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1 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol. 36, No. 4 p 큰플라크를형성하는돼지생식기호흡기증후군바이러스의전체게놈 RNA 의염기서열분석 충북대학교의과대학미생물학교실, 의학연구소 이영민 * Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Genomic RNA of a Large-Plaque Forming Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus PL97-1/LP1 Young-Min Lee * Department of Microbiology College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute Chungbuk National University 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk , Korea Received : November 24, 2006 Accepted : December 13, 2006 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important animal pathogens in swine industry worldwide. In this study, we isolated the large-plaque forming variant virus designated PL97-1/LP1 from the parental strain PL97-1, the first Korean strain of PRRSV, isolated from the serum of an infected pig in We found that the nucleotide genome of PL97-1/LP1 consisted of a 189-nucleotide 5' untranslated region (UTR), a nucleotide protein-coding region, and a 151-nucleotide 3'UTR, followed by a poly (A) tail of about 50~60 nucleotides in size. The 5'-end of PL97-1/LP1 began with ATGACGTAT. Comparison of the PL97-1/LP1 genome with the 11 fully sequenced PRRSV genomes currently available revealed sequence similarity from ~99.7% (the North American VR-2332 and two VR-2332-derived vaccine strains MLV RespPRRS/Repro and RespPRRS MLV) to % (the Dutch Lelystad strain). Phylogenetc analysis revealed that PL97-1/LP1 is most closely related to the North American genotype VR-2332, two VR-2332-derived vaccine strains, and Chinese BJ-4. It is distantly related to the European genotype Lelystad. The entire nucleotide sequence of PL97-1/LP1 was identical to that of the parental virus PL97-1 except for three silent nucleotide substitutions, one in ORF1a (U4230C), one in ORF1b (C10977U), and one in ORF5 (U13976A). This nucleotide sequence has been submitted to the GenBank database under the accession number AY Key Words: Arteriviruses, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Full-length genome, Large-plaque forming virus 서 론 돼지생식기호흡기증후군 (porcine reproductive and respira- * 교신저자 : 이영민 충북청주시흥덕구개신동 12, 충북대학교의과대학미생물학교실, 의학연구소 Phone: , Fax: , ymlee@chungbuk.ac.kr ** 본연구는 2005년도충북대학교학술연구지원사업의연구비지원에의하여이루어진것임. tory syndrome; PRRS) 은약 20년전에돼지축산업분야에서 'mystery disease' 로처음밝혀진이후, 현재이분야에서있어서경제적으로가장중요한질병중의하나이다 (14,27,36). 이질병을일으키는병원체는돼지생식기호흡기증후군바이러스 (PRRSV) 로명명되었다. 현재유럽에서최초로분리된 Lelystad 바이러스 (36) 와북미에서분리된 VR-2332 바이러스 (3,6) 가각각유럽주 (European strain) 와북미주 (North American strain) 의 prototype으로분류되어있으며, 이들사이에는염기서열상동성이약 55~70% 정도로매우낮다 (8, 293
2 294 이영민 15,17~19,21,22,24). PRRSV 는현재 equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) 와더불어 Nidovirales 목 (order), Arteriviridae 과 (family) 에속한다 (5,31). PRRSV는인지질을가진매우작은엔벨롭바이러스 (enveloped virus) 이며, 정다면체형태의뉴클레오캡시드안에약 15 kb 정도의양성극성의단일가닥 RNA 게놈을가지고있다 (6). 바이러스의자가복제에필요한효소들로구성된비구조단백질인 replicase를인코딩하는유전자들은게놈 RNA 의 5'-말단으로부터약 80% 를차지하며, 게놈 RNA로부터발현되는서로중첩되는부위를가진 ORF1a와 ORF1b에의해서만들어진다. 이중에서 ORF1b는 ribosomal frameshift 기작에의해발현된다고보고된바있다 (4). 바이러스의구조단백질들은게놈 RNA의 3'-말단으로부터약 20% 를차지하며, ORF2a, ORF2b 에서부터 ORF7의 7개의유전자로부터발현된다. 이들은감염된세포내에서 monocistronic subgenomic mrna의 5'-말단으로부터발현된다 (20,33). PRRSV의구조단백질뿐만아니라비구조단백질을포함한대부분의단백질에대한기능및분자생물학적특성에관한연구결과는아직미미한상태이다. PRRSV가돼지에감염되면임상적인증상으로심한생식감퇴와호흡기장애가나타난다. PRRSV 북미주와유럽주는질병증상에서분명하게다른점을증명할수없다는사실에도불구하고, 그것들은항원적으로나유전형적으로뚜렷한차이를가지고있다 (1,10,19,24,36,37). 또한, 북미주와유럽주내에서도분리주들간의차이를나타낸다. 예를들면, 북미주에속하는여러분리주들사이의염기서열의변이는 RNA 중합효소또는 RNA 재조합의본질적인에러에기인할수있으며, 이들의유전학적변이는바이러스의병원성에중요한차이를나타낼수있다고보고된바있다 (2,11,13,19, 23,35). 자연적인숙주또는세포내에서 PRRSV의유전학적진화를연구하기위해서는분리확보된바이러스의정확한전체게놈의염기서열을분석하는것이필요하다. 그러므로, 본연구에서는 PRRSV 국내분리주 PL97-1의 consensus sequence (12) 와이로부터분리된큰플라크를형성하는 PRRSV PL97-1/LP1의단일바이러스클론의전체게놈염기서열을서로비교분석하였다. 분석결과, PL97-1/LP1의전체염기서열은모바이러스 PL97-1과비교하였을때 3개의침묵돌연변이 (silent mutation) 을가지고있는것을알수있었다. 이돌연변이들은바이러스의비구조단백질 ORF1a (U4230C) 와 ORF1b (C10977U), 그리고바이러스의구조단백질 ORF5 (U13976A) 에각각하나씩존재하는것을발견하였다. 또한, 본연구에서는이렇게밝혀진 PL97-1/LP1 전체게놈의염기서열을이용하여, 앞으로 PRRSV의세포내생활 사연구를위해서이들의분자생물학적특성을심도있게분석하였다. 재료및방법 1. 세포배양과바이러스 MARC-145 세포는 5% 우태아혈청 (fetal bovine serum), 불필요아미노산 (nonessential amino acids), sodium pyruvate, 페니실린 / 스트렙토마이신이첨가된 minimal essenial medium (MEM) 배지에배양하였다. 세포배양시사용한모든재료들은 Gibco BRL Life Tech. USA으로부터구입하였다. 본실험에서사용된모바이러스 (parental virus) 는 1997년경기도에서만성적으로호흡기에병적증상을나타내는감염된돼지로부터분리된 PL97-1 바이러스를사용하였다 (12). PL97-1 바이러스는 MARC-145 세포에서 3차례이하로계대배양된것을사용하였으며, MARC-145 세포에서다양한크기의플라크를형성하였다 (data not shown). 모든바이러스는필요할때까지 -80 에서보관하였다. 2. 바이러스클론의분리 MARC-145 세포 ( ) 을 6-well plate에접종하였다. 세포접종후 12시간이경과한다음, PRRSV 모바이러스 PL97-1을 moi = 1에서부터시작하여 10배로배양액으로희석한후, 각각의 well에접종하여 1시간배양한다. 이렇게감염된세포단층위에 0.5% agarose와 5% 우태아혈청이들어있는 MEM배지로덮어서 37, 5% CO 2 에서배양하였다. 약 72시간이경과한다음, 바이러스의복제로인한플라크를가시적으로확인한다음, 원하는플라크를 plaque purification 기법을적용하여각각의플라크를분리정제하였다. 이렇게확보한큰플라크를형성하는 PRRSV를 PL97-1/LP1이라고명명하였다. 3. 바이러스 RNA의분리 MARC-145 세포 ( ) 를 P100 조직배양접시에분주한후 24시간이경과한다음, 분리정제된 PL97-1/LP1의 seed virus를접종하였다. 바이러스접종후 72시간이경과한다음, 세포배양액에분비된바이러스를수확하기위해서얻어진배양액을낮은속도의원심분리를이용하여세포의잔여물질을제거하고바이러스를포함하는배양액을분리하였다. 얻어진바이러스로부터바이러스게놈 RNA의분리는약 10 5 plaque-forming unit의바이러스를포함하는 0.5 ml의배양액을 lysis buffer (20 mm Tris-HCl, ph 7.5, 5 mm EDTA, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.2 mg/ml proteinase K) 에서 45 에 30분동안배양한후, 페놀 / 클로로폼을사용하여
3 Full-length Genomic RNA of PRRSV 295 추출하고에탄올을이용하여침전시켰다. 또는바이러스게놈 RNA는 QIAmp viral RNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Dusseldorf, Germany) 를사용하여간단히추출할수있었다. 4. 역전사반응및 PCR 증폭바이러스게놈 RNA는 Superscript II RNaseH(-) 역전사효소 (GIBCO/BRL) 와 9개의전체게놈염기서열이밝혀진 PRRSV (Lelystad, NVSL , CH-1a, SP, 16244B, PA8, VR-2332, RespPRRS MLV, and BJ-4) 의 consensus sequence 을토대로디자인된 oligonucleotide를사용한 cdna 합성의주형으로사용하였다. 역전사반응은 RT buffer (50 mm Tris-HCl, ph 8.3, 75 mm KCl, 10 mm DTT, 3 mm MgCl 2, 0.5 mm dntps) 에서 42 에서 1시간동안수행하였다. 계속되는 PCR 증폭은 RT 반응결과만들어진 first-strand cdna 단편으로부터 double-stranded cdna product 를얻기위해서실행되었다. PCR 반응은 10 mm Tris, ph 8.3, 1.5 mm MgCl 2, 50 mm KCl, 0.01% gelatin, 200 µm dntps, 0.4 µm primers, 2.5 unit Pyrococcus spp. 에서유래된 Pyrobest DNA polymerase (Takara, Japan) 를포함하는 100 µl 반응액에서이루어졌다. PCR 증폭은 denaturation (94, 30초 ), annealing (60, 30초 ), extension (72, 6분 ) 으로총 35 사이클을실행하였으며, 마지막 extension 단계는 72 에서 10분동안진행하였다. 5. 4개의중첩되는 PRRSV cdna 의합성 PRRSV 바이러스의 5' 및 3'-말단을제외한나머지전체게놈 RNA에해당하는 cdna를합성하기위해서, 전체게놈을 4개의중첩되는부위로나누어 cdna 합성및 PCR 증폭 (PF1, PF2, PF3, PF4) 을수행하였다. 본실험에서사용된 oligonucleotide는 Table 1에요약하였다 (12). RT-PCR에사용된 oligonucleotide는 PF1 cdna (nt ) 의경우 PR1RT 과 PR1F/PR1R primer, PF2 cdna (nt ) 의경우 PR2RT과 PR2F/PR2R primer, PF3 cdna (nt ) 의경우 PR3RT과 PR3F/PR3R primer, 그리고 PF4 cdna (nt ) 의경우 PR4RT과 PR4F/PR4R primer이다. 6. 바이러스게놈 RNA의 5'-말단및 3'-말단의염기서열분석 PRRSV 바이러스게놈 RNA의 5'-말단의염기서열을분석하기위해서기존의 5'RACE 방법을변형하여사용하였다 (12). 먼저 first-strand cdna를바이러스게놈 RNA로부터 Superscript II RT와 primer PR50을사용하여합성하였다. 합성된 cdna로부터 RNaseH를사용하여 RNA 단편들을제거하였으며, 그결과남은 first-strand cdna는페놀과클로로폼을사용하여정제하였다. 정제된 cdna를 OligoT를사용하 여연결하였으며, 이렇게연결된 OligoT는다음 RT-PCR 반응수행시 primer 결합위치를제공하게된다. cdna-oligot 결합반응 (ligation reaction) 은 40U T4 RNA ligase, 7 µl singlestranded cdna, 10 pmol OligoT, 20% PEG #6000가들어있는 40 µl 반응액을 16 에서 12시간동안지속하였다. 결합된반응액을주형으로사용하고 primer PR49와 OligoTR을사용하여 PCR 증폭을수행하였다. 증폭된약 500 bp cdna 산물은분리정제한후 PstI-SacI으로절단한후, 같은제한효소로절단된 prs2 벡터에삽입하였다. 이렇게클로닝된바이러스의 5'-말단부위의염기서열을분석하기위해서산물이삽입된클론 10개를염기서열분석에사용하였다. PRRSV 바이러스게놈 RNA의 3'-말단의염기서열을분석하기위해서, 합성된 oligonucleotide를바이러스게놈 RNA 3'-말단에결합하는 3'RACE 방법을사용하였다 (38). Ligation 반응은 10U T4 RNA ligase, 40U RNaseOUT, 10 pmol OligoT, 및바이러스게놈 RNA를포함하는반응액을 16 에서 12 시간동안수행하였다. 반응후, OligoT가결합된바이러스 RNA를페놀 / 클로로폼을사용하여정제하였다. 정제된바이러스 RNA는 Superscript II 역전사효소와 OligoTR primer를사용하여 cdna 합성을수행하였다. 다음으로합성된 cdna 를주형으로사용하고 PR41과 OligoTR primer를사용하여 PCR 증폭을수행하였다. 이렇게합성및증폭된 PCR 산물은약 450 bp 정도였으며, MfeI-PstI 제한효소로절단한후약 380 bp 크기의산물을 EcoRI-PstI으로절단된 prs2 벡터에삽입하였다. 삽입된 cdna의염기서열을분석하기위해서 10개의독립된클론을염기서열분석에사용하였다. 7. 바이러스 RNA 게놈염기서열의분석 RT-PCR 의결과합성된 cdna를 big dye terminator 를이용하여 ABI PRISM 370 또는 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Cetus, Norwalk, CT) 로게놈의염기서열을직접분석하였다. 분석결과얻어진단편의염기서열은중첩되는부위를이용하여 DNA Strider 프로그램을사용하여, PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 전체게놈염기서열로연결하였다. 8. Multiple sequence alignment 및유전학적계통도분석 Multiple sequence alignment와유전학적계통도분석을위해서 PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 바이러스를포함하여 GenBank상의전체게놈의염기서열이밝혀진 12개의다른 PRRSV 국외분리주들을사용하였다. 이들의 GenBank accession num ber은다음과같다. CH-1a (AY ), HB-1(sh)/2002 (AY ), P129 (AF ), NVSL (AF ), BJ-4 (AF ), RespPRRS MLV (AF ), MLV RespPRRS/ Repro (AF ), VR-2332 (U 87392), PA8 (AF ),
4 296 이영민 Table 1. Oligonucleotides used in this study Oligonucleotide Sequence a Postition b Polarity Purpose PR1RT 5'-TAGGATGGTGAGGGGGTG 5332~ RT PR1F 5'-CCCTTTAACCATGTCT 180~195 + PCR PR1R 5'-CAAAGCAACCAGGTAA 5282~ PCR PR2RT 5'-GAGCATGTCCTCAAACTT 9168~ RT PR2F 5'-CCGGATATCGTCGCGG 3708~ PCR PR2R 5'-CCATATGCTGTGCATA 9093~ PCR PR3RT 5'-CACATTCCCTATCCCGAA 13074~ RT PR3F 5'-GTTTAAACTGCTAGCC 7688~ PCR PR3R 5'-GTGTAGCTGAAGGACA 13036~ PCR PR4RT 5'-CTAATTGAATAGGTGACT 15342~ RT PR4F 5'-ATTATGAGGGGAAGAA 9610~ PCR PR4R 5'-ACGCGGATCAGGCGCA 15223~ PCR PR41 5'-GGAGAAGCCCCATTTTCC 15038~ PCR PR49 5'-CGACCCGTACCATTCTTT 476~493 - PCR PR50 5'-AAAAGTCTTCAGGCTTGG 692~709 - RT OligoT 5'-CCAGTGTTGTGGCCTGCAGGGCGAATT RNA ligation OligoTR 5'-GATGAATTCGCCCTGCAGGCCACAACA RT, PCR a PRRSV-specific sequences are show in boldface type b Nucleotide position refers to the complete genome sequence of the PRRSV PL97-1 strain 16244B (AF ), SP (AF ), Lelystad (M 96262), EAV (NC002532). 본연구논문에서는분리주들간의유전학적상관관계의분석을위해서 ClustralX 프로그램 (34) 을사용하여 multiple sequence alignment를수행하였으며, neighbor joining method (29) 을이용하여배열된염기서열의계통도를구성하였고, TREEVIEW software (26) 를사용하여시각화하였다. 결과및고찰 1. PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 게놈 RNA를나타내는중첩된 6개의 cdna 합성 PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 바이러스게놈 RNA의 5'-말단및 3'- 말단을제외한전체-길이에해당하는 cdna를 4개의중첩되는단편으로나누어 RT-PCR 을수행하였다 (Fig. 1). 본 RT-PCR 반응에사용된 primer들은 Table 1에요약하였으며, PCR 반응은에러율이낮은 DNA 중합효소를사용하였다. 증폭된 cdna 단편들은 5'-말단에서부터 PF1 (nt ), PF2 (nt ), PF3 (nt ), 및 PF4 (nt ) 으로표기하였으며, 이들의길이는각각 5118 bp, 5401 bp, 5364 bp, 및 5629 bp 이다 (Fig. 1). 이렇게증폭된 cdna amplicon은 agarose gel을이용한전기영동을실시하여이들의크기를확인하였다 (Fig. 2A). 또한컨트롤로써역전사반응중역전사효소를첨가하지않았을경우에는각각의예상되는크기의상응하는밴드가관찰되지않음으로써, 본실험에서증폭된 cdna 단편들은 PRRSV에특이적으로반응한 primer에의해서합성된것임을알수있었다 (Fig. 2A). PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 바이러스게놈 RNA의 5'-말단의염기서열은 5'RACE 기법으로분석하였다. 먼저 PRRSV 게놈 RNA의 5'-말단으로부터 510 nucleotide 떨어진곳에상보적결합을하는 primer를사용하여역전사반응을수행하였다. 합성된 first-strand cdna를인위적으로합성한 OligoT와결합시킨후, OligoT와상보적결합을할수있는 OligoTR과 PRRSV 게놈 RNA의 nt 에상보적결합을하는 PR- 49 primer를사용하여 PCR 증폭을수행하였다. PCR 증폭결과, 약 500 bp 크기의 PCR 산물을 agarose gel 전기영동을통해서확인하였다 (Fig. 2B). 예상한대로 ligation 반응시 OligoT 또는역전사반응시역전사효소를첨가하지않을경우, 약 500 bp 크기의 PCR 산물이증폭되지않는다는것을알수있었다. 따라서, 본실험에서증폭된 PCR 산물은
5 Full-length Genomic RNA of PRRSV 297 Replicase Proteins Structural Proteins 1b 2b ' 3' 1a 2a PF PF PF Figure 1. Synthesis of cdna amplicons encompassing the entire genomic RNA of the PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 strain. The full-length viral genomic RNA is schematically drawn at the top and the four overlapping cdna amplicons are shown below. PF1, nt PF2, nt PF3, nt PF4, nt PF A B C Figure 2. Synthesis of cdna amplicons encompassing the entire genomic RNA of the PRRSV PL97-1 strain. (A) Synthesis by long RT-PCR of four long overlapping cdna amplicons (PF1, PF2, PF3, and PF4) that cover the full-length viral genomic RNA except for the 5' and 3' termini. Four PRRSV-specific overlapping cdna amplicons are synthesized in the presence of an RNaseH(-) RT (lanes 1, 3, 5, and 7) but not in its absence (lanes 2, 4, 6, and 8). The products were analyzed on a 1% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. Lanes 1-2, PF1 amplicons; lanes 3-4, PF2 amplicons; lane 5-6, PF3 amplicons, lanes 7-8, PF4 amplicons. M, 1 kb DNA marker indicated in base pairs. (B) Synthesis of PRRSV-specific amplicons by a modified 5'RACE protocol from the OligoT-ligated PRRSV cdnas to determine the 5'-terminal sequence. RT reaction used to synthesize the first-strand cdna corresponding to the 5'-end portion of the genome was conducted in the presence (lanes 1-2) or absence (lane 3) of RNaseH(-) RT. The OligoT was ligated to the 3'-end of first-strand cdna using T4 RNA ligase in the presence (lanes 1 and 3) or absence (lane 2) of OligoT. The OligoT-ligated first-strand cdna was then PCR-amplified using a pair of primers. PRRSV-specific cdna amplicons were analyzed on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. M, 100 bp DNA ladder indicated in base pairs. (C) Synthesis of PRRSV-specific amplicons from the OligoT-ligated PRRSV genomic RNAs by a modified 3'RACE protocol to determine the 3'-terminal sequence. The OligoT was ligated to the 3'-end of viral genomic RNA using T4 RNA ligase in the presence (lanes 1 and 3) or absence (lane 2) of OligoT. The OligoT-ligated viral RNA was then used for cdna synthesis in the presence (lanes 1-2) or absence (lane 3) of RNaseH(-) RT. After PCR amplification, PRRSV-specific cdna amplicons were analyzed on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. M, 100 bp DNA ladder indicated in base pairs. PRRSV 염기서열에특이적으로증폭된것임을알수있었다. 이렇게증폭된 cdna 단편을클로닝벡터에삽입한후, 염기서열분석에이용하였다. PRRSV 바이러스게놈 RNA의 3'-말단의염기서열은 3'RACE을통해서분석하는데성공하였다. 이를위해서정제된바이러스게놈 RNA의 3'-말단에먼저 OligoT를결합 시킨후, 다음단계의 cdna 합성과 PCR 증폭시 primer 결합부위로이용하였다. 이러한방법으로 PR41과 OligoTR primer를사용하여합성된 cdna의 PCR 증폭을수행하였다. Fig. 2C에나타낸것과같이, PCR 증폭된산물의크기는예상한것과같이약 450 bp 정도였으며, 이것을클로닝벡터에삽입한후, 염기서열분석을위해서사용하였다. 증폭
6 298 이영민 ORF 5'UTR ORF1a ORF1ab ORF2a ORF2b ORF3 ORF4 ORF5 ORF6 ORF7 3'UTR Protein Nsp1α Nsp1β Nsp2 Nsp3 Nsp4 Nsp5 Nsp6 Nsp7 Nsp8 Nsp9 Nsp10 Nsp11 Nsp12 NT position 된 cdna 단편들은클로닝으로인한편견된결과를피하고 consensus sequence를얻기위해서, PCR 증폭된 cdna amplicon을직접염기서열분석에사용하거나, 또는바이러스의 5'-말단과 3'-말단의경우클로닝된 10개의독립된클론을염기서열분석에이용하였다. 염기서열분석은양쪽방향으로진행되었으며, 최소한같은염기를 2~3번반복하여실험결과를얻었다. 2. PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 RNA 게놈의구조 NT size Figure 3. The genome organization and the predicted polypeptides encoded by the PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 viral genome RNA. UTR, untranslated region; ORF, open reading frame; Nsp, nonstructural protein; NT, nucleotide. 바이러스의전체게놈염기서열분석결과다음과같은사실을알수있었다. PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 바이러스게놈은 3'-말단에존재하는 poly(a) 를제외하고 15,411개의염기로구성되어있다. PRRSV PL97-1/LP1의염기서열과게놈구성은다른 Arterivirus와유사하다는것을알수있었다. Fig 에나타낸것과같이, PRRSV PL97-1/LP1은 189개의염기로구성된 5' 비번역부위 (untranslated region; UTR) 과 151개의염기로구성된 3'UTR을가지고있었다. 서로중첩되는부위를가진크기가큰 ORF1a와 ORF1b는게놈의맨앞쪽에위치하면서각각 7,509개와 43,89개의염기로이루어져있었다. 추가적으로 6개의서로겹쳐지는부위를가진 ORF들은 ORF1b 아래쪽에위치한다는것을알수있었다. 이 ORF들은 PRRSV 구조단백질들인 minor protein (GP2a, GP3, GP4) 들과 major protein (GP5, M, N) 들을발현한다는것을알수있었다. 73개의아미노산으로구성된작은 ORF2b라고명명된 ORF가 ORF2a 안에서존재한다는것을확인하였다 (Fig. 3). Arterivirus 과에속하는다른바이러스에서발견되는 ORF2b 는먼저유전학적상동성을분석함으로써예측되었고, EAV infectious cdna molecular clone을이용하여최근에이단백질의발현이 Arterivirus의감염및자가복제에필수적인것이라는것이증명되었다 (32). 특히이부위는 Arterivirus 과에속하는다른바이러스들사이에서유전학적다양성을나타냄으로써각각의바이러스의자가복제및병원성에중요한역할을할것으로추측된다. 이와마찬가지로, PRRSV의북미주와유럽주에속하는바이러스의분리주들간에도매우유전학적다양성을나타냄으로중요한의미를가지는것으로추측된다. 특히, ORF2a 단백질이발현되는 subgenomic mrna2의발현에중요한역할을하는 ORF2a의위쪽에위치한 leader-body junction은유럽주에속하는 Lelystad 바이러스의경우 38개의염기로구성되어있으나, PL97-1/LP1 의경우 20개의염기로구성되어있는것으로분석결과알수있었다. 3. PRRSV PL97-1/LP1 과다른 PRRSV 분리주들간의유전학적상관관계위에서얻어진 PL97-1/LP1 분리주의전체게놈염기서열을토대로지금까지국외에서분리된 12개의서로다른 PRRSV 국외분리주들과의유전학적상관관계를 multiple sequence alignment을통해서분석하였다. Fig. 4에나타낸것과같이, PL97-1/LP1은 PRRSV의북미주의 prototype이며병원성을나타내는미국분리주인 VR-2332 (%) 와 VR-2332에서유래된 modified live attenuated vaccine주인 MLV RespPRRS/ Repro주 (99.7%) 또는 RespPRRS MLV주 (%), 중국분리주인 BJ-4 (%) 와가장높은 nucleotide 유사성을나타내었다. 이와는대조적으로, 유럽주의 prototype이며병원성을나타내는 Lelystad과는 62% 의유사성만을나타냄으로써가장낮은유전학적상관관계를나타내었다. 또한이러한 pairwise sequence comparison 분석결과는 phylogenetic tree를그려봄으로써시각적으로쉽게구분할수있었다. Fig. 5에나
7 Full-length Genomic RNA of PRRSV 299 Isolate CH-1a HB-1(sh)/2002 P129 NVSL BJ-4 RespPRRS MLV MLV RespPRRS/Repro VR-2332 PL97-1/LP1 PA B SP Lelystad EAV CH-1a HB-1(sh)/ P NVSL BJ RespPRRS MLV MLV RespPRRS/Repro VR PL97-1/LP PA B SP Lelystad EAV Figure 4. Pairwise comparisons of full-length genome of PRRSV isolates. Percentage identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences are shown above and below the diagonal line, respectively. 타낸것과같이, 본연구에서사용한 PL97-1/LP1 바이러스는 VR-2332, VR-2332에서유래된 2개의 vaccine주 (MLV Resp- PRRS/Repro주와 RespPRRS MLV), 및 BJ-4와하나의클러스터를형성한다는것을알수있었다. 본실험결과는 PL97-1/LP1의모바이러스인 PL97-1과의유전학적상관관계분석결과와일치한다 (12). 또한, 비록북미주에포함되기는하지만, NVSL 및 P129, HB-1(sh)2002, CH-1a와는서로다른클러스터를형성함으로써, PL97-1/LP1 바이러스는이들과는유전학적으로측면에서구별된다는것을추측할수있다. 그러나, PL97-1 모바이러스와비교하였을때, PL97-1/LP1는 3개의침묵돌연변이 (silent mutation) 을가지고있다는것을알수있었다. 이들 3개의돌연변이는바이러스게놈전체에걸쳐서발견되었으며, 바이러스비구조단백질 ORF1a (U4230C) 와 ORF1b (C10977U), 그리고바이러스의구조단백질 ORF5 (U13976A) 에각각하나씩존재하는것을발견하였다. 4. 5'UTR과 3'UTR 의비교분석 Nucleotide 상동성측면에서 PL97-1/LP1의 5'UTR은북미 주의 prototype인 VR-2332와유럽주의 prototype인 Lelystad 의 5'UTR과각각 96.3% 및 44% 의상동성을나타내었다 (data not shown). Lelystad의 5'UTR은 211개의염기로구성되어있으며, 190개의염기로구성된 VR2332 5'UTR과 189개의염기로구성된 PL97-1/LP1 5'UTR보다상당히길다는것을알수있었다 (data not shown). 본실험에서 PRRSV의 5'- 말단의염기서열을정확하게분석하기위해서 5'RACE 기법을사용하였다. 본실험결과 PL97-1/LP1은대부분의다른분리주들과마찬가지로 ATGACGTAT로시작하는것을알수있었다 (25). PL97-1/LP1을포함하여대부분의북미분리주의 3'UTR은단지 114개의염기로구성된 Lelystad주의 3'UTR과는상당히다른긴 151개의염기로구성되어있다는것을알수있었다. PL97-1/LP1 의 3'UTR은 VR-2332와 2개의염기가다르게나타났다. 이들은바이러스게놈 3'-말단의 poly(a) 부위가시작하는바로위쪽에위치하고있다. 길이를제외하고 3'UTR은 5'UTR보다정렬된서열안에서더높은 nucleotide 상동성을보였다. 그러나, 5'UTR과 3'UTR 양쪽의염기서열보존정도는중요한시스-작용유전인자 (cis-acting elements)
8 300 이영민 EAV (NC002532) Lelystad (Netherlands, 91) NVSL (USA, 97) P129 (USA, 95) HB-1(sh)/2002 (China, 02) CH-1a (China) SP 16244B (USA, 97) PA8 (Canada, 95) PL97-1/LP1 (Korea) VR-2332 (USA) RespPRRS MLV MLV RespPRRS/Repro BJ-4 (China) Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequence of the full-length genome of all 12 available PRRSV isolates. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighborjoining method in ClustralX method. The scale bar at the bottom of the tree represent the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The tree was rooted using the nucleotide sequence of EAV, a member of the Arteriviridae family. The strain name is followed by the country and the year of isolation in two digits. 가위치할것으로추정되는 3'-말단부위에서가장높게나타났다. PRRSV 바이러스의 3'-말단에존재하는 poly(a) 의정확한개수를분석하기위해서, 본연구에서는인위적으로합성된 PRRSV 염기서열과무관한 OligoT를바이러스 RNA 3'- 말단에결합시킨후 3'RACE 실험을수행하였다. 이방법은 Salles가고안한 Poly(A) Test (PAT) 방법과는구별된다 (30). PAT 는맨처음인산화된 oligonucleotide (dt) 와더불어 poly(a) 를포화시킨다. 다음으로 42 에서이 oligonucleotide 를결합시킨다. 이과정은서로보완되는 copy를가지고 42 에서짧은 A/dT 혼성물이불안정하다는단점을가지고있다. 본연구에서수행한 3'RACE 실험결과, PL97-1/LP1은모바이러스인 PL97-1과마찬가지로약 50~60개의 poly(a) 를가지고있다는것을알수있었다. 따라서, PRRSV의역상유전자시스템의토대가되는 infectious cdna를합성할 때 poly(a) 의개수를약 50~60개까지삽입하는것이 wild type과유사한게놈 RNA를합성할수있는방법일것으로생각된다. 또한, 이러한 poly(a) 의개수가 PRRSV의자가복 Figure 6. Predicted pseudoknot structure of the ribosomal frameshift region of PRRSV PL97-1/LP1. The heptanucleotide sequence (UUUAAAC) slippery sequence is in a box. The stop codon UAG of ORF1a is in the boldface type. Numbers indicate nucleotide position. 제에어떠한영향을미치는지는혹은자가복제에어떻게작용하는지는앞으로수행하여야할연구과제중의하나라고생각한다. 5. ORF1a 와 ORF1b 사이에존재하는 ribosomal frameshit site 분석 PRRSV ORF1a/1b가중첩되는부위에 RNA pseudoknot structure를형성한다고예측되며, 이러한 RNA 3차구조는 PRRSV ORF1b 단백질이발현하는매우중요한역할을한다고추정된다 (4). ORF1a stop codon의 3개의염기바로위쪽에위치하는 7개의염기 (UUUAAAC) 는서로다른 PRRSV 분리주들에상관없이정확히보존되어있었다. 또한, stop codon으로부터바로뒷부분에 12개의 Watson-Crick base pairing으로구성된 stem-loop structure가형성되었으며, 여기에는하나의 A bulge가가운데부위에위치한다는것을발견하였다. 또한, 이와대조적으로 stem-loop 구조아래에형성되어있는염기서열은다른 PRRSV 분리주에서몇몇의돌연변이를관찰할수있음으로이부위는어느정도의돌연변이는 ribosomal frameshit 기능에영향을끼치지못하는것으로여겨진다. PL97-1/LP1과 VR-2332의 ORF1a/ORF1b 접합부의염기서열은동일하였다 (Fig. 6). 6. 구조유전자의비교 ORF2a, ORF2b, 및 ORF3부터 ORF7까지는바이러스게놈의 3'-말단부분에약 3 kb 정도에위치하고있으며, 모든바이러스의구조단백질들을발현한다 (Fig. 1). ORF2b를제
9 Full-length Genomic RNA of PRRSV 301 외하고각각의구조단백질은분리된 subgenomic mrna로부터번역된다 (7). Lelystad에서확인되는 5'-(U/C/A)AACC-3' 염기서열과는대조적으로 PRRSV 북미주에서는 mrna을발현을위해일치된 intergenic region의염기서열은 5'-(U/G/A) (U/C/A/G)(A/C)(A/G)(C/U)C-3' 이다 (7,24). PL97-1/LP1과 VR- 2332의북미주들간에는이부위가완벽하게잘보존되어있었다. PRRSV 북미주들간에병원성비교와약독화된균주들간의유전학적상관관계를분석하기위해서 VR-2332, 및 16244B, DK , DK , DK ) (16) 과북미주의변형된생백신주 MLV RespPRRS의구조단백질유전자를이루고있는염기와아미노산서열을 PL97-1과비교하여보았다. Ingelvac PRRSV MLV로써유럽에서인증된 Resp- PRRS는병원성을가진북미분리주인 VR-2332에서유래된생백신이다 (6). 분석에사용한모든분리주들과비교하였을때, 가장큰차이점은 PL97-1/LP1은 ORF5 (GP5) 단백질인코딩부위에 N-linked glycosylation site로추정되는한개의 NxT/S에아미노산의변이가있음을알수있었다. 네덜란드분리주 DK 은 GP5의 33번째에위치하고있는아미노산잔기 N이 T로변이된것을가지고있었다. 나머지네덜란드분리주들인 DK , DK 은 GP5의 34번째에위치하고있는 D가 N으로치환됨으로써추정되는 N- glycosylation site가첨가되었다. ORF5 (GP5) 는분리주들에서일반적으로다양성을가진곳이라고생각되는 ectodomain 속에 hypervariable region을가지고있다 (2,28). 그리고이 ectodomain은숙주의항체들에의해 selection 되어지는부위라고생각되어진다 (9). 본연구에서 PRRSV 한국분리주인 PL97-1로부터유래된큰플라크를형성하는 PL97-1/LP1의전체염기서열을북미주인 VR-2332와비교분석하였다. PL97-1과 PL97-1/LP1의전체게놈염기서열의완성은전세계에서분리된많은종류의 PRRSV 국외분리주들과상세한유전학적상관관계분석을가능케하였다. 본연구결과, PL97-1과이로부터유래된 PL97-1/LP1은 VR-2332 및 VR-2332에서유래된생백신주의염기및아미노산서열과가장유사한것을알수있었다. 또한, PL97-1과 PL97-1/LP1의 consensus sequence를비교하여보았을때, 3개의침묵돌연변이만이존재함을알수있었다. 이러한 3개의침묵돌연변이가 PRRSV 바이러스의세포내자가복제또는동물에서의병원성과어떠한관계가있는지는앞으로역상유전자시스템을사용하여심도있게분석하여야할과제라고생각된다. 참고문헌 1) Allende R, Lewis TL, Lu Z, Rock DL, Kutish GF, Ali A, Doster AR, Osorio FA: North American and European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses differ in non-structural protein coding regions. J Gen Virol 80: , ) Andreyev VG, Wesley RD, Mengeling WL, Vorwald AC, Lager KM: Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of 22 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field strains based on sequence analysis of open reading frame 5. Arch Virol 142: , ) Benfield DA, Nelson E, Collins JE, Harris L, Goyal SM, Robison D, Christianson WT, Morrison RB, Gorcyca D, Chladek D: Characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332). J Vet Diagn Invest 4: , ) Brierley I, Digard P, Inglis SC: Characterization of an efficient coronavirus ribosomal frameshifting signal: requirement for an RNA pseudoknot. Cell 57: , ) Cavanagh D: Nidovirales: a new order comprising Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae. Arch Virol 142: , ) Collins JE, Benfield DA, Christianson WT, Harris L, Hennings JC, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, McCullough S, Morrison RB, Joo HS, Gorcyca DE, Chladek DW: Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR- 2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 4: , ) Conzelmann KK, Visser N, Van Woensel P, Thiel HJ: Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, a member of the arterivirus group. Virology 193: , ) Gagnon CA, Dea S: Differentiation between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism of their ORFs 6 and 7 genes. Can J Vet Res 62: , ) Gonin P, Pirzadeh B, Gagnon CA, Dea S: Seroneutralization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus correlates with antibody response to the GP5 major envelope glycoprotein. J Vet Diagn Invest 11: 20-26, ) Halbur PG, Paul PS, Frey ML, Landgraf J, Eernisse K, Meng XJ, Lum MA, Andrews JJ, Rathje JA: Comparison of the pathogenicity of two US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates with that of the Lelystad virus. Vet Pathol 32: , ) Halbur PG, Paul PS, Meng XJ, Lum MA, Andrews JJ,
10 302 이영민 Rathje JA: Comparative pathogenicity of nine US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in a five-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pig model. J Vet Diagn Invest 8: 11-20, ) Kang SY, Yun SI, Park HS, Park CK, Choi HS, Lee YM: Molecular characterization of PL97-1, the first Korean isolate of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 104: , ) Kapur V, Elam MR, Pawlovich TM, Murtaugh MP: Genetic variation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in the midwestern United States. J Gen Virol 77: , ) Keffaber KK: Reproductive failure of unknown etiology. Am Assoc Swine Pract Newslett 1: 1-9, ) Kwang J, Kim HS, Joo HS: Cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of the ORF4 gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus MN-1b. J Vet Diagn Invest 6: , ) Madsen KG, Hansen CM, Madsen ES, Strandbygaard B, Botner A, Sorensen KJ: Sequence analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus of the American type collected from Danish swine herds. Arch Virol 143: , ) Mardassi H, Mounir S, Dea S: Identification of major differences in the nucleocapsid protein genes of a Quebec strain and European strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol 75: , ) Meng XJ, Paul PS, Halbur PG: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the 3-terminal genomic RNA of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol 75: , ) Meng XJ, Paul PS, Halbur PG, Lum MA: Phylogenetic analyses of the putative M (ORF 6) and N (ORF 7) genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): implication for the existence of two genotypes of PRRSV in the USA and Europe. Arch Virol 140: , ) Meulenberg JJM, Hulst MM, de Meijer EJ, Moonen PLJM, den Besten A, de Kluyver EP, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJM: Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV. Virology 192: 62-72, ) Morozov I, Meng XJ, Paul PS: Sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 2-4 of a US isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 140: , ) Murtaugh MP, Elam MR, Kakach LT: Comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of the VR-2332 and Lelystad virus strains of the PRRS virus. Arch Viro 140: , ) Murtaugh MP, Faaberg KS, Laber J, Elam M, Kapur V: Genetic variation in the PRRS virus. Adv Exp Med Biol 440: , ) Nelsen CJ, Murtaugh MP, Faaberg KS: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: divergent evolution on two continents. J Virol 73: , ) Oleksiewicz MB, Botner A, Nielsen J, Storgaard T: Determination of 5-leader sequences from radically disparate strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus reveals the presence of highly conserved sequence motifs. Arch Virol 144: , ) Page RDM: Treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12: , ) Paton DJ, Brown IH, Edwards S, Wensvoort G: 'Blue ear' disease of pigs. Vet Rec 128: 617, ) Rowland RR, Steffen M, Ackerman T, Benfield DA: The evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: quasispecies and emergence of a virus subpopulation during infection of pigs with VR Virology 259: , ) Saitou N, Nei M: The Neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: , ) Salles FJ, Strickland S: Rapid and sensitive analysis of mrna polyadenylation states by PCR. PCR Methods Appl 4: , ) Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JJM: The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J Gen Virol 79: , ) Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JJM: Arteriviruses. In: Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds.), Fields Virology, fourth ed., vol. 1. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, pp , ) Snijder EJ, van Tol H, Pedersen KW, Raamsman MJ, de Vries AA: Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses. J Virol 73: , ) Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG: The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25: , 1997.
11 Full-length Genomic RNA of PRRSV ) Ward CD, Stokes MA, Flanegan JB: Direct measurement of the poliovirus RNA polymerase error frequency in vitro. J Virol 62: , ) Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, Pol JM, ter Laak EA, Bloemraad M, de Kluyver EP, Kragten C, van Buiten L, den Besten A, Wagenaar F, Broekhuijsen JM, Moonen PLJM, Zetstra T, de Boer EA, Tibben HJ, de Jong MF, vant Veld P, Groenland GJR, van Gennep JA, Voets MT, Verheijden JHM, Braamskamp J: Mystery swine disease in the Nether- lands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Vet Q 13: , ) Wootton SK, Nelson EA, Yoo D: Antigenic structure of the nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 5: , ) Yun SI, Kim SY, Rice CM, Lee YM: Development and application of a reverse genetics system for Japanese encephalitis virus. J Virol 77: , 2003.
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