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1 Bimaterials Research (2000) 4(4) : Bimaterials Research 7 The Krean Sciety fr Bimaterials k r pƒ w w PLGA d ü sƒ Residual Slvent Analysis and In Sulfate Laded PLGA Micrspheres 1, 1, ¼ 1, 1, ½ 2, 3, w 4* Jin Chel Ch 1, Duck-il Yun 1, Gilsn Khang 1, Jhn M. Rhee 1, Yng Sik Kim 2, Jung Sik Lee 3, and Hai Bang Lee 4* Viv Evaluatin f Gentamicin 1h Š f Š, 2 f Š hœd, 3 s h j, 4Š ŒŠ e t f 1 Department f Plymer Science and Technlgy, Chnbuk Natinal University, , Dukjin Dng 1Ga, Dukjin Ku, Chnju, Krea 2 Department f Orthpedic Surgery, Cathlic Medical Schl, Yuid-dng, Yungdeungp, Seul , Krea 3 Research Center, Samchundang Pharm. C. Ltd., P. O. Bx 289, Yungdeungp, Seul, Krea 4 Bimaterials Labratry, Krea Research Institute f Chemical Technlgy, P. O. Bx 107, Yusung, Taejn, Krea (Received June 23, 2001/Accepted July 27, 2001) Tw types such as s and 9 weeks sustain release system f gentamicin sulfate (GS) laded ply(l-lactide-c-glyclide) (PLGA) micrspheres (MSs) were prepared by O/O slvent evapratin fr the pssibility f the preventin f pst-perative wund infectin and the treatment f stemyelitis. Residual slvent like n-hexane and acetnitrile cntent f MSs was analyzed by gas chrmatgraphy. Fr n-hexane, it can be easily eliminated by simple vacuum fr 1 day. Als, it bserved that the eliminatin f acetnitrile frm GS/PLGA MSs was achieved frm 1,890 ppm t 40 ppm fr s. The in vitr release amunt f GS was analyzed by high perfrmance liquid chrmatgraphy (HPLC) and the released GS activity was determined by micrbilgical assay using Staphylcccus (S) aureus, respectively. The results f inhibitin zne test agree well with the HPLC results btained frm the in vitr release test. Fr the efficacy and pharmackinetic study, CFU f S. aureus were intramuscularly (im) r subcutaneusly (sc) inculated n the right femur muscle in SD rats. Fur grups such as cntrl, GS injectin f twice a day, s release system f GS/PLGA, and 9 weeks release system f GS/PLGA were applied. In 9 weeks release system, S. aureus decreased t CFU fr 3 weeks, then it was ttally killed by sustained released GS after 7 weeks. It was als disappeared fr s by GS/PLGA MSs with s release system. It can be suggested that GS/PLGA MSs implantable system that prvided a prlnged delivery f GS was fund t be effective against S. aureus infectin fr desired perid. Key wrds: Gentamicin sulfate, PLGA micrsphere, and 9 weeks delivery, Residual slvent, Staphylcccus aureus, Micrbilgical assay l *sf hf hblee@pad.krict.re.kr x eš, (j ),, lg l f Š ft, f fš fdf Š t Œ fš f Œ Œ v Š x ~ l Š d f. f Š hhf Š Š eš u hhf hf h t Š eš Œ Š lš f f, ƒ t Š f f l, ply(α-hydrxy acid) f ~f (plylactide, PLA), z f (plyglyclide, PGA) f f jšt ply(lactide-c-glyclide) (PLGA) f fdš f hf Š f Œ lf l, ~f, Še ( ) f Š f h t f l f. 1-7) f f f ft ŠŠ thš f f Š f fš uihf f Œ~ Š f g fš f f f h Šd f ˆf ht fš ef Š f ff. 8) d f Œ ~ f (GS)f z f f Š h Œff js f f h Š f d f. Š 136
2 ~ f fƒ Še Š PLGA f g d f wh t 137 f d hf 2r (j Staphylcccus aureus, Pseudmnas aeruginsa fš )f Š eš GS f Š h dš Š. f Š h df fš, l,, l, g, f f Š fd f f f g l f. 9-10) f Š hhf Š Š eš fœf l h, lœ e Š hf l hf f Š h hf ~ fdf jf f l hf f h Š f hh ŠdŠ ) f Š fe l 30 h fš f lš eš f lš, GS fdš f Š hœ f f Septpal f ˆ f f 1976 d f. Š h Š f g ~ } fƒ ƒ f ŒŠŠ ŒŒŠ f d f dš 20~180 f Œ f Š e f Š f d f. fh f l g eš g f Š Š Šf ff e Š Œj elš d hf f ) Š hœ g t d f f fš ešl f fdf ft i l f f x f. hi h hii } f hh f g d f ŠdŠ ) Š ff PLGA dš d f GS ŠeŠ O/O eœ d l f h iš. 8,21-23) f } t eœh ff fš ihš f f }, }, ~ f rš. i gi d f f whš f in vitr f v f. Š S. aureus Œ f k ~ e f hf j x hiš Š Œ Š in vitr v Š f fd f ~lš f Š. d Š ff PLGA ( f : 20,000 g/mle) f Šf (Ingelheime, Germany) fš f GS h f h. light mineral il (Sigma Chem. C., USA), eœhf ~ fƒ (Span 80, Duksan Pharm. C. Ltd., Krea), fƒ (MeCN, Duksan Pharm. C. Ltd.), - ~ f (OPA, Sigma Chem. C.), } f (MC, Jin Chem. Pharm. C. Ltd., Krea), n- f Š zf Jin Chemical (Krea) fš hh Šl dš. GS w w GS ŠeŠ PLGA O/O d l f hiš. PLGAf (25, 31.3, 50 w/v% MeCN), eœhf Span 80f (0.2, 0.6 wt%) Š hiš f hi f f. d PLGA MeCN dš ~ tf ŒŠ dš (40W, 30t) GS z. f ŒŠd (O)f e Œh ŠeŠ mineral il (O) ss 35 C 350 rpmf ~ d l z. f mineral il eœh sš eš f 3 sš g e d h e Š 6, 1f, 2f, 3f i dš i z. (35 mtrr, FDU-540, EYELA, Japan) f GS f hi i f Table 1 ~. d i f g d } d gi f } (GC-9A, Shimadzu, Japan) dš Š. l f e f 20 ml/min, 100 C FID v dš dš x f 60/80 Carbpac C vl 6 ft 2 mm } f Carbwax 1500 (Supelc, Bellefnte, PA, USA)f dš. jf x 60, 100 Cf f f jf f 2µlf. j h 10 10,000 ppm l f igš. Table 1. Preparatin cnditins and characteristics f GS-laded PLGA MSs Batch N. a Plymer Cn. (%) MeCN (ml) b Surfactant Cn. (%) c EE (%) Evapratin Time (hr) Size f MSs (µm) Residual MeCN Amunt f MSs (ppm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 320 a Plymer cncentratin: rati f PLGA amunt (weight) in MeCN (vlume). b Surfactant cncentratin: rati f Span 80 amunt (weight) in mineral il (weight). Initial drug lading: 20% lading, Mw f PLGA: 20,000 g/ml (Resmer RG 752). rpm: 350, Evapratin temp.: 35 C. c EE: Encapsulatin Efficiency (%) = Actual gentamicin sulfate lading (wt %) / Theretical gentamicin sulfate lading (wt %) 100. Vl. 4, N. 4
3 조진철 윤덕일 강길선 이종문 김용식 이정식 이해방 138 미립구의 형태관찰 제조한 미립구의 크기와 형태는 전자주사현미경 (scanning electrn micrscpy, SEM, S-2250N, Hitachi, Japan)을 사 용하여 관찰하였다. SEM 사진을 찍기 위하여 양면테이프로 붙 인 금속판 위에 샘플을 고정시킨 후 플라즈마 스퍼터 (Emscpe, Mdel SC 500K, UK)를 이용하여 아르곤 가스 하에서 1분 30초 동안 금을 코팅하였다. 미립구의 크기 분포도는 기준 scale과 비교하여 실측하였다. 약물 함량 분석 및 방출 분석 미립구내의 약물 함량을 측정하기 위하여, 우선 일정량의 미 립구를 MC에 녹인 후 ph 7.4인 phsphate buffered saline (PBS) 용액을 10 ml 첨가하여 GS를 추출하였다. 상등액중 일 정량을 취해 대한약전에 따라 OPA를 첨가하고 60 의 항온 조에서 15분간 반응시켰다. 유도체는 high perfrmance liquid chrmatgraphy (HPLC, SD-200, Dynamax, USA) 를 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석에 사용한 칼럼은 역상칼럼 (µ Bndapak C, 5 µm, mm; Waters, USA)이었고 UV는 330 nm에서 검출하였다. 이동상으로는 메탄올, 증류수, 그리고 빙초산이 각각 70:25:5 v/v% 비율로 제조된 것에 5 g의 소디움 헵탄설포네이트를 첨가한 것을 사용하였다. 미립구로부터의 약물방출은 PBS용액에 미립구를 넣어 (0.2 g 미립구/20 ml PBS) 현탁하고 37 C로 유지하면서 일정한 기 간별로 샘플링하고 채취한 양만큼 새로운 PBS 용액을 보충해 주었으며 방출된 양은 함량분석 측정에서와 같은 방법으로 분 석하였다. 감수성 측정용 균주 및 배지 GS의 생물학적 활성을 관찰하기 위해 항생제 원판 확산법을 이용하였다. 감수성 측정용 세균은 황색포도상구균 (S. aureus ATCC6538)을 사용하였다. 균주는 시험전날 종균액 3 µl(10 CFU/ml)를 3 ml의 배지에 접종하고 37 C에서 하루동안 배양 한 다음 사용하였다. 감수성 측정용 균주의 배양을 위한 배지 는 Luria-Bertani (LB) 배지 (박토-트립톤 10 g, 박토-이스트 추 출물 5 g, NaCl 5 g, 및 증류수 1 l)를 사용하였다. 고체 배지 는 한천을 1.5%가 되도록 첨가하였다. 종층 배지는 한천을 0.7% 농도가 되도록 첨가한 것을 사용하였다. 대조균은 원액 을 0.05 ml 배지 위에 도포한 다음 37 C에서 하루동안 배양 하였다. 항미생물 실험 In vitr 방출이 진행중인 GS를 함유한 미립구를 1일, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 및 9주의 간격으로 채취하여 증류수로 세척한 후 진공 건조하여 항균력을 시험하였다. 10 mg의 미립구를 취 해 1 ml의 PBS에 현탁시키고 미립구를 초음파 분쇄기로 완전 히 분쇄한 후 현탁용액에서 10 µl를 취해 S. aureus로 도포된 영양한천 (Difc Labratries, USA) 배지 위에 4 mm의 구멍을 만들고 하루동안 37 C에서 배양하여 항균영역을 관찰하였다. in vitr 실험 및 미생물학적 생물 분석 Sprague-Dawley수컷 흰쥐를 이용하여 5~7일 동안 순화시킨 다음 실험에 사용하였으며 동물의 체중범위는 250~350 g이었 다. 먼저 약물을 투여하기 전에 각 쥐에 5 10 CFU/ml의 S. aureus를 대퇴부 주위의 피하조직에 접종하여 균을 유발시 킨 후, 대조군으로 하루에 2번 주사하는 일반적인 주사 제제 와 일정량의 미립구를 분산제로 0.025%의 Tween 80을 함유 한 용액에 현탁한 서방성 제제를 감염시킨 부위근처에 투여하 였다. 미립구의 투여량은 일반주사제와 동등한 GS함량으로 하 였다. 치료효과를 살펴보기 위하여 해당 일에 흰쥐를 안락사 시킨 후 대퇴부를 포함한 다리를 절단하여 GS함유 미립구를 완전하게 제거하고 근육조직을 취하였다. 이를 칭량하고 조직 을 3.5 ml의 PBS 용액을 넣어 조직분쇄기를 사용하여 잘게 부수었다 µm 여과지로 여과하고 검액으로 상등액을 취 하였다. 채취한 시료 추출액 50 µl를 항생제를 첨가하지 않은 배지 위에 도포한 다음 37 C에서 하루동안 배양하여 형성된 콜로니 수를 세어 균수의 변화를 관찰하였다. In viv 7 결과 및 고찰 18 7 가 함유된 미립구의 특성 생분해성 PLGA 고분자를 매트릭스로 하여 GS가 함유된 미 립구를 고분자의 농도, 유화제의 농도, 건조시간을 달리하여 제 조된 미립구의 크기, 약물함량 등을 Table 1에 나타내었다. 약물의 함량은 O/O 방법의 특성으로 인하여 85%이상 나타났 다. 고분자의 농도를 높게 하여 제조한 미립구가 약물함량이 우수하였으며 크기가 비교적 큰 미립구를 얻었다. 이는 고분자 의 농도가 높을수록 점도가 증가하여 같은 교반속도하에서는 미립구의 크기가 증가하는 것으로 생각되며 또한 유기용매에 현탁되어진 수용성 약물이 유상으로 유출될 수 없기 때문에 약 물함량이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 다른 수용성 약물에 대한 PLGA 미립구제조에 있어서 약물함량의 증대 가 능성을 추측케 한다. Figure 1은 GS를 함유한 미립구 형태를 나타낸 사진으로. 표면의 형태가 매끈한 구형의 미립구이었고 미립구 크기의 분포가 제조조건에 따라 상이함을 알 수가 있 었다. GS 8) Bimaterials Research 2000 Figure 1. SEM phtgraphs f GS-laded PLGA MSs. (a) Batch N. 1 (riginal magnificatin 100), and (b) Batch N. 3 (riginal magnificatin 300).
4 ~ f fƒ Še Š PLGA f g d f wh t 139 ü e d hh g Š d ft Š j f h ŠdŠ d f i l hf jf 20~2,000 ppm f hš f. d l f hiš hi d l ŒŒ Œ Œ l fš d f Š h f ll giš. hii i f f rš. f } } g d l Š f, i f l ~ g d f f Š. 16,17) Figure 2 f i gid f f ~. f d iš h f f v f Š i ~ Š 20 ppmfš f Œf Š. f j f r t h h f ŒfŠ f. MeCNf d i f gš d f f 1,890 ppm 40 ppmfš f r f l igš f Š. hi d Œ l f 5 24 f Š hiš d g MeCN f d Œ l Šf r. (Batches N. 1 and 2, Table 1) d Œ l Š f Œ f 5 f f l f vwz Š. d f f h dš hiš, l ff hf f f gi MeCN f f Š fe ff h l Š MeCNf Œ f hf e d f l f eh f. 18,19) (Batches N. 1, 2, and 3) In vitr PBSd GSf v f Figure 3 ~. fhš hi f l eœh } f l f jeff f fš g vf l. (Batch N. Figure 2. The effect f drying cnditins n the amunt f residual slvent in GS-laded PLGA MSs. Figure 3. GS release behavir frm different size f PLGA MSs prepared by different preparatin cnditins. 1) f } ff d f hf l Š v t hff Œ hf v l Š } } d f f f f v l. 8) w l x Figure 4 in vitr v jf 1f, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9j wš giš Š S. aureus f Š f ~ lf. (Batch N. 1) fh v f igš je gf Š fff j f. f Š f f in vitr HPLC Š l v f 9j l f ŒfŠ. Š } } g f Œ l h Š f fff ŒfŠf g dš Œf h f f l hf Š h f ff f l. in viv x g Œ Š hf eš f Œ f fthf f hš Œ Š hf f Š f Š. d hi f in viv x eš d e Š f hiš z. i f Š h Šl f, j Œ hh f 2 e j x f, 3f 9j Œ GS/PLGA hh j Œf Š f 4 l f Š f Œ rš. i j Œ hh hhf if j Œ hh Š ~ f ŒŠ fff f. Table 2 f e Š ~, i, f hf j x, GS/PLGA Š x Vl. 4, N. 4
5 140 조진철 윤덕일 강길선 이종문 김용식 이정식 이해방 Table 2. Changes f S. aureus by GS delivered using s release GS/PLGA implants in cntrlling the infectin with S. aureus Via IM rute infectin Treatment Clny Frming Grup Time (n=3) Uints (CFU) 3.0 ± (2.0) ± (2.0) 107 Cntrl Grup 2.2 ± (2.8) ± (5.7) ± (2.1) 106 A Implant 8.5 ± (2.5) 105 (IM Rute (IM MSs Inj., Infectin, Batch N. 3) 1.7 ± (1) 102 n=36) 2.5 ± (1.5) ± (3) ± (3.7) 104 Intermittent IM Inj. 5.3 ± (3) ± (1.5) 102 Table 3. The cmparisn f S. aureus changes by GS delivered using Figure 4. Inhibitry znes frm GS-laded PLGA MSs in the in vitr test. 효과의 결과를 나타낸 것이다. 치료를 받지 않은 동물군은 3 일 기간동안 균수변화가 일어나지 않았으며 일반적인 치료인 주사제와 유사하게 시간이 경과함에 따라 생체조직내에 균수가 감소하는 것으로 보아 효과적인 치료가 있음을 확인하였다. Table 3은 균을 피하조직에 유발하여 미립구의 조직내 투여와 일반적인 치료의 비교결과이다. Batch N. 1은 9주 서방형제 제 미립구를 근육 내에 삽입하여 균수 변화를 관찰한 결과 이 식 3주 후에 감소가 보인 이후 7주 후에 균이 완전히 사멸함 을 보였는데 이는 초기에 미립구로부터 항균영역까지의 약물방 출이 이루어지지 않아 항균 발현영역에 도달하는데 상당한 기 간이 요함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 초기에 균을 사멸하기 위해 서는 미립구제형과 GS분말을 병용 투여하는 것이 바람직하다 고 사료된다. 미립구의 입자가 작은 Batch N. 3은 3일 동안 약물이 방출되어 일반적인 치료와 마찬가지로 균수의 감소가 있어 본 연구의 주목적인 치료효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었 다. Bimaterials Research 2000 s and 9 weeks GS/PLGA Implants in cntrlling the infectin with S. aureus Via SC rute infectin Treatment Clny Frming Grup Time (n=3) Uints (CFU) 1.4 ± (2.0) week 5.6 ± (1.0) week 2.2 ± (2.8) 105 Implant 3 week 1.1 ± (0.7) 103 (IM MSs Insert, Batch N. 1) 5 week 4.3 ± (1.4) week 5.1 ± (2.0) 10 B 9 week 1.1 ± (1.0) 10 (SC Rute 6 6 hr 2.9 ± (3.4) 10 Infectin, Implant 3.2 ± (2.7) 106 n=45) (IM MSs Inj., 7.5 ± (3.5) 103 Batch N. 3) 8.1 ± (1.2) ± (4.2) ± (2.5) 104 Intermittent IM Inj. 3.3 ± (2.5) ± (1.2) 102 결 론 본 연구에서는 수술 후 및 골수염 환자의 세균 감염을 방지 하기 위한 GS/PLGA 서방성 항생제의 연구와 in vitr 방출 및 실험 동물을 이용한 in viv 방출연구를 수행하였다. 생분 해성 고분자인 PLGA를 이용한 GS 미립구는 제조방법 및 조 성에 따라 방출기간의 조절이 가능하였으며 in vitr에서 다양 한 방출패턴을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제조된 항생제 함 유 미립구는 O/O 유화방법에 의한 용매 증발법으로 제조된 것으로 수용성 약물인 GS의 함량은 상당히 높았다. 본 제제의 경우에는 미립구의 크기를 치료목적에 따라 여러 형태로 제조 할 수 있으므로 각종 질환범위 및 부위에 따라 응용범위는 매 우 넓을 것으로 사료된다. 미립구의 제조시 사용되는 유기용매 는 3일 이상의 충분한 감압 건조에 의해 쉽게 제거할 수 있
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