pic k e t t.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

.., C S IRO P e t e r H ic k C in d y O n g...... WAP ET,, C S IR O ( D e p a r t m e n t o f C o n s e r v a t i o n a n d La n d M a n a g e m e n t, CA LM ) Ro b e r t Pr in c e.. H ic k O n g... C S IRO.... H ic k. H i c k.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

. ( F y s h w i c k ) ( C a n b e r r a )..,,,.,. C S IR O Kim Pu lle n........... C S IRO. :,,........... 1 9 5 9 (T a s m a n i a ) (Vic t o r i a ) (N e w S o u t h W a l e s ).. C S IRO. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

6 0..,,.. C S IRO, J im C u lle n.. ( s p ir a llin g w h it e fly ), (s ilv e r l e a f w h it e fly ), (p a p a y a fr u it fly ), (w e s t e r n fl o w e r t h r ip s ), (m a n g o l e a fh o p p e r ).... C S IRO.,,... C u ll e n.. (b o n e s e e d ), (b it ou b u s h ), (b r id a l c r e e p e r ), (m im o s a )... 1 0 0. C u ll e n. C S IRO.. C S IR O,,.. C u lle n.. 4 1. 1,2 0 0... ' ' C u ll e n.

(b i o in fo r m a t ic s ) 2 1... C u lle n. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

.. (Nig e r ) 2 5. (w a t t l e ). 1 9 8 9 C S IRO Le x T h o m s o n (M a r a ) (Ac a c ia c o l e i ).. C S IRO J o c k M o r s e Ac a c ia c o l e i. 2 0,0 0 0. J o c k.. Ac a c ia c o le i Mo r s e. (C a n b e r r a ) C S IRO (Au s t r a lia n T r e e S e e d C e n t r e ) C h r is H a r w o o d. Ac a c ia c o le i 2 3 %, 5 3 %, 1 1 %. C S IRO ( Ob a fe m i Aw o l o w o ). 2 5 %.... H a r w o o d S IMAID. S IMA ID S IM ( S IM Au s t r a li a ). Ac a c ia c o le i 2 2.. ( C o m m o n w e a lt h D e p a r t m e n t o f Pr im a r y In d u s t r ie s a n d E n e r g y ). 1 9 9 8 3.. H a r w o o d.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

p H..,..,., 10., 10..,...,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

' ' ( ) (T C E ) [T C E ],. T C E T C E. 3 0 4 0 %, 9 5 %. 2. T C E. T C E, T C E.,., T C E. T C E,. 2,0 0 0 3,0 0 0 p p m T C E 9 5 %,,. 9 8. T C E 1 0.0 3 m g. [IS O 14 0 0 0 ]. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 2,, )

( F is h a n d W il d life S e r v ic e ), 9,2 0 0.,,. Ly n n C r e e k m o r e, (b o t u lis m ). Cr e e k m o r e (M a d is o n ) ( G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y ) (N a t i o n a l Wild life H e a lt h C e n t e r ).. C r e e k m o r e., ( S a s k a t c h e w a n ) 3 0 5 0. ( G r e a t S a lt ) ( B e a r Riv e r ) 1 0. 5,6 0 0.. (C l o s t r id iu m b o t u lin u m ) C. A, B A B... C.,, C.,,. T o n i e Ro c k e.,.. R o c k e.,,.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

(M a d a g a s c a r ).. D id ie r Ra t s ir a k a 10 18. (M a s o a la ) 8 4 0.,, 2 2... (M a la g a s y ), ( CARE In t e r n a t i o n a l ), (Wild life C o n s e r v a t i o n S o c ie t y ), ( P e r e g r in e F u n d ). (h a r d w o o d fo r e s t )...,,,,,,.,, 2 2. 4....,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

:... (fu n g i ). ( s y m b io s is ).,.... ( Ka m lo o p s ) ( B r it is h C o lu m b i a Min is t r y o f F o r e s t s ) ( S u z a n n e S im a r d )... " 1 0 2 0 % ".. ( D o u g la s fir ) (p a p e r b ir c h ). 1.. 6. ( ). 9,.... 6 %..?.".". "

.."... "....." ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

,., ( F i s h a n d W il d life S e rv ic e ) 4 2. ' ' 19 9 6, 1 6 0 4 2 15., 2 4.. D a v id H o g a n (m a s k e d b ob w h it e q u a il) 1 1 E NN. H o g a n. H o g a n.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

,?.? ( F l o r i d a Ke y s N a t io n a l M a r in e S a n c t u a r y ) (N a t io n a l O c e a n ic a n d At m o s p h e r ic A d m in is t r a t io n ) ( F lo r id a In s t it u t e o f O c e a n o g r a p h y ) F KNM S 5 1 2 0 0,0 0 0. ( B o c a C h i c a ) ( S a m b o s ) 9. B illy C a u s e y.. J o h n O g d e n, 3 5.,... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

. [ ( Ly s ip h l e b i a j a p o n i c a ) ( S a n J o a q u in )..... (Fr e s n o ) (H o r t ic u lt u r a l Cr o p s Re s e a r c h La b o r a t o r y ) Ra y m o n d K. Yo k o m i,. 1 9 9 6 1, 1 0 0.... ( O r l a n d o ).. Yo k o m i. Yu q in g T a n g. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

( F o r e s t S e r v i c e ) ( B u r e a u o f La n d M a n a g e m e n t ). ' '.,,. 19 9 4. - D e b b ie Au s t in S c o t t Po w e r s. Au s t in.. -.,,,.. 3 5. Au s t in. 3 5.. Au s t in. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1. 1 9,, )

,.,. (M. S. S w a m in a t h a n ).. 1 9 9 3 ( C o n v e n t i o n o n B i o lo g ic a l D iv e r s it y ). ( G e n e C a m p a ig n ) ( S u m a n S a h a i ). " ". (N a t i o n a l B i o d iv e r s it y Au t h o r it y, N BA ).,,, 5.. N BA,,. N BA. 5 3... N BA... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

,. 4 5 %.. ' ( Re e f C h e c k ) 9 7 '... 9 7 10 0 7 5 0. 3 0 3 0 0 6 8. 9 0 %. G r e g o r H o d g s o n.... 10 %.......,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

, 2 0 1 0.,,,,. 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8.. Nin a H e r s k in d,,.,,,,,. 4.,,.. 1 0.. ( c a p t a n ), ( d e lt a m e t h r in ), ( d ic h lo r v o s ), ( d iq u a t ), (fe n a r im o l ), (g u a z a t in e ), (ip r o d io n e ), (t h ir a m ), (t r iflu r a lin ), (v in c lo z o lin ).. 19 9 4 ( a t r a z in e ), ( c y a n a z in e ), (h e x a z in o n e ), (lin d a n e ), (p a r a q u a t ), (p r o p a c h l o r ), (t h i a b e n d a z o l e ) 3 0. 12. 2,4 - D, (d a z o m e t ), (d ia zin o n ), (d ic h lob e n il ), (d ic h lo r p r o p ), - P ( d i c h lo r p r o p - P ), (m a le i c h y d r a z i d e ), M C PA, (m e c o p r o p ), - P (m e c o p r o p - P ), - (t h io p h a n a t e - m e t h y l ), (z ir a m ). 10 0 2 0 0 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

. ( ).. 19. 1 9 6 8,.,. E.., - M. 5.,. 8 6 %. 8,.. 1 0,. 1 9 9 5.,. R.,. 1 9 6 0.,. 3 0. 3,. ( ). 5 5.,..,..,,.

...... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

(Bog turtle),. (U.S. F i s h a n d Wil d life S e r v i c e ) (b o g t u r t le ). Ro n a l d E. La m b e r t s o n 2 0, 5 0 %.,,... (C l e m m y s m u h le n b e r g ii ) 2 0 0. 1 7 6 3 5..,,,.,,... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

( c a r d in a lfis h ) 2 0 0 2 2.. ( B a n g g a i ) 19 2 0 Ka u d e r n 1 9 3 0 F. P. Ko u m a n s. ( S e a W o r l d ). 1.. S ip h a m i a......... 2 2 2 1 2 4... 1 1 m m 2 6.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

. ( c o d )...,.., 10 2 4. - - 3 8. J e n n ife r H u g h e s. "... ( B io d iv e r s it y )." H u g h e s. G r e t c h e n D a ily P a u l R. E h r li c h. S e a n N e e Ro b e r t M a y, N o r m a n My e r s " " " ". H u g h e s, D a ily, E h r lic h..,,. H u g h e s.... (p o p u la t o in ) ( ).. 1 0 6 0. 0.8 %. 1,8 0 0. 0. 1 0.3 %. 2 5. 3 8.

........,,,,..... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

,. (T o p e k a s h in e r ),,,,,. ( F lin t H ill s ).. (U.S. F i s h a n d Wild life S e r v ic e ) (U.S. E n d a n g e r e d S p e c ie s Ac t )..,,.,...... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

. (z e b r a m u s s e l ) 2 0. 1 1 18 2 0 3, (Ka n s a s ). (U.S. F is h a n d Wild life S e r v ic e ) Lin d a D r e e s... 1 9 8 8...,,,. 7 0.... D r e e s.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

,.. B r i a n S. Pe d e r s e n ( S a l e m ) ( R o a n o k e )... Pe d e r s e n 2 0.. Pe d e r s e n - 6 3. 4 3.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

(Ac ip e n s e r o x y r in c h u s ). ( B o u n d e r ). (N a t i o n a l M a r in e F is h e r i e s S e r v i c e. ) An d r e w A. Ro s e n b e r g.. :,,,,. 6 0 8 0 0. 19 7 0 0. 19 9 4 10. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

,... ( E s t e s ).,. 1 1. 1 1 ( s p o t t e d k n a p w e e d ), (y e llo w t o a d fl a x ), ( D a lm a t ia n t o a d fl a x ), (le a fy s p u r g e ), (m u s k t h i s t le ), ( C a n a d a t h is t l e ), (b u ll t h i s t l e ), ( c o m m o n m u ll e in ), ( c o m m o n b u r d o c k ), (h o u n d s t o n g u e ).. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

(Mich ig a n Te ch n ologic a l Un iv e r s it y ) (Rh in ela n d er ) (U.S. F o r e s t S e r v i c e ) ( F o r e s t S c i e n c e La b o r a t o r y ),,. ( G r e a t La k e s ). ( S c h o o l o f F o r e s t r y a n d W o o d Pr o d u c t s ) J i Q u a n C h e n,,.,..,,. C h e n... 7 4 7.... 1 0 10..,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

,. (Ly c op er s ic on p n en n e llii),.,. " (n o n - c y c lic e s t e r s )",.,., (t r ig ly c e r i d e s ). (t o m a t o fr u it w o r m, H e li c ov e r p a z e a ) (b e e t a r m y w o r m, S p o d o p t e r a e x ig u a ), 3.,.,. 3 0,,,,,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 6,, )

. 2 6 2 2 7.3 %. 4 7 1 1 1. 1 8 2 6. 2 2,2 0 0. 3, 1 7 2 k g 9 3 1.,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 1.2 8,, )

1 1 1 3, ( B ig Mu d d y ) 1 6,6 2 8 6 0,0 0 0.., G e o r g i a Pa r h a m... 19 9 4 4,5 0 0. 1 9 9 3 19 9 5. P a r h a m.,,....,,,, -,. 3 % 8 %. 1 0 1 2 %.,.,,. Pa r h a m... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

....,,... T im o t h y G ib b,,..,,........ ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

,,,,,. C S IRO C S IRO S a d a n a n d a n N a m b i a r..,,. 2 5 4 1 N a m b i a r.. T im F i s h e r,,. N a m b ia r....,........,. ', ' C S IR O, (AC IAR ), ( C IF O R ), 9 2 6. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

. 2 8 %. 1 0 %. T a r a c is i o M a c h a d o. ".". d e S o u z a. S ilv e r ia d e S o u z a. " 8..",.. M a c h a d o.. 8 0 %... 3 0 0. Ph ilip F e a r n s i d e. ". 5." ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

D NA.. D NA. Ke n G o d d a r d. G o d d a r d. "." G o d d a r d. 5 M o n t a n a P a d d le fis h 5 0. D NA 1 9 9 8 4 1. An d r e a G a s k i ", 9 0 %.".. 1 9 7 8 14.2 1 9 9 4 4.3 5 G a s k i. 2 8 2 0. 9 7. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.3,, )

U N FAO E U,, ' 9 5 2.6 % 1 1,6 0 0 ( 2,7 3 0 ), ( 9 6 0 ), ( 6 9 0 ), ( 6 6 0 ), ( 5 9 0 ), ( 5 1 0 ), (4 6 0 ) 2 0 8 0 % * 3 2 4 1 2,,, E U, [ ] U N - U N ( ) ( ' 9 5.8 ) - 1 0 C IT E S ( 6.9 2 0, ) - ( C S D ) 5 (4.8 2 5, ),, * C S D ( ' 9 2. 6, ) AG ENDA 2 1 - ( 6.2 3 2 7, ) C S D - (FAO ) 2 2 ( 3. 1 7 2 0, ) (,, ), - O E C D 7 9 (4.2 4, ) E c o - La b e l, - ( IW C ) 4 9 ( 1 0.2 0 2 4, ) - ( IC CAT ) U N (5.5 7, D.C ),

- (IATT C ) 5 8 ( 6.3 5, ),,, - ( S P F FA ) 2 ( 6. 1 0 1 3, ),, - ( C CAM LR ) 1 6 ( 1 0.2 7 1 1. 7, ) [ ] (NM F S ) - ( ' 9 6. 1 1 ), (E F H ) -,,,,,,,, 5 ( ' 9 8 2 0 0 2 ) ( ' 9 7. 1 1 ) FAO IW C,,, ( 7. 1 ) ( E E Z ) ( 8.2 9 ) (TA C ) ( ' 9 7. 1 1 ) ( 8.2 7 ) [ ],, (WW F ),,, 6 U N U N ( ' 9 7. 1 1 ) - U N,,,,,,

-,,, - U N, - - - - * ' 9 7 2 5 % ( 2,0 0 0 ) 2 0 0 0 5 0 % (, ' 9 7.7 ) ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.6,, 1 1 2 0 )

.. ( s k i d d e r : ). C S IRO C h r is D a r e,.. 2 4.,,. 1 8. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 0,, )

E U E U E U ( 1 2. 1 ) 8 6 ( 1 2. 1 ) [ ] E U - ' 9 0 - ( ' 9 1 ), ' 9 5. 1 E U GATT ( IS O ) * E U 6 0 0 E U, ' 9 6. 1 ( ' 9 4. 8 ) - E U -,, ( ' 9 5.8 ) E U -, 13 ( ' 9 5.9 ) - WT O E U E U 1 3 * E U,, ' 9 5. 10 [ ] E U WT O, ' 9 7. 1 ( ' 9 5. 1 1 ) ' 9 6 E U - E U 2 0 0 0 - WT O E U ( 9.5 ) 1 2. 1

4, 8 E U ( 9. 1 9 ) E U ( 1 0.6 ) * E U 7 5 2 0 0 0, 4 ( 9 7. 7 ) 1 2. 1 4, 6 ( 1 1 ) E U ( 1 2. 1 ) E U - E U -, E U E U - E U WT O E U - * E U 6 ( 12.3 ) ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 2., 1 12 5 )

, ( )., 3... 2 0. 3 m 3 m 2 m 4.5 2 0, 5 0. 3 1.5 m 5 0 %...... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 6,, )

( e c o s y s t e m ) (fu n c t i o n a l d iv e r s it y ). ( s p e c i e s ).. (fu n c t io n a l g r o u p s ). (N a t u r e ) 1 2 4. (l a b o r a t o r y e c o s y s t e m ),,. ( e c o s y s t e m p r o d u c t iv it y ) ( s p e c i e s r ic h n e s s ) (U n iv. o f Min n e s o t a ) ( S h a h id N a e e m ) ( S h ib in Li ) 3 1 8 (m i c r o c o s m s ). (fu n c t i o n a l g r o u p ) (b a c t e r ia ) ( a lg a e ). (p r ed a t or s ), (d ec om p os er s ), (p h ot os y n th es izer s ). 5 7,,.,.,, ( s t a b iliz a t i o n ). (r e d u n d a n t s p e c ie s ).. (U n iv. o f H e ls in k i ) ( Ilk k a H a n s k i ) (b i o d iv e r s it y ). (n a t u r a l e c o s y s t e m ).. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 7,, )

( ) ( ).,, 3..,,,. 2 0 c m. 3 m, 3 m, 2 m,, 4.5, 2 0. 5 0 c m. 3 1.5 m 5 0 %.,, 1....,.,,. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 7,, )

2 9,2 8 0 6 0 :, 7,6 0 0.. 9 7.. ( ). 18 2 9 2 8 0. 7 0 6 0... 7 6. 5.. 1 6.,. 2 5 0...... ( : ) - : 2,9 2 8 - : ( ) 7 6 0, 2 5, 9 0, 1 2 1, 1 15, ( ) 4 0, 6, ( ) 1 0 0, ( ) 6 0, ( ) 8 0, ( ) 6, 1 7 0, 2 0 0, 6 0, 2 5, ( ) 8 2, 1 8 0, 8 4, 5 0 0, 8 4, 13 5. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2. 1 9,, 2 9 )

, 8 12 10 8... [ ],,, ( ) 4 5, 2..., 1 1 7. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

19 8 4. 1, 1, 1-. 1 3,..,,.,. 5. 8 0 0. (p h y t o r e m e d i a t io n ).,,,..,. 3. 7 3 0..,. 9 7 %,. 2.,.... (..)...?., 1 15.,. 2 5.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

. 1. 2 0 15,... In g r i d B u r k e.... 1 ( LT E R : Lo n g T e r m E c o lo g i c a l R e s e a r c h ). LT E R. 8 0 %... LT E R. LT E R B ill La u r e n r o t h.. 1.. 8.. 3,0 0 0.. G e n e Ke lly... R o g e r Pie lk e S r. LT E R. Pi e lk e

. Pi e lk e.. B u r k e.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

(T h e N a t u r e C o n s e rv a n c y ) 4 0 %, 3 2,.. " : " 1 5 %.... 1 ) :.. 2 ) :. 3 ) : 5 1 0 2 % 2 0 0.. J o h n C. S a w h ill.. 3 2 7 8 5 %. S a w h ill.....

.,,. ( C h a t t a n o o g a ).. La w r e n c e M a s t e r.. 3 0 0. 8.... ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

,,,, (WW F : W o r l d Wil d life F u n d ),. ' '....., 3 0,,,,,,. D o m in i c k D e lla S a l a. 9 5 %. 1 0 0. 8.... 10 0.. D e lla S a la. 1 ). 2 ) 1,0 0 0. 3 ). 4 ).., D e lla S a la. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

( )..,.. ( ),..., 2 0 0 3 0 0..,.., 1,0 0 0.,.,,. 7 0 0 2,0 0 0 p p m, 9 9 %..,,,,, 8 3,0 0 0. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )

6 6. [ ], 1, 3. 3 0 p p m 6 5 0 0. 1,. 3 6., 1 14. 1 3., 1.. 1 2 m,.. ( 1 9 9 7. 1 2.2 4,, )