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1 Bimaterials Research (2006) (4) : Bimaterials Research 7 The Krean Sciety fr Bimaterials Au-Pt-Cu-xSn w y Strengthening f a Prcelain-Fused Ally in Au-Pt-Cu-xSn System x 1,2,3 Á yû 1,2 Á 3, * Sang Hyek Lee 1,2,3, H Nam Lim 1,2, and Jung Mann Dh 3, * 1 Š x g, 2 Š xfš, 3Š Š e h 1 Testing & Develpment Center fr Dental Materials, Kyung Hee University, He-Gi-Dng, Seul , Krea 2 Cllege f Denstry, Kyung Hee University, He-Gi-Dng, Seul , Krea 3 Metal Prcessing Research Center, Krea Institute f Science and Technlgy, Seul, Krea (Received August, 2006/Accepted Nvember, 2006) The micrstructure and hardness f the Au-Pt-Cu-xSn prcelain fused allys were investigated by using ptical micrscpy, secndary electrn micrscpy, electrn prbe micranalysis, X-ray diffractmetry and vickers hardness test. The hardness f the heat-treated Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally reached a maximum value in 30 min at 600 C in the range f 2 t 8 C. In the Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally aged at 600 C, the hardness f the ally rapidly increased until 30min with increasing aging time and after that it was remained nearly cnstant value. The hardness f Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally glazed at 920 C was 78 H v and that f the ally aged fr 30 min at 600 C increased t 1 H v. This indicates that a ceramicmetal crwn with high strength can be manufactured using the glazing at 920 C and fllwed final aging at 600 C fr 30 min. Glazing and final aging f the prcelain-fused Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally were perfrmed at 920 and 600 C, respectively. Key wrds: Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally, Prcelain, Glazing, Aging, Ceramic-metal crwn e g d Š f x s f Š i i f Š f. f Š f j f,, d f f h f, g f Š ll g d Š f ~ hf s, f, j, z f e f t l. Au-Pt-Pd Š f j f t Š gf In 2 O 3, SnO 2 Œ~f Œ f Œ g f Š f l f f, g d Š 1,2) j f t g Š Œ f g f Šf llš f f. 3-5) jid Š (89.7Au-Pt) 0.3 wt% j f t Š s f f, e 6) Au-Pt-Cu Š f f t h Œ fš Œ Pt 3 In Œ~ v f fš v Œ fš Š f Œ f Š. 7) Š, g h f h s ŠŠ jitf f l. 8) Š, x g d Š j t fš Œ Š g l Š hf. *sf hf: kistdh@kist.re.kr Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f g hf x ji, ~ s (degassing), (paque), (bdy), e s (glazing) h j Œ i Š f d Š h ƒ f g f h iš eš gx f v f s ŠŠ i f f l ~ f Š. ƒ, if h hf g d Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f l Š v f z f Œ ~ v Œ Š. Au-Pt-Cu e Š f i h ƒ x t e j f rš eš Au-Pt-0.6Cu Š 0.5, 2.0 wt% j f t Š f hfš f, f Table 1 ~. Š f j l e dš dšš f, Š dš dš. f h Œ lš eš ji f l 2 trr fš elš f jfš Œ (inert gas) e elš. Š hi j f t Š. Š Œ v f l d~f j fš j hfš. hi Š f lœs i 206

2 g d Au-Pt-Cu-xSn Š f Œ 207 Table 1. Chemical cmpsitin f allys used in this study. [wt% (at%)] Ally system Au Pt Cu Sn 87.47(87.92) 11.93(11.87) 0.60(0.2) 0 Au-Pt-Cu-XSn 87.04(87.66) 11.87(11.83) 0.59(0.2) 0.5(0.3) 85.72(86.85) 11.70(11.73) 0.58(0.2) 2.0(1.2) Table 2. Melting pint DSC measurement and slutin treatment temperature (slutin treated fr 2 hrs) Ally system Measured melting pint ( C) slidus liquidus Slutin treatment temperature ( C) Au-Pt-Cu Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn f vš eš hi j (ingt) vv Š f, r (DSC-404 NETZSCH. C., Germany) fdš Š f fhf whš f f Table 2 ~. Š f Au-Pt-Cu Š f i h ƒ x t e Sn Š h lf d Š f Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f hš. 9) ƒ, dfhf 00 C fšf Š f d g s f f Œf t Š f fhf 79 Cf Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f hš. h Š f uh s vš eš Œf f 2~8 C e 0 C f 30 s ŠŠ Š whš 600 C u f ~ f, 600 C el wh Š 30 s Š u f ~. ƒ ji f fdš Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f f l g d f u 7 hfš. intage (Shfu. C., Japan) g f g (Multimat Tuch Press Dentsply. C., USA) Š g d f hfš, g hi h Š Table 3f ŠŠ. uihf 920 C glazing s Š 2 f g j Š g dš v 600 C 30 s Š g f hfš. Glazing s s ilf rš eš f f f Š Œ fx muntingš #240~4000 SiC l Š f (6 µm, 3 µm, 1 µm), Al 2 O µm ui Š. Au-Pt-Cu-Sn e Š f ilf rš eš 25 ml HCl 0.7 gf CrO 3 t d 30~60t el z s Š. Š (Axivert 0A, Zeiss C)f dš g d f ilf i Š (HM-2000 SHIMADZU C., Japan) whš. whš eš 200 ŠjŠ t elš f, f f Duncan's multiple range test Š, ef j (p)f 0.05 Š. Š, j hf (SEM)f dš l lil f v f i Š f, t e f Š s h f i Š eš X- h (XRD) i (EPMA)f fdš. X- h f Cu Kα f dš f, h 40 k, h 30 ma, j 5/minf i f Š. š g hf h, l ji, ~ s, g, glazing h ui s Au-Pt- Cu-0.5Sn Š f h ƒ ilf Œ i Š.» s Œ lœ s Š Au-Pt-CuŠ Au-Pt-Cu-0.5SnŠ f s f Œ Figure 1 ~. s Figure 1. ariatin f hardness f Au-Pt-Cu-Sn ally with aging cnditins. (a) Aging fr 30 min and (b) With aging time at 600 C. l., N. 4

3 이상혁 임호남 도정만 208 리온도 변화에 따른 경도 변화를 조사한 결과 Au-Pt-Cu 합금 에서는 경도변화가 관찰되지 않았으나 주석이 0.5 wt% 첨가된 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 경우 600 C에서 최대값에 도달한 후 열처리 온도가 증가됨에 따라 감소되었으며(Figure 1a), 600 C 에서 시효시간에 따른 경도를 조사한 결과 시효시간 30분에서 최대의 경도값을 나타내었다(Figure 1b). 한편, 주석이 첨가되 지 않은 Au-Pt-Cu 삼원계 합금을 600 C에서 60분간 시효처 리한 결과 경도값의 변화가 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 이상과 같 은 사실로부터 Au-Pt-Cu 삼원계 합금에 주석이 0.5 wt% 첨 가된 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 경우 미량 첨가원소인 주석이 합 금의 경도 증가에 기여한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 열처리 온도에 따른 주조금속관의 경도변화 도재소부용 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 금합금의 소성조건을 Table 3에 온도변화에 따른 경도값을 Table 4에 각각 나타내었다. 경도값 의 통계분석은 Duncan's multiple range test법으로 수행하였 다. 주조상태에서 경도값은 89 H 를 나타내었으나 금속도재관 Firing cnditins f Au-Pt-Cu-Sn allys. Starting Heatrate Finaltemp. Hlding- acuum (C) time (min) (cm/hg) temp. (C) (C/min) Oxidatin 980 Opaque Dentin Glazing 920 Aging Table 3. ariatin f hardness f Au-Pt-Cu-Sn allys with firing cnditins. Hardness (H) metal prcelain b As cast 189 ± 3.3 Oxidatin 185 ± 7.1b Opaque 180 ± 1.5a Dentin 190 ± 1.9b Glazing 178 ± 1.1a 593 ± 4.5d c Aging 1 ± ± 3.8d The same letter are nt significantly different at p<0.05. Table 4. Figure 2. 제작 공정, 즉 탈가스처리 (degassing), 오팩 (paque), bdy, glazing 처리 후 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 금합금의 경도값이 각각 85, 80, 90, 78 H 으로써 bdy를 제외한 나머지 탈가스처리, 오 팩, glazing 상태의 경도값이 주조상태의 경도값 보다 낮게 나 타났다. 특히 금속도재관 제작 최종 단계인 glazing을 행한 후 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금 보철물의 경도값이 78 H 으로 대단히 낮게 나타내었다(p<0.05). 따라서 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 금속도재관의 경도를 증가시키기 위 하여 Figure 1b에서와 같이 600 C에서 30분간 열처리한 결과 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 경도값이 1 H 로 증가되었으며(p< 0.05), 도재의 경도값은 약 600 H 으로써 시효처리에 따른 변 화는 관찰되지 않았다(p>0.05). 이와 같은 사실로부터 glazing 후에 금속도재관을 600 C에서 추가로 열처리함으로써 도재의 경도를 변화시키지 않고, 금속도재관의 경도를 78 H 에서 1 H 로 증가시킬 수 있었다. 미세조직관찰 Figure 2와 3은 각각 시효처리에 따른 Au-Pt-Cu 및 Au-PtCu-0.5Sn 합금의 미세조직 변화를 나타내고 있다. Figure 2는 균질화 열처리 와 시효처리한 Au-Pt-Cu 삼원계 합금의 미세조 직을 광학현미경으로 관찰한 것이다. 주석이 첨가되지 않은 Au-Pt-Cu 3원계 합금을 균질화 열처리한 시편과 시효처리한 시편의 미세조직상의 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 주석이 0.5 wt.% 첨가된 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금을 920 C에 서 glazing 처리한 시료 및 glazing 처리후 600 C에서 30분 동안 시효처리한 시료의 주사전자현미경 사진을 Figure 3에 나 타내었다. glazing 처리한 합금과 glazing 처리 후 시효처리한 합금에서 미세한 석출물들 (사진상의 흰색 입자들)이 관찰되었 으며, 시효 처리한 시료에서는 grazing 시료보다 많은 양의 석 출물들이 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 사실로부터 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금을 glazing 처리한 후 시효 처리한 경우 나타나는 경도값 의 증가는 Figure 3에서 관찰된 미세한 석출물의 증가와 밀접 한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 상분석 주석이 0.5 wt% 첨가된 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금을 이용하여 Micrstructurs f the Au-Pt-Cu ally (a) slutin-treated fr ne hurs at 20C and (b) aged fr 30 min at 600C. Bimaterials Research 2006

4 도재소부용 Au-Pt-Cu-xSn계 합금의 강화 Figure 3. SEM micrgraphs f the Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn ally (a) glazed at 920C and (b) fllwed aging fr 30 min at 600C. 치아보철물 제작한 경우 소성과정에 따라 경도값의 차이가 발 생되었으며(Table 4), glazing 및 시효처리한 치아보철물에서 Figure 3에서와 같이 새로운 석출상들이 관찰되었다. 따라서 주 석이 첨가된 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 glazing 및 시효처리할 때 나타나는 미세조직 변화 및 경도 증가의 정확한 원인을 분 석하기 위하여 EPMA와 XRD를 이용하여 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 금 합금과 Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn 금합금에 존재하는 석출상의 분석을 실시하였다. 특히, Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 금합금의 경우 생성된 석출 물의 양이 적어 분석의 불확실성이 높아지기 때문에 분석의 정 확성을 기하기 위해 충분한 양의 석출물이 생성되는 Au-PtCu-2.0Sn 금합금에 대하여 동시에 분석을 실시하였다. Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금과 Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 미세조직 및 석출물의 조성 분석 위치를 나타내는 주사전자현미경 사진 을 Figure 4에 나타었다. Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn 합금의 경우 Figure 4a에 나타난 바와 같이 결정립계 주위에 조대한 석출상들이 존 재하고, 결정립 내부에는 미세한 석출물들이 소량 분포되어 있 었으며, 주석 함량이 높은 Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn 합금에는 Figure 4b에서와 같이 결정립계와 결정립 내부에 다량의 석출물들이 생성되어 있고, 결정립계와 결정립 내부에 존재하는 석출물들 의 크기도 상당히 크게 성장되어 있었다. Table 5는 Figure 4 에 화살표로 표시된 석출물들의 화학성분을 미세조성분석기 Figure (EPMA)를 이용하여 정량한 결과이다. 석출물의 화학조성 분석 시 나타난 금(Au) 함량을 기지조직효과(matrix effect)에 기인한 다는 가정 하에 석출물의 화학조성을 금과 구리의 함량을 제 외한 백금(Pt)과 주석(Sn) 만으로 계산하였다. 그 결과 Table 5 에 표시된 Au-Pt-Cu-xSn (x = 0.5, 2.0) 사원계 합금에 존재 하는 석출물의 화학구조식은 Pt Sn과 가장 유사하게 나타났다. 특히, 석출물의 크기가 가장 미세한 Figure 4b 미세조직상의 b 위치 석축물 내의 금 함량이 조대한 석출물(조직상의 a, c 위치) 내의 금 함량보다 현저히 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 사 실로부터 석출물의 화학조성 분석시 나타난 금(Au) 함량은 미 세조성분석 시 나타나는 기지조직효과(matrix effect)에 기인한 다는 가정이 타당한 것으로 판단된다. 한편, Au-Pt-Cu 합금과 Au-Pt-Cu-Sn 합금에 존재하는 석출 3 Chemical analysis f precipitates in Au-Pt-Cu-Sn by EPMA (at. %) Cndi- Sample Lcatin Au Pt Cu Sn tin 0.5Sn a a Aging 2.0Sn b c Table 5. SEM micrgraphs f the (a) Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn and (b) Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn allys aged at 600C fr 30 min. l., N. 4

5 2 f ÁfŒ Á h f hœš Š eš X- h fdš i f Š. hf X- h fdš (phase analysis)f Š d igš v f f f d f Š. f hœ f Š eš v f igš f Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn Š Š X- h f Š. dœs 600 C s Š Au-Pt-Cu e Š f d Figure 5a b f X- h l ilf Š (Au) dtf h } r Œ r l. Figure 5 ~ Au-Pt-Cu e Š f lil Š dt (slid slutin)f h } Š JCPDS x (JCPDS N ) fxš. Figure 6f 962 C dœ s 600 C 30 s Š Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn e Š f X- h f Figure 5. X-ray diffractin patterns f the Au-Pt-Cu allys. (a) slutintreated fr 2 hurs at 19 C and (b) fllwed aging fr 30min at 600 C. ~ f. j f t Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn e Š j f t l f Au-Pt-Cu e Š e Š dt } igš d v f } h r l. Figure 4b f v f Œ j f 2.0 wt% t Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn Š Š X- h f Š. Figure 7f 600 C 30 s Š Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn Š f X- h f ~ f. j f 2.0 wt% t Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn Š l ilf f dt fd v f f 31.5, 38.8, 45.5, 66, 79 } f r. Figure 7bf X- h igš 31.5, 38.8, 45.5, 66, 79 } Pt 3 Sn Š JCPDS (JCPDS # ) x Š Pt 3 Sn fxš. f Š Au-Pt-Cu-xSn Š (x = 0.5, 2.0)f s Pt-Sn-rich v f Pt 3 Snf ŒŠ f f f. f f 920 C glazingš 600 C 30 s h j Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn g ~ f l Š Pt 3 Sn Œ~f ŒŠ v Œ fš f Š Š ff, glazingf s f 600 C 30 s Š f gf f f Œ f i f l ~f hhf x s f hfš f. Au-Pt-Cu e Š Au-Pt-Cu e Š j (Sn)f 0.5, 2.0 wt.% t Š hiš Š f s h ƒ ilf Œ Š Š f f. 1. j f 0.5 wt.% t Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn Š f 2Á Figure 6. X-ray diffractin patterns f the Au-Pt-Cu-0.5Sn allys. (a) slutin-treated fr 2 hurs at 19 C and (b) fllwed aging fr 30 min at 600 C. Figure 7. X-ray diffractin patterns f Au-Pt-Cu-xSn allys aged fr 30 min at 600 C. (a) x = 0.5 wt% and (b) x = 2.0 wt%. Bimaterials Research 2006

6 8 C s Š d 600 C 30 s u f ~. 2. g hf ui f glazingš x f Au-Pt- Cu-0.5Sn Š f 78 H f f glazingf x 600 C 30 s Š i f f 1 H f l (p<0.05). 3. Au-Pt-Cu-2.0Sn Š igš v Š i i v f L12 i Pt 3 Sn Œ~f ŒŠ. g f glazing ui s ~ Au-Pt-Cu-xSn Š f l Š Pt 3 Sn Œ~f ŒŠ v Œ Š. f f j f t Au-Pt-Cu-Sn Š f dš x hfš d glazingf ŠŠ v 600 C u Š f s ŠŠ gf f Œ f (p<0.05) i f f l ~f d Š s hff Š f f. g d Au-Pt-Cu-xSn Š f Œ 211 š x 1. H. Ohn, O. Miyakawa, K. Watanabe, and N. Shikawa, The structure f xide frmed by high-temperature xidatin f cmmercial gld allys fr prcelain-metal bnding, J. Dent. Res., 6, (1982) 2. G. Craig, Restrative dental materials, (Msby-Year Bk, Inc. l993) p. 496, (1993). 3. R. M. German, Hardening reactin in a high-gld cntent ceram-metal ally, J. Dent. Res., 59, (1980) 4. H. Ohn and Y. Kanzawa, Structural changes in the xidatin znes f gld allys fr prcelain bnding cntaining small amunts f Fe and Sn, J. Dent. Res., 64, (1985) 5. S. G. ermilyes, E. F. Huget, and J. S. ilca, Observatin n gld-palladium-silver and gld-palladium allys, J. Prsthet. Dent., 44, (1980) 6. F. Karl, J. William, and F. Gunnar, Hardening f high-fusing gld allys, J. Dent. Res., 45, (1966) 7. f, h, hœ, j. Au-Pt-Cu Š f i h ƒ x t e Indium Š, Šfd t Š, 24, (2003). 8. J. Fischer and P. W. Fleetwd, Imprving the prcessing f high-gld metal-ceramic framewrks by a pre-firing heat treatment, Dental. Materials, 16, (2000) 9. f, h, hœ, fœ. Au-Pt-Cu Š f i h ƒ x t e Sn Š, Š tg Š l, 8, (2004). l., N. 4

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