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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 45, N. 10, pp. 644~650, 008. Preparatin and Structural Analysis f CaO-SiO Gel by Sl-Gel Methd Tae-Hyung Lee, Sujeng Lee**, Yen Hwang, Ill-Yung Kim*, Chikara Ohtsuki*, and Sung-Baek Ch** Department f Materials Science & Engineering, Seul Natinal University f Technlgy, Seul 19-74, Krea *Graduate Schl f Engineering, Nagya University, Nagya , Japan **Krea Institute f Gescience and Mineral Resurces, Daejen 05-50, Krea (Received Octber 5, 008; Revised Octber 14, 008; Accepted Octber 16, 008) w CaO-SiO w kxá **Áy Á½ *ÁChikara Ohtsuki*Á ** w œw *ùš w w œw **w y ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT It has been prpsed that the CaO-SiO binary system can be gd basic cmpsitin f biactive glasses and glass-ceramics. In the present study, varius kinds f CaO-SiO gels were prepared by sl-gel methd in rder t cntrl the micrstructure which are related t their disslutin rate, inductin perid f apatite frmatin in bdy envirnment. Characterizatin f the gels were dne by wet chemical analysis, SEM bservatin, FT-IR spectrscpy and XRD. The gelatin time decreased with CaO cntent. Hwever, the vlume f all the dried gel decreased t 50% f the wet gels irrespective f increasement f CaO cntent. All the CaO-SiO gels were amrphus and cntained a large amunt f silanl grups n their surfaces after heat treatment up t 800 C. The intercnnected structure f the gel changed t agglmerated spherical pwders when Ca cntent exceed t 0 ml%. Mst f the CaO-SiO gel shwed amrphus when heat-treated up t 900 C. Hwever, quartz and cristbalite was prduced when heat-treated at 1000 C and resultant micrstructure f the gel cntained micrprus structure. Key wrds : Sl-gel methd, CaO-SiO gel, Silanl grup 1. Biglass F z, CaO 1) SiO w y ƒ ww y ùkü x ƒ œ. -6) Kkub ƒ y y x e ³ w» w (Na O y CaO)-SiO -P O 5 w wš CaO P O 5 w w y w ù CaO-P O 5 qk p d x w xü. w, P O 5 w w Na O-CaO-SiO, CaO-SiO š CaO w w Na O-SiO, qk p d x w xü. w m Ohtsuki 7) CaO SiO w Crrespnding authr : Sung-Baek Ch sbch@kigam.re.kr Tel : Fax : ü w l e f p w, l e qk p w sy š, t x»(sioh)ƒ qk p p œw t qk p ³ w š, t qk p w x š šw. x w l e w w ³ w qk p d.,»ƒ qk p ³ w w» w - w w œ e sy ƒ e w t qk p d x. 8,9) ù SiO w wš e t» x w qk p d x w. wr, e w y w t w» ù t q 644
2 k p d x. 10)» l qk p w sy» w l Caù, Na š, t»»(functinal grups)ƒ w qk p w p œw ƒ y ùký. w y CaO-SiO ù y ü w, t w». CaO-SiO y» ƒ w š q. wr x š y CaO-SiO y y w» w m 1450 C š j, w w CaO-SiO SiO w 60 wt% y ww w. w 11,1) w w y y y w w,» š 1450 C š w w ù, d t w» w, û ƒ ƒ w - w CaO-SiO y wš wwš w.. x.1. CaO-SiO w Table 1 ùkü ƒ CaO- SiO Tetraethxysilane (TEOS; ER, Nacalai, Japan) ƒ w(hydrlysis) k z w (plycndensatin) j - (Sl-Gel) w w w. Ca(NO ) 4H O s p g w CaO-SiO w 645 Table 1. Starting Cmpsitins fr Preparatin f Varius Kinds f CaO-SiO Gels Cmpnent (g) Sample TEOS H O PEG Ca(NO ) 4H O 6% HNO [Si(OCH CH ) 4 ] 100S0C S5C S10C S15C S0C S5C S0C (M.W.: 10,000, Plyethylene glycl, PEG, Aldrich) w k z, (nitric acid, 6 wt%; Wak, Japan) ƒw.» w (stirring) j TEOS ƒwš, n w ¾ k z ƒ 5 g. v p» z, Ë l v w 40 C (wet gel) z, w C aging g. w 1ml/dm 6 w PEG w. yw. w 40 C 6 w, g p w» (Lindberg/Blue, , SPX Crpratin, USA) w ww. 100 C/h 600 C¾ g ww z, þw» ƒ w» Éü f l w... CaO-SiO p sƒ w CaO-SiO yw w, z 600 C w agate mrtar w pwder z, yw w Fig. 1. Changes in the gelatin time f varius CaO-SiO gels. 45«10y(008)
3 이태형 이수정 황 연 김일용 Chikara Ohtsuki 조성백 646 분석을 행하였다. 건조한 CaO-SiO 겔과 600 C, 700 C, 800 C, 900 C 및 1000 C에서 각각 열처리한 CaO-SiO 겔 의 파단면을 Au-Pd로 증착시킨 후, 주사 전자 현미경 (Scanning Electrn Micrscpe, SEM: XL 0S FEG, Philips, Netherlands)으로 관찰하여 미세구조(micrstructure) 를 살펴보았다. 또한 결정성 확인을 위하여 X선 회절(Xray diffractin:xrd, X-Pert MPD, Philips, Netherlands) 분석을 수행하였고, 열처리한 겔의 실라놀 기(silanl grups, SiOH)의 분석은 푸리에 변환 적외선(Furier transfrmed infrared, FT-IR) 확산 반사 분광 분석법 (diffusive reflectin spectrscpy, FTS75C, Bi-Rad, U. S. A)으로 측정하였다. FT-IR 확산 반사 분광분석법을 사 용한 경우 S/N 비를 높이기 위하여 시료를 agate mrtar 로 분쇄한 후 시료와 KBr의 비가 1:100이 되도록 잘 섞 은 후 측정하였다.. 결과 및 고찰 건조 겔의 특성 일반적으로 Tetraethxysilane(Si(OC H ), TEOS)을 산 (acid)을 촉매(catalyst)로 하는 수용액 중에 넣으면 (1)식에 나타낸 것처럼 가수분해되어 Si(OH) 가 되며, 여기서 각 각의 SiOH가 시간 경과와 함께 다시 식 ()에 나타낸 것 처럼 중축합(plycndensatin) 반응을 하여 Si-O-Si로 이 루어지는 netwrk을 형성하게 된다. 따라서 이 netwrk 가 계속 형성되면 겔화(gelatin)가 일어나게 되며, 그 결 과 고체의 습윤 겔이 형성되며 반응 부산물로서 에탄올 (C H OH)과 물(H O)이 형성된다. 이 습윤 겔을 균열이 생 기지 않도록 건조속도를 조절하며 에탄올과 물을 증발시 키고, 열처리를 하면 소정의 물리화학적, 기계적 특성을 지니는 겔을 얻을 수 있게 된다 ) 5 Si(OC H ) +4H O=Si(OH) +4C H OH (hydrlysis) (1) SiOH+SiOH=Si-O-Si+H O (plycndensatin) () 전술한 Table 1에 나타낸 바와 같이 여러 가지 조성을 가지는 CaO-SiO 겔은 상기 식 (1) 및 ()의 과정을 통해 반응 초기에는 투명한 수용액 상태였으나 시간 경과와 함 께 불투명한 겔이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 투명한 수용액의 유동성이 없어지는 시점을 겔화가 이루어진 시점으로 보 고 CaO-SiO 겔의 겔화에 필요한 시간을 측정한 결과를 Fig. 1에 나타내었다. Fig. 1의 결과로부터 순수한 SiO 로 이루어진 100S0C는 겔화에 약 9시간이 필요하지만 CaO 의 양이 증가함에 따라 겔화시간도 짧아져 70S0C인 경 우에는 약 4시간에 겔화가 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 촉매가 함유된 수용액 중에서 TEOS의 가수분해에 이은 중축합에 의해 얻어진 습윤겔은 모두 균열이 없는 bulk 형 태의 습윤 겔을 얻을 수 있었다. 그러나 겔화 후 aging 과 한국세라믹학회지 Fig.. SEM phtgraphs f fractured surfaces f Sl-Gel derived CaO-SiO gels heat-treated at 900 C. 정을 거쳐 얻어진 습윤 겔은 겔화 및 습윤 겔의 건조에 의 한 체적감소를 가져옴을 알 수 있었다. 조성변화에 따른 습윤 겔의 체적과 이 습윤 겔을 40 C에서 6일간 건조한 후의 체적을 Table 에 종합하여 나타내었다. 체적변화를 종합한 Table 의 결과를 보면 100S0C 겔인 경우 약 1.5 cm 정도였던 습윤겔의 체적이 CaO의 양이 증가할 수록 작아져 85S15C 겔인 경우에는 5.6 cm 로 작아짐을 Changes in the Vlume f the Wet & Dry Gels rate (%) Sample wet gel (cm ) dry gel (cm ) 100S0C S5C S10C S15C S0C S5C S0C Table.
4 졸 겔 법을 이용한 CaO-SiO 계 겔의 합성 및 구조분석 647 Cmparisn f Chemical Cmpsitin fr Varius CaO-SiO Gels CaO Acid washing Nn acid washing input prduct prduct/input prduct prduct/input input 95S5C S10C S15C S0C S5C S0C Table. 알 수 있었다. 그러나 CaO의 양이 이보다 많아져 0 ml%를 넣은 80S0C 겔인 경우에는 오히려 85S15C 겔보다 체적이 약 간 증가되어 7.4 cm 로 되었다가 CaO의 양이 증가함에 따라 다시 습윤 겔 및 건조 겔의 체적이 작아지고 있음 을 알 수 있었다. 이처럼 감소하던 습윤 겔의 체적이 80S0C 겔에서 다시 증가하였다가 감소하게 되는 경향은 겔의 미세 구조와 관련이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 대 부분의 조성에서 습윤 겔과 건조 겔의 체적 차이는 약 50%정도의 변화를 나타내고 있음을 Table 의 결과로부 터 알 수 있었다. 이로써 일정한 조건하에서 습윤 겔을 건조하였을 때 나타나는 체적의 변화는 Ca양과 무관하게 약 50% 내외임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 산세척한 겔과 산세척을 하지 않고 건조하여 600 C 에서 열처리한 겔에 대하여 겔 합성 시 실제 투입한 CaO 와 SiO 의 함량(input)과, 각종 겔을 습식화학분석을 이용 하여 실제로 측정한 CaO와 SiO 의 함량(prduct)을 비교 한 결과를 Table 에 나타내었다. Table 의 결과를 살펴 보면 산세척를 하지 않은 경우나 산세척을 하고 건조 및 열처리를 행한 경우 모두 최초에 넣었던 CaO의 양보다 도 훨씬 적은 양의 CaO양이 검출되며, 전자의 경우보다 후자의 경우가 Ca(prduct)/Ca(input)의 비가 훨씬 작아짐 을 알 수 있다. Table 의 결과에 나타난 것처럼 Ca이온의 비가 작아지 는 이유는, 산처리를 하지 않고 건조 및 열처리를 한 경 우는 일부 CaO가 silxane(si-o-si)의 netwrk에 충분히 침 입하지 못하고 물(H O)속에 미반응 Ca이온으로 남거나, 혹은 겔 골격구조 속에 있던 Ca이온이 상기 식 (1)의 가 수분해 과정에서 발생하는 에탄올(C H OH) 또는 물속에 용해되어 회수되기 때문으로 사료된다. 또한 산세척을 하 고 건조하여 열처리 한 시료인 경우는 이에 더하여 산세 척 과정 중 plymer인 PEG를 1N-HNO 용액으로 세척하 는 과정에서 일부 PEG와 함께 질산 용액 속에 계속해서 용출되어 나오기 때문에 산세척을 하지 않은 경우보다 겔 골격구조 속에 남아 있는 Ca이온의 양이 적어진 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 CaO-SiO 계 겔을 원하는 조성으로 맞 SiO Acid washing Nn acid washing prduct prduct/input prduct prduct/input 추기 위해서는 계산된 CaO의 양보다 과잉의 CaO를 첨가 해야 할 것으로 사료된다. 열처리에 따른 특성 조성변화에 따른 미세구조의 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 Table 1에 나타낸 여러 가지 조성의 CaO-SiO 습윤겔을.. 5 Fig.. SEM phtgraphs f fractured surfaces f Sl-Gel derived CaO-SiO gels heat-treated at 1000 C. 제 45 권 제 10호(008)
5 648 kxá Áy Á½ ÁChikara OhtsukiÁ w z 900 C 1000 C w z q SEM Fig. Fig. ù kü. Fig (a) l w SiO 100S0C µm»œ œ. TEOS ƒ w g w j plymer PEG ƒw Si rich phase plymer rich phase œ j spindal decmpsitin w., k Si rich phase plymer rich phaseƒ œ w k freeze 1N-HNO 6 w plymer rich phase w plymer PEGƒ ù PEGƒ w µm j» pre š, Si rich phase y(gelatin)ƒ w () ùkü w x w z œ w. 15 ml%¾ CaO ƒ g ù,»œ j» CaO ƒw f š. l»œ j» wš. w r 0 ml% CaO ƒw ƒ š w xk ùküš. netwrk frmer SiO ƒ w» w bridging xygen netwrk mdifier CaO ƒw nn-bridging xygen ƒw Si-O-Si w ƒ š, bulk x». w xk y. ù 1000 C w ü»œ ¼. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 CaO-SiO w w 900 C 1000 C w X z ql ƒƒ ùkü. Fig. 4 X z ql l CaO y g 900 C¾ (amrphus). ù CaO-SiO 1000 C w, CaO w ƒ Fig. 5. w SiO 100S0C CaO 15 ml% ¾ ƒ g w 85S15C 1000 C w ù, 80S0C x quartzƒ CaO ƒ j quartz š x cristbaliteƒ» w CaO quartz cristbalite. Fig. 4. Pwder X-ray diffractin patterns f varius kinds f the CaO-SiO gels heat-treated at 900 C. Fig. 5. Pwder X-ray diffractin patterns f varius kinds f the CaO-SiO gels heat-treated at 1000 C. w Fig. 6 FT-IR y rp. Fig. 6(a) 600 C FT-IR y rp ùkù cm 1 IR peaks Si-O-Si bending vibratin w 1 peak, 1100 cm peak Si-O stretching vibratin» w peak š 960 cm 1 peak Si-OH stretching vibratin w. 14)»(Silanl grup, SiOH) CaO-SiO ƒ y w t qk p x w w wz
6 w CaO-SiO w 649 Fig. 6. FT-IR diffusive reflectin spectra f varius kinds f the CaO-SiO gels heat-treated at varius temperatures. ƒ w. w CaO- SiO w FT-IR y w» w Fig. 6(a) l CaO y w Si- OH stretching vibratin w peak ƒ w. Fig. 6(b) Fig. 6(c) ƒ CaO-SiO 900 C 1000 C w FT-IR y rp ùkü. Fig. 6(a) ƒ cm IR peaks Si-O-Si bending vibratin w 1 peak, 1100 cm peak Si-O stretching vibratin» w peak š cm peak Si-OH stretching vibratin w. Fig. 6(b) Fig. 6 (c) l Ca ƒw Si-O stretching vibratin» w peak Si-OH stretching vibratin w peak w š intensity, Ca ƒw Ca-O peakƒ 100~100 cm x» 1 q. wr, 900 C 1000 C w 960 cm 1 Si-OH stretching vibratin intensityƒ w, ƒ»(silanl grup, SiOH) w 900 C w CaO-SiO»ƒ w š. š ƒ w SiOH+SiOH=Si-O-Si+H O () w t SiOHƒ». Fig. 6(b) Fig. 6(c) FT-IR y rp ùkù cm 1 IR peaks» () w 1 x Si-O-Si bending vibratin w peak, 1100 cm peak Si-O stretching vibratin» w peak ƒ f w CaO-SiO w w š p sƒ ww, CaO ƒ y š,»œ œ l xk ùký. w CaO-SiO 900 C¾ w wù, 1000 C w quartz cristbalite k w. - w w w CaO-SiO CaO w» n w yw CaO-SiO w w» w» ƒ w z w yw sƒw w. Acknwledgments w Ÿ 45«10y(008)
7 650 kxá Áy Á½ ÁChikara OhtsukiÁ l ù» y w. REFERENCES 1. L. L. Hench, R. J. Splinter, W. C. Allen, and T. K. Greenlee, Bnding Mechanism at Interface f Ceramic Prsthetic Materials, J. Bimed. Res. Sym.,, (1971).. H. Brmer, E. Pfeil, and H. H. Kas, Glass-ceramic material, German Patent N., (197).. U. M. Grss, C. Muller-Mai, and C. Vigt, Ceravatal F Biactive Ceramics, pp in An Intrductin t Biceramics, ed. by L. L. Hench and J. Wilsn, Wrld Sci., Singapre, R. Reck, S. Strkel, and A. Meyer, Biactive Glass-ceramics in Middle Ear Surgery; An 8-year Review, pp , in biceramics; Material Characteristics Versus in viv Behavir, ed. by P. Ducheyne and J. E. Lemns, Annals f New Yrk, G. E. Merwin, Review f Biactive Materials fr Otlgic and Maxillfacial Applicatin, pp. -8, in Handbk f Biactive Ceramics, Vl. 1, Biactive Glasses and Glassceramics, ed. by T. Yamamur, L. L. Hench and J. Wilsn, CRC Press, Bca Ratn, T. Nakamura, T. Yamamur, S. Higashi, T. Kkub, and S. It, A New Glass-Ceramic fr Bne Replacement ; Evaluatin f Its Bnding t Bne Tissue, J. Bimed. Mater. Res., (1985). 7. C. Ohtsuki, T. Kkub, K. Takatsuka, and T. Yamamur, Mechanism f Apatite Frmatin n CaO-SiO -P O 5 Glasses in a Simulated Bdy Fluid, J. Nn-Cryst. Slids, (199). 8. S. B. Ch, T. Kkub, K. Nakanishi, N. Sga, C. Ohtsuki, T. Nakamura, T. Kitsugi, and T. Yamamura, Dependence f Apatite Frmatin n Silica Gel n Its Structure : Effect f Heat Treatment, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (1995). 9. S. B. Ch, K. Nakanishi, T. Kkub, N. Sga, C. Ohtsuki, and T. Nakamura, Apatite Frmatin n Silica Gel in Simulated Bdy Fluid : Its Dependence n Structures f Silica gels Prepared in Different Media., J. Bimed. Mater. Res.(Appl. Bimaterial), (1996). 10. S. B. Ch, F. Miyaji, T. Kkub, K. Nakanishi, N. Sga, and T. Nakamura, Apatite Frmatin n Varius Silica Gels in a Simulated Bdy Fluid Cntaining Excessive Calcium In, J. Ceram. Sc. Japan., (1994). 11. T. Kkub, Biactive Glass Ceramics : Prperties and Applicatins, Bimaterials, (1991). 1. C. Ohtsuki, T. Kkub, K. Takatsuka, and T. Yamamur, Cmpsitinal Dependence f Biactivity f Glass in the System CaO-SiO -P O 5 :Its in vitr Evaluatin, J. Ceram. Sc. Japan, (1991). 1. L. L. Hench and J. West, The Sl-Gel Prcess, Chem. Rev., 91-5 (1990). 14. G. Orcel, J. Phalippu, and L. L. Hench, Structural Changes f Silica Xergels During Lw Temperature Dehydratin, J. Nn-Cryst. Slids, (1986). w wz
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