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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(2): pissn: eissn: X Changes in Preschool Childcare and Private Education Expenses of Different Income Groups Caused by the Expansion of the Childcare Subsidy Recipients: A Focus on Universal Childcare Policy Su-Ji Jung 1, Yun-Hyun Pack 2, Ji-Na Song 1, Daewoong Kim 1, Soon-Hyung Yi 1, 3 Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1 Interdisciplinary Program in Early Childhood Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 3 : 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3 1, 2, 3 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of childcare expenses and private education expenses caused by target expanding the childcare subsidy policy and its relationship to household income. Methods: The study analyzed data of the Korean Welfare Panel Study from 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, to 2013, when the universal childcare policy was enforced. Results and Conclusion: The results of analysis were as follows. First, while childcare expenses, private education expenses, and their ratios to household income showed a tendency of gradual decline, the graphs of childcare and private education expenses were symmetric. Second, there were differences in childcare and private education expenses among income classes. Third, in 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, household income affected childcare and private expenses. Lastly, in 2013, after the universal childcare policy was implemented, household income had a greater effect on private education expenses, while the effect of household income on childcare expenses became insignificant. Keywords: preschool childcare expenses, preschool private education expenses, universal childcare policy, income groups, childcare expenses subsidy (new social risks), (Castles, 2010) , , Corresponding Author: Soon-Hyung Yi, Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-gu, Seoul , Republic of Korea ysh@snu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi , , , OECD 1.30 (Statistics Korea, 2015a).,,., , 2006 (Ministry of Health and Welfare [MOHW], 2013). 2000, 2010, , ,, (J. S. Kim, 2014). (Branscomb & Goble, 2011). (K. I. Kim, 2014).,., %, 82%, 96% 3 87%, 86%, 93% (M. S. Kim et al., 2013).,., (K. I. Kim, 2014), 5 (Y. J. Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2013).,,,, (Jung, 2012)., (S. H. Kim, Joo, & Hong, 2013) ,. (Suh, Yang, & Son, 2012). (Min & Bae, 2014), (Yang, 2013). Y. J. Lee (2013), 65% (Cha et al., 2010).,,.,.,. 3 2, % 74.3%

3 29 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses (Cha et al., 2010). Kwon (2011) 74.5%, 227,400, 305,200.,.,.. (Cho & Yoo, 2013) (Hong, 2013),.,.,.,,,,, (Baek & Cho 2005; S. L. Lee, 2011) %, , 5, (K. I. Kim, 2014).,,,, (Kwon, 2011; Suh & Yang, 2013)., (J. K. Kim, 2004).,.,,,, 2011 (Y. J. Lee et al., 2013). K. S. Lee Kim (2010) 6,..,, %, 70% (MOHW, 2013),.,,,.. 1,? 2,?

4 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 30 3,? 연구대상.,,,, ,072, ,800, ,048 9., (2009 ) (2013 ) ,,, , (J. K. Kim, 2004),. (J. K. Kim, 2004). 1. 3, 4, 5. 5 (2009 ) 2003, 2004, 2005, 6 (2010 ) 2004, 2005, 2006, 7 (2011 ) 2005, 2006, 2007, 8 (2012 ) 2006, 2007, 2008, 9 (2013 ) 2007, 2008, (2009 ) 492, 6 (2010 ) 453, 7 (2011 ) 528, 8 (2012 ) 513, 9 (2013 ) 461.,. Table 1. 40% 30%, 13% 2%. Statistics Korea (2015b) 60% %, % %, 150% %. 3, 4, %. 연구도구, 2. ( )?,,., ( )?,,...,.. (, ).

5 31 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 1 General Characteristics of the Participants f (%) Variable Residence 5th year (2009) 6th year (2010) 7th year (2011) 8th year (2012) 9th year (2013) Province Seoul 73 (14.8) 66 (14.6) 77 (14.6) 70 (13.6) 56 (12.1) Metropolitan city 152 (30.9) 135 (29.8) 161 (30.5) 159 (31.0) 134 (29.1) City 194 (39.4) 190 (41.9) 219 (41.5) 227 (44.2) 222 (48.2) County 66 (13.4) 54 (11.9) 58 (11.0) 46 (9.0) 38 (8.2) Urban-rural consolidated city 7 (1.4) 8 (1.8) 13 (2.5) 11 (2.1) 11 (2.4) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100) Income group Lower income 44 (8.9) 28 (6.2) 51 (9.7) 47 (9.2) 35 (7.6) Middle income 345 (70.1) 321 (70.9) 375 (71.0) 349 (68.0) 308 (66.8) Higher income 103 (20.9) 104 (23) 102 (19.3) 117 (22.8) 118 (25.6) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100) Age 3 years 157 (31.9) 159 (35.1) 197 (33.9) 168 (32.7) 134 (29.1) 4 years 158 (32.1) 142 (31.3) 191 (36.2) 164 (32.0) 169 (36.7) 5 years 177 (36) 152 (33.6) 158 (29.9) 181 (35.3) 158 (34.3) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100)., (equivalence scale) (Ku, Son, & Ahn, 2010)., OECD.. 소득균등화된소득 가구원수 1 2., %. OECD %, 150% (Statistics Korea, 2015b). 자료분석 SPSS Statistics 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY).. 5 (2009 ) 9 (2013 ),.,,, (2010 ) 9 (2014 ),, Pearson, Durbin-Watson (Variation Inflation Factor [VIF]).

6 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 32 보육비, 사교육비변화경향 5 (2009 ) 9 (2013 ) 3-5 Figure , ,800., , , 2011, 2013.,. Figure 2,, , , 가구소득구분에따른보육비, 사교육비변화경향 Figure 3 Figure , 2013,. (Figure 3), , , , 2011, 2013,,,. (Figure 4),. 2011, Figure 1. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses and private education expenses. Figure 2. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses and private education expenses to household disposable income.

7 33 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Figure 3. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses according to income groups.. (Figure 5), % Figure 6,,. 70% Figure 4. The pattern of changes in private education expenses according to income groups ,. 1, Figure 5 Figure 6.,,, 2011 Figure 5. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses to household disposable income according to income groups. Figure 6. The pattern of changes in private education expenses to household disposable income according to income groups.

8 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 34, 무상보육정책시행전후가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계 무상보육정책시행전가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계,,, 2009 (5 ) 2013 (9 ),,.,,. (natural log). 5 (2009 ),,. Table 2, (r =.314, p <.001), (r =.326, p <.001). (r = -.199, p <.001)...,. Durbin-Watson, 2 ( = 2.000, = 1.980).,.8 VIF 10., 2009 (5 ) Table 3. 1,,,,, %, (F = 4.131, p <.001). 1 (β = -.124, p <.05), (β =.131, p <.01) %, (F = 5.406, p <.001). R (F = , p <.001). 2, (β =.110, p <.05). (β =.220, p <.001), β (5 ) Table 2 Correlations of Analyzed Variables of 5th Year (2009) Data Private education expenses - Childcare expenses -.199*** - Private education expenses Childcare expenses Ln equalized disposable income Ln equalized disposable income.326***.314*** - Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

9 35 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 3 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Childcare Expenses of 5th Year (2009) Data Step 1 Step 2 Independent variables B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy a Father s middle school graduation dummy b Father s highschool graduation dummy b Mother s middle school graduation dummy b Mother s high school graduation dummy b Total number of children * Age of a child ** * Birth order Metropolitan city dummy c County ( gun ) dummy c Household income Ln equalized disposal income *** F = 4.131*** R 2 =.098 F = 5.406*** R 2 =.136 R 2 =.038*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Table 4. 1,,,,, %, (F = 5.537, p <.001). (β = -.152, p <.05), (β = -.143, p <.05), (β = -.248, p <.001). (β = -.166, p <.01) (β = -.144, p <.05). 2 21%, (F = 9.173, p <.001). R (F = , p <.001). 1, 2. 1, (β = -.279, p <.001). (β =.327, p <.001), β,. β, β.. 무상보육정책시행후가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계 2013,,, 9 (2013 ), 5 (2009 )

10 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 36 Table 4 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Private Education Expenses of 5th Year (2009) Data Independent variables a Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy b Father s middle school graduation dummy b * Father s highschool graduation dummy b Mother s middle school graduation dummy b Mother s high school graduation dummy b Total number of children * Age of a child *** *** Birth order Metropolitan city dummy c ** County ( gun ) dummy c * Household income Ln equalized disposal income *** F = 5.537*** R 2 =.127 F = 9.173*** R 2 =.210 R 2 =.083*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < ,, Table (r =.147, p <.01), (r =.359, p <.001). (r = -.123, p <.01) (r =.314, p <.001), (r =.326, p <.001), ,.. Durbin-Watson, 2 ( = 1.880, = 1.873).,.8 VIF (9 ) (Table 6). 1,,,,, 2. 1, 10.8%, (F = 4.589, p <.001). 1 (β = -.152, p <.01), (β = -.318, p <.001) (β = -.276, p <.001) %,

11 37 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 5 Correlations of Analyzed Variables of 9th Year (2013) Data Private education expenses - Childcare expenses -.123** - Private education expenses Childcare expenses Ln Equalized disposable income Ln equalized disposable income.359***.147** - Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (F = 4.531, p <.001). R (β =.101, p >.05)., (9 ) Table 7. 1,,,, %, (F = 4.002, p <.001).,, (β = -.142, p <.05). (β =.191, p <.001). (β = -.158, p <.05), (β = -.157, p <.05). Table 6 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Childcare Expenses of 9th Year (2013) Data Independent variables Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy Father s middle school graduation dummy Father s highschool graduation dummy Mother s middle school graduation dummy Mother s high school graduation dummy Total number of children ** ** Age of a child Birth order Metropolitan city dummy *** *** County ( gun ) dummy *** *** Household income Ln equalized disposal income F = 4.589*** R 2 =.108 F = 4.531*** R 2 =.116 R 2 =.008 Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county **p <.01. ***p <.001.

12 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi %, (F = 7.877, p <.001). 1 R 2.091, 9.1%, (F = , p <.001). 1 (β =.188, p <.001), (β = -.128, p <.05).. (β =.332, p <.001), 9 β 5 β β. 5, 9.,,.,., ,. 2009, , 1, , Table 7 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Private Education Expenses of 9th Year (2013) Data Control variables Independent variables Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Mother s employment dummy Father s middle school graduation dummy Father s highschool graduation dummy * Mother s middle school graduation dummy Mother s high school graduation dummy Total number of children Age of a child *** *** Birth order Metropolitan city dummy * * County ( gun ) dummy * Household income Ln equalized disposal income *** F = 4.002*** R 2 =.095 F = 7.877*** R 2 =.186 R 2 =.091*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. ***p <.001.

13 39 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses (Y. J. Lee et al., 2013)., (zero sum)., (Min & Bae, 2014; Suh et al., 2012)., , (Kim et al., 2013).,.,..,.,,.,,.,., ,., Cho Yoo (2013) (Min & Bae, 2014; Suh et al., 2012). (K. S. Lee & Kim, 2010)., , , %. Y. J. Lee (2013), Hong (2013) K. I. Kim (2014)..,. 70%, %. 2013

14 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 40, 2013.,.,.,,..,.,,,.,.,. (Suh & Yang, 2013)..,,,..,.,,..,.,.,.,.,.,, (Rhee, 2010).,..,

15 41 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses.,,,.,. 1992, 2006 (MOHW, 2013)..,,.,,,,,,,.,,. Note This article was presented at the 2015 Annual Fall Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. References Baek, S. H., & Cho, S. W. (2005). The determining factors of expenditure levels for daycare and education services for families with pre-school children. The Korea Association of Child Care and Education, 41, Branscomb, K., & Goble, C. (2011). An exploration and comparison of infant feeding practices in home and center contexts. Child Studies in Diverse Contexts, 1(1), Castles, F. G. (2010). The Oxford handbook of the welfare state. Oxford University Press. Cha, S. H., Kim, S. N., Kim, J. K., Park, S. W., Jeon, K. W., Min, B. C., & Choi, B. Y. (2010). An analysis of supplemental education and its influence in early childhood education (Research Report ). Seoul, Korea: Korean Educational Development Institute. Cho, K. Y., & Yoo, J. S. (2013). Redistributive effects of free welfare (Research Report No. KERI Insight 12-09). Seoul, Korea: Korea Economic Research Institute. Hong, J. L. (2013). The analysis of the effectiveness of governmental child-care subsidies. Korea Journal of Population Studies, 36(4), Jung, M. Y. (2012). Research on the effect of child-care facilities management by child care cost support policy (Unpublished master s thesis). Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea. Kim, J. K. (2004). The factors that decide pre-school children s using and expenditure of private education. Journal of Consumer Studies, 15(3), Kim, J. S. (2014). Childcare center parents' and director's recognition of childcare service after implementation of free childcare policy (Unpublished master s thesis). Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, K. I. (2014). The influence of expansion in childcare subsidy on relieving the burden of child-rearing and women's economic activity participation: Focusing on difference of income bracket (Unpublished master s thesis). Sungkonghoe University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, M. S., Jun, J. A., Ha, T. J., Kim., H. J., Oh, M. A., Jung, U. H.,... Kim, S. S. (2013). General survey on child status (Policy Report No ). Sejong, Korea: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Kim, S. H., Joo, E. S., & Hong, G. Z. (2013). An analysis on key stakeholders' preference on free child care and related policy issues: Focused on the directors and workers of child care center, and parents in Seoul. Social Welfare Policy, 40(2), Ku, I. H., Son, B. D., & Ahn, S. H. (2010). Social welfare policy. Paju, Gyeonggi: Nanam. Kwon, K. L. (2011). (The) use and cost of private tutoring for young children in Korea (Unpublished master s thesis). Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. Lee, K. S., & Kim, J. H. (2010). Analysis of private tutoring expenses for young children by family characteristics. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 17(1), Lee, S. L. (2011). Consumption of child care and education

16 jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 42 services in the households with preschool children. Journal of Human Life Sciences, 14, Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. W., & Kim, M. J. (2013). An analysis of change in household expenditure on childcare and education with the introduction of 'Nuri Curriculum' subsidies in Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 7(2), Min, S. O., & Bae, J. H. (2014). Mothers` perceptions of and experiences about children`s private education. The Korean Journal Child Education, 23(4), Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2013) Ministry of Health and Welfare fund management plan outline budget and jurisdiction. Sejong, Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare. Rhee, O. (2010). A critical review on the performance and changes of child care policy in Korea. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(1), Statistics Korea. (2015a). Final results of birth statistics in Daejeon, Korea: Author. Retrieved from go.kr/ Statistics Korea. (2015b). Household Income & expenditure trends in the first quarter Daejeon, Korea: Author. Retrieved from Suh, M. H, & Yang, M. S. (2013). An analysis of private learning expenses of young children and its determining factors. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 9(3), Suh, M. H., Yang, M. S., & Son, C. K. (2012). Research on estimation of early childhood care and education cost and countermeasures (Reserach Report No ). Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Yang, M. S. (2013). Changes in preschoolers private education spending caused by expansion of childcare and education expenses subsidy (Issue Paper No ). Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Su-Ji Jung Yun-Hyun Pack Ji-Na Song Daewoong Kim Soon-Hyung Yi ORCID Received November 30, 2015 Revision received January 17, 2016 Accepted February 1, 2016

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