Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 (2010): 167-191. Park, Koo-Byoung (2010), After the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): The Policy of Reparations and Commemoration in Argentina and Peru. Abstract This article tries to examine what followed after the official activities of the Argentine CONADEP(Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas) and the Peruvian TRC. The Argentine example along with its official report titled Nunca Más was regarded as a model case that the subsequent similar commissions would have to consult. After a long pause of forgetting and indifference, the Argentine civilian governments succeeded in resuming the processes of transitional justice, caring for the victims rights to truth and justice, providing them with reparations, and even putting the military perpetrators on trial. In contrast, the Peruvian case, in spite of the comprehensive recommendations of the TRC, exemplified a complex and unfavorable situation in which the longstanding tripartite strife hindered the successive governments from propelling effective policies of reparations and reconciliation. In both countries, reparations entailed acts of restoring what had been lost and giving something, whether symbolic or material, to victims equivalent to a loss to compensate harm. Neither truth nor justice, including economic reparations, was able to repair the loss of victims, but such measures provided recognition for victims and contributed to better individual and collective processes of dealing with the tragic past. The policy of reconciliation included not only reparations but also a continuing dynamic confrontation with the past, in other words, an exercise of memorialization through institutional and state-sponsored commemoration. In Argentina and Peru, these programs of reconciliation at the level of the state worked in the form of building monuments for victims and opening security 0 0 * 2009.
archives, though it is too early to judge whether such development of levels of reconciliation could be identified as solid democratization and culture of peace and human rights. Key words Argentina, Peru, Reparations, Reconciliation, Commemoration 1970 1980.,,.,,,,.. (Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas: CONADEP) 2. Nunca Más.. (Alberto Fujimori) (1990-2000)
2001 6 4. 9 4 (Alejandro Toledo) (Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación: CVR). (Sendero Luminoso: PCP-SL) 1980 5 2000 11 ( ).,,,,.. 1)..., (Lerner Febres 2009, 264-265).,, Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 168 169 1),, ( 2008, 298)., ( ),.
(Kaiser 2005, 125-126). ( )..,..,,.,.,,,,..,, ( ),
... ( ),.,,,. Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 170 171,,,,,,,. 1980. 1990 2000.,,..
(1984 9 ),,,. 1986 10 30 ( 23,466 ) 1987 7 30 ( 1,228/87 ). (Carrillo 2006, 506) 1988 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights: IACHR). 1991 12 23 ( 24,043 ). 2 1983 12 10. 23,466, ( ). 5, 21,,. 21 25.,,,.. (Subsecretaría de Derechos
Humanos y Sociales). 1984 9 20 (Ministerio de Interior). 1996. 1999 (Ministerio de Justicia, Seguridad y Derechos Humanos) 2002 (Secretaría de Derechos Humanos y Sociales),. 1991 1 70/91, 1/30( $27). 5( $49,275)., 30% 5( $34,492, 70% ). 24,043 (1991.11.27) $74 (Guembe 2006, 31-33). 180.. (Roht-Arriaza 1995, 290).. 1979 8 (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo). Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 172 173
1986 1 - (Madres de Plaza de Mayo- Línea Fundadora) 1991. (Guembe 2006, 47),. ( 2006, 83)..,.. 2001..,..
, 2003 (Néstor Kirchner) (Grandin 2005, 64). 2 (1980-1993) (Ayacucho),, (rondas campesinas). 1992 2000 (Burt 2007, 16; 2008, 274). 2002 4 (Huamanga) (Méndez & Mariezcurrena 2003, 248). 2) 40%. 17,000 14 2003 8 28 9., 20 69,280 79%. 3) Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 174 175 2) 1992 9 (Abimael Guzmán) (la cuna) (CVR 2003, I, 79; Theidon 2004, 26). 3) 54%, 37% (Theidon 2004, 19; Burt 2007, 2; 2008, 166). 1980 24 22,, (Haworth 1993, 53-55; Stern 1998, 471-472; Burt 2007, 3, 6-7).
,.. 2002 4 9 (Chuschi) (Ministerio Público) 60.1% (Cueva 2006, 85-86, 89).. 43. 4) 2005 (Defensoría del Pueblo) 5) 1,512 364. 2006 2007 23.. 1980 1990. 4) 2 24 (Laplante & Theidon 2007, 244). 5) 1996,, 2008 2 29 (The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission). 5 (, Defensor/Defensora) 2/3.
. 6). ( ).. 75% 40%.. 12. ( 2008, 443).., 20., Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 176 177 6) 2006 (APRA, 1950 ) (Alan García).
(Theidon 2006, 455-456).,,,.. ( ),, ( 2008, 143, 204). 1980 2000.,,,. 2005 4 (Plan Integral de Reparaciones: PIR) (Guillerot 2006, 34).,,,, ( 2008, 150-154).,, ( ) (Laplante & Theidon 2007, 240, 242-243). (Cole 2007, 8),,.
12.5% (1995-1999) 11.9% (2002) ( ),..,. ( ) Revista Iberoamericana 21.1.... (Segovia 2006, 672). 178 179, ( ),, 7) 7) 1997 10 2 1998 2 11
,,,,.. (Parque de la Memoria) (Ley 46/98, 1998 7 21 ), ( ) (ESMA) 8) (Museo de la Memoria) (Ley 392/00, 2000 6 1 ), (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria) (Ley 961, 2002 12 5 ). 1990 2003 12 (Archivo Nacional de la Memoria: ANM). 2004 3 24 (Espacio para la Memoria y para la Promoción y Defensa de los Derechos Humanos).. (46/98 ) 1998 7 21. (Comisión pro Monumento a las Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado) 9). (Rodolfo Walsh) (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria 2007, 106). 8) 1976 3 24 17 37. 340 (sitios de memoria). 5000. 9),
2003 14. (Tandeciarz 2007, 153). 2007. 44 665 (Monumento al escape) Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 (Victoria) 12 30,000 4 1969 1983 8,700. 180 181. 1992 12 (CGTP) (Pedro Huilca Tecse), 1990 (Bernabé Baldeón García),,, 1991 11 (Barrios Altos) (Defensoría del Pueblo 2008, 280). (Apurímac), (Junín), (Ucayali), (Huánuco), (Huancavelica). (Comisión Episcopal de Acción Social: CEAS) (Casas de la Memoria)., 27 (Tappatá de Valdez 2003, 100).
,.,. (Maymí-Sugrañes 1999, 230, 235). 1980 (Alberti 2004, 99-100). ( ). (Lerner Febres 2009, 252). (Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales: CELS) 1979.,. 10) 1989 (Memoria Abierta) 10) 1991 (UN). 1999 2004
- (Tappatá de Valdez 2004, 109-110). 2002 12 (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria), 1970 1980 (Estado de Derecho) ( 2010, 213).. 11) 2003 12 16 1259/2003.,,,,,,,,,.,,, Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 182 183. 11) 3 1 2. (Amnesty International) 1 5 3.
( 2010, 205-206).,,. (know-how). (UNESCO) 1992,. (Alberti 2004, 100-101).,,. 3,400. (Instituto de Democracia y Derechos Humanos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: IDEHPUCP).. 2003 8 16,917,,
:,,,,,,,,, 5 + + + + Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 184 185. 2004 4 (Centro de Información para la Memoria Colectiva y los Derechos Humanos) 5,,, ( ).,
.., (Sikkink & Walling 2006, 307-308).. 21. 12). (José Zalaquett). 12), 2004 3 7,. 2005 4, 10 (BBC News, 23 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4475693.stm). 2007 1990 2008 10 83 36. 2010 4 25.
(Grandin 2005, 47)........,... (Cole 2007, 13, 16-17).. Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 186 187
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