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1 Urban Development in T ransition Economies and its Implications for North Korea

2 2001,

3 Urban Developm ent in T r an sition Economies and it s Implications for North Kor ea

4 / / 2-22 / / ( ) ( ) ( ) / ,000 / ISBN ,.

5 (global standard),.,....,. i

6 ., ii

7 ,,. 1.,. 2.,.. 3,.... iii

8 ,.,,,...,,..,.., (FDI). 4 "..,... iv

9 < 1>, - ( ), / / ( ),.,,. v

10 ,,,,.,,,,.,, ( ).. (mobility),.,,.,,,,.,,,.,,.,,. vi

11

12 SUMMARY 121

13 < 1> < 2-1> 15 < 3-1> 22 < 3-2> 25 < 3-3> 26 < 3-4> 28 < 3-5> 28 < 3-6> 30 < 3-7> 31 < 3-8> 35 < 3-9> 38 < 3-10> 39 < 3-11> 41 < 3-12> 42 < 3-13> 47 < 3-14> 49 < 3-15> (1998) 50 < 3-16> 50

14 < 3-17> (1988) 51 < 3-18> 25 ( ) 53 < 3-19> 54 < 3-20> 56 < 3-21> (1997) 59 < 3-22> 61 < 3-23> ( ) 61 < 3-24> 64 < 3-25> - 65 < 3-26> 66 < 3-27> ( ) 67 < 3-28> 10 (1995) 68 < 3-29> 20 (1995.6) 70 < 3-30> 71 < 3-31> (1989) 76 < 3-32> ( ) 77 < 3-33> ( ) 79 < 3-34> 80 < 3-35> 87 < 4-1> 95 < 4-2> 98 < 4-3> 102 < 4-4> 103 < 4-5> 104 < 4-6> 108

15 < 2-1> 12 < 3-1> 44 < 3-2> 64 < 3-3> 69 < 3-4> 72 < 3-5> 75 < 3-6> 81 < 4-1> 101

16

17 1 C H A P T E R 1.,.,.,

18 ..,.,,,..,. 1970, ,,,.,,,.. 2

19 2.,.,. 1989,,.,.., , 1989.,

20 ( ),,.,. 1).,,,. ( ), ( ), ( )..,..... ( ),. 2) 1). 4

21 ... 3),.,.,. 2) Fulong Wu "China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing marketization and economic globalisation". Habitat International 25. p ).. 1 5

22

23 2 C H A P T E R 1. 1). (economic reform) (economic transformation). (Haeussermann) (Grundparameter),,. 4). 20, 4) Hartmut Haeussermann "Von der Stadt im Sozialismus zur Stadt im Kapitalismus". Stadtentwicklung in Ostdeutschland. p

24 ... 2) (marketization),. (privatization).. 5) (globalization)., (WTO). 6) 5) p ) (WTO), '., p.14. 8

25 ., (private ownership), 7).....,. 2. 1).,..,,. 7) p

26 ,..,...,.,.. 2),.,,... 8) 8) %,. 10

27 ,,..,..,,,.,..,

28 < 2-1> 3).,, (private sector),,,.....,.,.. 12

29 ,.... 9).,.,.,,,. (Flierl),, 10),,.,. 9),. (I.Hoover),,, (J.Heibrun),,.,, 2000, p.205.,,,. (W.A.V. Clark), (demand) (accessibility).. 10) Hartmut Haeussermann "Von der Stadt im Sozialismus zur Stadt im Kapitalismus". Stadtentwicklung in Ostdeutschland. p

30 ...,,, ),. < 2-1>...,,,.. 11)., p

31 .... < 2-1> / : / :, / : :, : : / ( / ) 2 15

32

33 3 C H A P T E R ) ) 1978 ( ) ) 1978 (socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics)". George C. S. Lin "State policy and spatial restructuring in post-reform China". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research no.4. p

34 (1976),. 13) ,., %, 15%, 14%. 2) 1989,. 1950, ). 13). 1-2, 2,000-3, , 10%... Jasper Becker p ) , , % 16.3%. Piotr Korcelli "Regionale Muster der Transition: Poland". Die Rueckkehr der Regionen. Wien. p

35 97%(1986), 96.5%(1982) 81.7%(1985) ( ) 9.8%. 1970, , (-0.8%) ,. 15), 1989 (Mazowiecki) ,861, 1 GDP 5,668, 1 29%, 2 35%, 3 36% 1. 75%. 15) Leszek Balerowicz, Barbara Blaszczyk and Marek Dabrowski "The Polish Way to the Market Economy". Economies in Transition. Comparing Asia and Europe. p

36 . 3) ). (Sozialismus in den Farben der DDR),. (1990) 30%, 21%, 11%, 1 11%, 2 50%, 3 39% ) :, :, :, :, : -, : 10 3, :, : 2+4, :, : p

37 4),..,....,.,, ( ) (, ). ( )

38 < 3-1> ( ) 962,590 38,607 16,614 (1 GDP) $220 (377 ) (1.72 /$, 1978) $5,668 (1989) $5,840 (1989) (1/2/3 ; %, ) 71/17/12 29/35/36 11/50/39 / ( ) ( ) / ( ) / / + (1979), : (1995) :, p p

39 ... 2.,,. 1),.. (1) ( ). ( ) ( ) (incremental). (marketization). 3 23

40 , ( ). 1984,. 17) ,,, IMF, IBRD, ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ) (WTO).,,,,, 5 ( ),. 18) 1990, ( 17),, 3,, p ) : htm. 24

41 ) WTO.,,. 19) < 3-2> 1 ( ) ,, 4, 2 ( ) ,, 3 ( ) ,,, 7 4, 3 (,, ) 4 (1992 ) , 4, : : 19) 11 12, World Report 48. : 3 25

42 < 3-3> 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 1983 (1989),,,, ( ),,,,, 1980 IMF, IBRD,,, ADB , ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ) , 5, FDI ( ) 26

43 (2) ( ) % % % %,, %, %, % GDP.... (IT).,,,,,,, 2000 IT 38.4% ) 3 27

44 < 3-4> ( : ) (%) ,860 15, ,830 (35.5) ,050 24,510 6,500 1,040 (3.2) ,360 37,380 12,270 1,710 (3.3) ,220 64,260 17, (0.3) ,250 80,190 24, (0.8) , ,460 35,490 6,710 (4.6) , ,140 32,850 15,570 (9.7) , ,440 30,160 23,290 (14.0) : 1) 1989, 2) % 3) : Sun Sheng Han. "The Geography of Privatization in China, ", Economic Geography, Vol. 75, No. 3, 1999, p.276., p.29. < 3-5> ( : %) (GNP ) : * 48.7* 32.9* * GDP :. 1992, ) " IT ". Issue Paper. p.1. ( ) 9 ( ) 10 30% 10 ( ) ( 160 ) (GDP) 19%

45 . GDP :57:42(1 :2 :3 ) :48: ) IT.,., 1990 (FDI) / , ) %. 23) 21), IT.. 5. p ) 2., p ) (FDI) 65%. 17%, 8%, 6% (IBRD)., IBRD 94 2,200, 31%, 26%. (ADB) (38 3,760, ) (46.1%), (19.2%). (IDA) (54%), (21.7%), (12.2%). IDA IDA p.58, p

46 < 3-6> ( :, ) 343,025 5,585 3,486 : : seriecon.seri.org.,... p ,, GDP ) 19.5% 11 ( ) 40%, 33.4%, 25.9%. 25). ( ) ) 24) 1, 2, 3, 4, WTO. 25) Yingqi Wei et. al "The Regional Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in China". Regional Studies. Vol p ) , 1994,

47 -. 1 3, -. 27) -. 20% 20% ) (< 3-7> ).,. NGO ( 0-10) ) < 3-7> : 0, 1. :.. LG 650. p.12., ) LG 650. p ) p ) (Transparancy International) , , 0.4. Weekly SOL

48 2) (1),,,,.,. 30), IMF/IBRD (shock therapy). (system transformation),,,,,,. ( %) ', (Privatization law for State Owned Enterprise: ) (The Ministry of Ownership Changes : MOC). 30) : 32

49 ( ).,,, (direct privatization)., (capital privatization). 2., (voucher) (mass privatization). 1990, , ,.. (2), %, 2005 (EU).,.,,. 31) 31)

50 (FDI). IMF 7 3,000, OECD 1, , 256 FDI ), 2001 FDI 300.,. 33) %, %,., , ,864 (22.1%). 34) 1994., % %. 640%, ,700% p ) 33) (EU) 48% 71%, (COMECON) 40% 16%. Piotr Korcelli "Regionale Muster der Transition: Poland". Die Rueckkehr der Regionen. Wien. p ) p

51 (< 3-8> ). < 3-8> ( ) (%) (%) , , , , , , , , : 1996, %, 1993 : Grzegorz Gorzelak, Regional and Local Potential for Transformation in Poland, Warsaw, 1998, p.52, p.59..,.. 35) 35) (Special Economic Zone)

52 3).,. (1) ,,. 36).., ( ), ( : ),,., (1996) ( ). 36),, ( : 11 ),. 36

53 25 ( (Treuhandgesetz)), 8, (restitution), 1992 (Investitionsvorranggesetz) 37).. (2), ( ) GDP % (< 3-9> ) % 0.9% %, 64% (40.5%, 58.6%). 2 37). ( ),, p

54 (< 3-10> ).. < 3-9> GDP GDP : =100 : Bundesregierung, Jahresbericht 2000 der Bundesregierung zum Stand der Deutschen Einheit, (340 ) , %.,.. 38

55 < 3-10> (%) (1998) (%) (1998/1992) :, ( momentum) 1990, %, 3 ( ) 1.2 2% ( 700 )

56 , ) 4) (1),,..,..,.,,.,.. 38) p

57 ..... (FDI) IBRD... < 3-11>, ( ) :. ( ) 3 41

58 < 3-12> /,, ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ) (, ) / ( ) (, ), : FDI $389 ( ) - : p

59 (2). (FDI)....,. 1:1..,. 39),.,.. 39) 1997 GDP 67% (70%), (75%), (82%) ( 31% ). 3 43

60 3. 1) (1) , < 3-1> 44

61 ., , (1958) ( ) ,. (2).. (gateway). 40)... 40) 20,,. Zhong Yan "China to Quicken the Pace of Urbanization". Beij ing Review: Review/2000Mar/ bjr e-5.htm. 3 45

62 %, % % %, % ). 10 ( ) (rural urbanization process) % 81%, 172%, (GDP) %. 42) < 3-13> ) , (Goldstein 1990) ( ruralization of urban areas). Kyung-Sup Chang "Chinese Urbanization and Development Before and After Economic Reform: A Comparative Reappraisal". World Development. Vol. 22. No. 4. p ) Gan Shi Zhou "Urbanisation in China - The Rapid Growth of Small Cities and Rational Regrouping of Cities of Different Sizes". HABITAT INTL. Vol. 15. No. 3. p

63 ,. < 3-13> : %, %, %.. : SSB(1990, 1996), C. Cindy Fan. "The vertical and horizontal expansions of China's city system". Urban Geography p.498. ( 50 ), ( ), (20 ) ) 1984., (floating population).. 43) Yin-Wang Kwok "Metropolitan Development in China A Struggle Between Contradictions". HABITAT INTL. Vol. 12. No. 4. p

64 , , 9 1, ). 45) % 36.5% 12.2%. 46) 1996,, 14.5 (< 3-14> ). 44) 130,,. Wolfgang Taubmann "Stadtentwicklung in der VR China- geschlossene und offene Phasen der Urbanisierung". Raumentwicklung und Raumf orschung. 2/3. p ) 7 5 ( ),,. 11,, 13.5%, 41.2%. 9, 30%, 35.5%. 9, 56.5%, 23.3%.,, p ) C. Cindy Fan "The vertical and horizontal expansions of China's city system. Urban Geography pp ( 30 ) , 2.47% % , 112 (39.2%), 111, % 46.8%, 18.1% 17.1%,. Xueqiang Xu, Nanjiang Ouyang, Chunshan Zhou "The Changing Urban System of China: New Developments since 1978". Urban Geography pp

65 < 3-14> ( :, /, / ) p ( ) 47)., % 22.3%. 48) 47),, , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) pp ) 1990, 1990 GDP 1,2,3 4.3%, 63.8%, 31.9%, %, 50.1%, 47.8%. 3,,,,, p

66 < 3-15> (1998) (%) :, p.337., < 3-16> ( :,%) (100.0) (100.0) 76.73(57.3) 57.21(42.7) 90.14(60.6) 58.49(39.4) 81.67(61.0) 52.27(39.0) (73.8) 38.9(26.2) : p ,

67 16 (72.7%). 49) < 3-17> (1988) 1 22 ( : ),, ( ) 4 138,, 5 138,, : : Sen- dou Chang, Won Bae Kim. "The Economic Performance and Regional Systems of China's Cities", R eview of Urban and R egional Development Studies pp (< 3-18> ). 10, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1. 49) Sen-dou Chang, Won Bae Kim "The Economic Performance and Regional Systems of China's Cities". Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies 6. pp

68 .,,, ,,. 50),...,.,. 50) : sejong.org/korea/publications/ns/ns0702/ns0702-a3.htm. 52

69 < 3-18> 25 ( ) (79-96,%) (96, ) 8.1 1,955 * ( ); 3.4, 1.4, , ,238 ** ( ) 8.4, 3.3, 3.2 * ( ) 1.6, 1.3, * ( ); 1.5, ,606 ( ); 1.1, * ( ); 4.8, 2.3, *** ( ) 10.4, 2.7, 1.4 *** ( ) 12.4, 1.6, 1.3 **** ( ) 1.9, 1.9, ( ); 65.4, 5.6, ,394 ** ( ); 6.9, 1.4, ,692 ( ); ,694 * ( ); 1.9, * ( ); 4.8, ** ( ); 2, 1.8, ,575 ( ) ( ); ** ( ); 2.2, ,170 * ( ); 1.5, ** ( ) 4, 2, ,303 * ( ); 2.1, ** ( ); 3.1, 1.6, ,759 ** ( ); 7.2, 3.7, ,630 *** ( ); 3.8, 3.7, ,133 ( ); 1.2 : *, **, ***, **** 1) 2) , : 2000, ;,

70 ,,. 51) < 3-19> ( ), ( ) (3).,,. (land and housing 51). 54

71 marketization). 1984,. 1 GDP 3000, GDP 3, ).. (Gini) , ). (,, ) (1,200 ) %, % ( ) (< 3-20> ),. 52) , ( 15.7%) pp ) 20% 20% % 60% p

72 < 3-20> ( ) 8,700(518 / ) (100%) 10,600(631 / ) (100%) ( ) 4,600 (52.9%) 6,800 (64.2%) ( ) 4,100 (47.1%) 3,800 (35.8%) ( / ) ( / ) 3, , (%) : ,437 1,370. : Victor F. S. Sit(edit.). Chinese Cities. the growth of the metropolis since Oxford p.69. Urban Statistical Yearbook , (slum areas)..,. 54), , 5 10km. 55). 54),,,,.. Yixing Zhou, Laurence J.C. Ma "Economic Restructuring and Suburbanization in China". Urban Geography p ) F. Wang, Y. Zhou "Modelling Urban Population Densities in Beijing : Suburbanization and its Causes". Urban Studies. Vol.36. No.2. p

73 , , /3, , ) 1984,.. ( ) 750, % %. 57) %, %. 56) p ) A. Yeh, F. Wu "Changing Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Land Development in Chinese Cities in the Transition from a Centrally Planned Economy to a Socialist Market Economy". processed Hong Kong. Hong Kong University p

74 2010 5%. 58) 1998,...,, ). 60) % (< 3-21> ). ( )., IT., 7,000 58) p ) ,, pp ) ,163,,, p

75 . 61) ) < 3-21> (1997) % % : Shanghai Statistical Bureau Fulong Wu. "China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing merketization and economic globalisation". Habitat International p ) 61) (Gaubatz),,, (foreign enclaves). Piper Rae Gaubatz "Urban transformation in post-mao China: impacts of the reform era on China's urban form" Urban spaces in contemporary China. New York. pp ) Microsoft, IBM, GE, HP, Canon, National., , p ). Fulong Wu "China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing merketization and economic globalisation". Habitat International 25. p

76 (4)..,.,.., 5. 64). ( ),, ( ),,. ( ) 6 (1999, BOT, 7450, 18 ).. 4 6%, 20 30%,. 64) p

77 ,. < 3-22> / /1978 km 905 1,663 4, ,787 5, ,983 1,720 11, ,720 11,298 41, :, 99,, p.334. < 3-23> ( ) ( ) ( ) : : State Statistical Bureau(1997); Yusuf and Wu(1997), Weiping Wu. "Urban infrastructure provision in Chian". Urban Studies. Vol.36. No p , % (< 3-23> ). 3 61

78 % 1990,. 65)., ,. 66),...,. 65) ,624. Fulong Wu "China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing marketization and economic globalisation". Habitat INTL. 25. p ) p

79 ( ), 1994 ( ), ( ) 37. 2) (1) 10 (Poznan),. 67) (13-15 ),., (< 3-24> ).. (1989) (Upper Silesia) 68). 170, (Lodz) 85, (rank-size-rule)... 67) p ) (Katowice), 2% 10%. 3 63

80 < 3-24> : F.E.Ian Hamilton Vol.24. Nr.9. pp < 3-2> : Piotr Korcelli. "Regionale Muster der Transition: Poland". Die Rueckkehr der Regionen. Wien p

81 . 2,.. (2).,. < 3-25> - ( : ) , , , , , : Grzegorz Gorzelak. Regional and Local Potential for Transformation in Poland. Warsaw p , (< 3-26> ). 3 65

82 < 3-26> ( ) (%) (%) (%) ,558 15, , ,770 1, :,. : Mync,A. "Die Region Warschau". Information zur Raumentwicklung, Heft2/ p (5 ). (ILO) % ) (< 3-27> ) ) 66

83 (Poznan -2%) 30 (Katowice -6.2%). < 3-27> ( ) ( ) (%) (1990) Warsaw ,, Lodz , Krakow ,,, Wroclaw , Poznan (, ), Gdansk ( ),, Szczecin , Bydgoszcz , Katowice ,, Lublin , Bialystock , Sosnowiec Czestochowa (, ) Gdynia ,, Bytom , Radom ,, Gliwice Kielce , :... (GUS).,,.,. 70) 3 67

84 10, (< 3-28> ). < 3-28> 10 (1995) (voivodships) =100 (voivodships) =100 1 Warsaw Siedlce Katowice Krosno Krakow Ostroleka Wroclaw Biala Podlaska Lodz Skierniewice Poznan Lomza Szczecin Slupsk Leginika Przemysl Gdansk Nowy Sacz Czestochowa Suwalki 68.2 : 7. : Grzegorz Gorzelak. Regional and Local Potential for Transformation in Poland. Warsaw p.31., 12% (< 3-3> ). 71), 1 70). 71). 1, 2, 6. 68

85 20% ( ) 20%. 72) < 3-3> : Grzegorz Gorzelak, "Decentralization, Regional Development and Regional Policies", Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 7/8, 2000, p.352. (Vistura) ( ) B' A. 73) ) 16 (voivodship ), 300 (district), 2500 (gminas) ( , ). 73)

86 (< 3-29> ). < 3-29> 20 (1995.6) ( ) 1 IPC 275 Kwidzyn 2 Fiat 260 Tychy 3 Pol.-American Coca-Cola EBRD IFC Pilkington 166 Standomierz 8 ABB 166 / - 9 Thomson 147 TV Warschau 10 ING-Group 140 / - 11 Procter&Gamble 113 Warschau 12 Curtis 100 / Mlawa 13 Unilever 98 / Bydgoszcz 14 Epstein 90 / - 15 Philips 74 / Pila 16 D.Chase Ent. 65 / Danzig 17 IAEG/WIBEBA 60 Kattowitz 18 Nestle 60 Posen,Slopsk, 19 Pepsico 55 / Warschau 20 Fortrade-Financing 55 - : Piotr, Korcelli. "Regionale Muster der Transition: Poland". Die Rueckkehr der Regionen. Wien p

87 < 3-30>,,, (monofunctional) (Konin, Piotrkow, Tarnobrzeg) ( 8.1%) (3). 2 (Lodz: , ) % 7 (, 18.6%) %, 67.5%, 27.6%

88 < 3-4> : Ray Riley. "Central Area Activities in a Post-communist City: Lodz, Poland". Urban Studies. Vol. 34. No p.457.,,.,,,. 72

89 ,.,.,...,,. 74) (FDI) FDI. (4) km.,,. (Upper Silesia, Krakow, Legnica, Walbrzych, Lodz), 74) 1990 FDI. 3 73

90 Upper Silesia / %, 813..,.. 3) (1), 19,. 75) ) 1 (Sachsen). 74

91 < 3-5> :Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Landeskunde und Raumordnung. R egionalbarometer neue Laender p.24., (Eisenhuettenstadt), ( Schwarze Pumpe ) - (Hoyerswerda-Neustadt). (Cottbus)

92 ,. < 3-31> (1989) (%) (%) 500 3, , ,000 1, , ,000 2,000 1, , ,000 5, , ,000 10, ,000 20, ,000 50, , , , , , : % 88.9%. : Hartmut Haeussermann. "Von der Stadt im Sozialismus zur Stadt im Kapitalismus". Stadtentwicklung in Ostdeutschland p.22.. < 3-31> 5 0.5% 1.7%. (2),. 76

93 .. < 3-32> ( ) ( : %) (Dresden) (Leipzig) (Rostock) :Juergen Friedrichs, Hartmut Haeussermann. "Die Entwicklung der Staedte in den neuen Bundeslaendern". Die Transformation Ostdeutschlands p ). (Weimar +0.3%) (EU). ( 10% ). (Halle -16.7%), (Leipzig -15.8), (Chemnitz -14.2%).. 76) ,614 15, % , %. 3 77

94 (Erfurt -5.4%), (Potsdam -6.5%), (Wittenberg -2.0), (Jena -6.5%). (Hessen) (Kassel) 180,.,, (Schwerin -16.5%), (Greiswald -15.1), (Zwickau -15.0), (Schwedt -16.3) (< 3-33> )..,. 95%.. (Riesa).,

95 < 3-33> ( ) ( ) (%) (1990) Leipzig , Dresden Halle ,, Chemnitz ,, Magdeburg ,, Rostock ,, Erfurt Potsdam , Gera , Schwerin , Cottbus , Zwickau ,, Jena Dessau , Brandenburg , Neubrandenburg , Frankfurt Oder , Stralsund , Plauen , Greifswald , Weimar , Gotha ,, Eberswalde-Finow , Schwedt , Eisenhüttenstadt Wittenberg , Riesa : Deutscher Staetetag. Statistisches Jahrbuch Deuscher Gemeinden Schriftleitung. 89.Jahrgang ,,. 3 79

96 ..... < 3-34> 1) 1),, IT,,,, : 1), (3). 80

97 ,,. 20 (Thueringen) (Erfurt) 77),. < 3-6>., , 23%. < 3-6> < > < > : Paul Gans, Thomas Ott. "Die lokale Dimension der Raumstruktur und ihre Dynamik". Staedte und Regionen. Opladen p.413.,, 77) (,, :1970 ),,. 3 81

98 . 78) ( ).. (Sachsen) 51, (1 2,000 ), , ,... (FDI) ( ), FDI. (Riesa).. 78) (1992). 82

99 5 (Arbonia-Forster-Holding), (Feralpi),.. (4) ,.. (40% ),.,... 20% 2,500, ( ).., 3 83

100 . 4),,. (1),....,,,.,.,. 84

101 ,.,.,,.,.,..,.... (2),,.,, 3 85

102 .,..,,.. (3)..,..,..,. 86

103 ,. < 3-35>, / / ( ), / / ( ), ( ) 3 87

104

105 4 C H A P T E R 1.,.,..,.,., 4 89

106 ... 1)..,.,

107 .,.,..., (, ).....,

108 .. 2).., ,...,. 92

109 ., (Gorzelak). (Leaders),. (Winners). (Losers) (Backward regions).. 79), (Parker) 79) Grzegorz Gorzelak "Decentralization, Regional Development and Regional Policies". Informationen zur Raumentwicklung. Heft 7/ 8. p.351.,,,. 4 93

110 (macroeconomic stability) (economic liberalization). 80).,,. 3)., ) Stephen Parker, Gavin Tritt, Wing Thye Woo "Some Lessons Learned from the Comparison of Transitions in Asia and Eastern Europe". Economies in Transition: Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe. p

111 . 81).... < 4-1> ( ) 22, ,590 38,607 16,614 1 GNI $714 1 GDP $220 1 GDP $5,668 1 GDP $5,840 (1/2/3 ; 33/37/30 71/17/12 29/35/36 11/50/39 %, ) (%) : Marcus Noland. "North Korea in Global Perspective". Proceedings of the International Conference Developing Social Infrastructure in N orth Korea for Economic Coop eration between the South and the North Seoul. p ) Yuan Zheng Cao, Gang Fan, Wing Thye Woo "Chinese Economic Reforms: Past Successes and Future Challenges". Economies in Transition: Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe. pp

112 ..,...,.....,.,,. 96

113 2... 1),..,.., ,,

114 . 82),. 83) < 4-2> : : ( ), ( ),, (FDI),. 84) 82) p ). 1, 2, 3, 1, ). 98

115 2).. 60%, (Eberstadt 1996) 60%, %. ( 90%) (75%) (40%). 85). (66%) (74%),. 20%, ). -,. 85).,. 86) 60%. (86% 1997) 20%

116 27. 87) 100, , 16., ,,,, ) 87) ` '. ` ' ,, 2.8,, ), p

117 < 4-1> :, p

118 < 4-3> (1996) ( ) 30km ( / ) 1360, 1030,,, 310, 700,, 500,,, 200,,, 690,, 660,, ( ) 2330,,, 310, 420,,,, 960, 150,, 170,, 870,, 1540,, 620,, 1400, 40km 450,, 580,, 250,,, 80,, 1200,, 5320,, 1690, 5km 1150,,,, 370,,, :,,,,

119 < 4-4> (19 96) 15-30, 60,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, 15,,, - -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - 3) (1).,.,,,., 4 103

120 . 89) ( ). 90).. < 4-5> (1996, %),, 33.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , 89).,, pp ).,. Sen-dou Chang, Won Bae Kim "The Economic Performance and Regional Systems of China's Cities". Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies. 6. p

121 30,,,,., ,. (2).,..,

122 ... 91)..,., %.... ( ) 91).... ( ) ,. 106

123 ,.,. 92),. 4) (1).,,.,,.,. 93),,, 92) 6%(1987 ) 1/4. 93)

124 .,,,, 13,..,. < 4-6>,,,,,,,,,,, -, (1996, %) 29.9,,, 41.4,,,,,,,,,,,, 28.7 (2).,,,.,. 108

125 ., )....,., 4 109

126 .. 2)..... (target).,. (master plan)..,. 110

127 ..,..,. 3)..,,,..,

128 ...., ,,,. 112

129 5 C H A P T E R 1.,,.,,,..,,.,

130 ,.,.,,,.. (FDI),....,

131 ,....,.,. 2..,

132 ...,,,....,.,,...,.. 116

133 WTO IT. Issue Paper World Report LG

134 , , IT , ,,, Balerowicz, Leszek; Blaszczyk, Barbara; Dabrowski, Marek "The Polish Way to the Market Economy". Economies in Transition: Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe. Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Landeskunde und Raumordnung Regionalbarometer neue Laender. Zweiter zusammenf assender Bericht. Bundesregierung Jahresbericht 2000 der Bundesregierung zum Stand der Deutschen Einheit. Cao, Yuan Zheng; Fan, Gang; Woo, Wing Thye "Chinese Economic Reforms: Past Successes and Future Challenges". Economies in Transition: Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe. 118

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137 SUMMARY Urba n Deve lopme nt in Tra ns ition Economie s a nd Its Implications for North Korea Sang-Jun Lee The purpose of this study is to review the trends of urban changes in China, Poland and the former DDR after beginning of economic transformation and to define its implications for North Korea. This study consists of five chapters. In Chapter 1, research objectives and methods are discussed. The second chapter deals with conceptual relationship of economic transformation with urban spatial changes briefly. In this study, marketization, privatization and economic globalization are defined as the key variables determining the post-reform urban development in transition countries. In Chapter 3, the process of economic transformation and its consequences in urban development in China, Poland and the former DDR are discussed. In contrast to Poland and the former DDR, China adopted a gradual approach to economic reform. Marketization in land and housing and attracting foreign investment by globalization in these countries have begun to change the scene of urban development. Especially, positive stimulating effects of foreign direct investment in SUMMARY 121

138 urban development have been observed in China. Many special economic zones mainly located in the southeastern coastal cities played an important role for attracting foreign direct investment in China. An important spatial consequence of transformation was the growing regional disparities in transition countries. The problem of unemployment was serious in the regions that were based on heavy machine industry. It was one of the typical problems of transformation in these countries. Especially, the cities where economic base was deeply connected with big state-owned enterprises should be confronted with serious economic depression. In Poland, the cities located in the Upper Silesia with coal and steel industries represent the most difficult economic problems. As urban spatial consequences of marketization, privatization and globalization, suburbanization and revitalization of central areas were found in these countries. Suburbanization was one of the spatial consequences of changing spatial behavior of the civilian and private enterprise affected by special transformation measures like the privatization of land ownership and state-owned enterprises. Also, intensive and diverse land use was one of the important spatial consequences of transformation. After the privatization of land and the state-owned enterprises, a pattern of diverse and intensive land use appeared. In Chapter 4, some important implications of urban consequences of economic transformation for North Korea are identified. In this study, changing industrial demand and geographic characteristics of cities are identified as the main factors which could play an important role in urban growth and development in North Korea according to the forthcoming economic reforms. These two factors are drawn from the review of experiences of urban transformation process in China, 122

139 Poland and the former DDR. If economic reforms are implemented in North Korea, the winners and losers among the North Korean cities could be more apparent. The economic problems such as high unemployment and low investment could be more serious in the cities that are based on heavy industries than in the cities which have potentials for service and light industries. Also, easy accessibility to foreign market, including South Korea, could be one of the strengths for urban growth. The cities which have poor geographical conditions would face problems of low investment. For the balanced urban development in North Korea in the future and attracting foreign investments, the improvement of infrastructure in the cities which have poor geographical conditions and specialized with heavy industries should be considered as one of the important policy issues. SUMMARY 123