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1 한국어영유아청각통합능력척도 (IT-MAIS) 의타당도와신뢰도평가 윤미선 나사렛대학교언어치료학과 교신저자윤미선나사렛대학교언어치료학과교수충청남도천안시서북구쌍용동나사렛대학교오은수관 tel.: 배경및목적 : 청각장애의조기진단과조기중재는전세계적인추세이며, 이에따라영유아대상청지각능력평가의중요성이커지고있다. 국내에서도청각장애아동의인공와우이식연령이점차낮아짐에따라, 이식여부결정및이식후의수행력평가를위한영유아청지각능력평가도구의필요성이대두되었다. 본연구는영유아의청지각능력평가도구로전세계적으로사용되고있는영유아청각통합능력척도 (IT-MAIS) 를한국어로번안하고, 그타당도와신뢰도를검증하는것을목적으로하였다. 청각장애영유아의청지각능력평가는건청영유아의청지각능력발달을토대로하고있으므로본연구에서는청각장애영유아에앞서건청영유아를대상으로하였다. 연구방법 : 전문가집단을대상으로한국어 IT-MAIS 의내용타당도를구하였고, 생후 0 24 개월까지총 80 명건청아동의주양육자를대상으로직접면담을통해한국어 IT-MAIS 의신뢰도를검증하였다. 또한월령변화가한국어 IT-MAIS 점수변화에유의하게영향을주는가를회귀분석으로평가하였다. 연구결과 : 한국어 IT-MAIS 에대해전문가집단은내용이적절하다는의견을주었다. 신뢰도평가에서한국어 IT-MAIS 의 Chronbach s α 값은 0.92, Gutman 반분계수는 0.89, 총점과각간의상관계수도 로높게나타났다. 또한아동의월령에따라 IT-MAIS 점수는유의하게변화하였다 (R =0.96). 논의및결론 : 한국어 IT-MAIS 는영유아의청지각능력을평가하는데에있어내용이타당하며, 높은내적일관성을갖추고월령에따른청지각능력의변화가반영되어있는신뢰할수있는척도로평가된다. 언어청각장애연구, 2011;16: 핵심어 : 영유아의청지각발달, 조기진단과조기중재, 신생아청력선별검사, 인공와우이식, 말지각검사 Ⅰ. 서론 영유아의청지각능력에관심을갖는가장큰이유는영유아기에달성해야하는중요한발달과제인언어습득이청지각능력발달을기초로하기때문이다. 영유아의청지각능력발달은태아기에시작된다. Elliot & Elliot (1964) 는 20주된태아에게서내이가기능을하고있는것을확인하였다. 이때태아가듣는소리는태아를둘러싸고있는환경등으로인해제한적이고왜곡되어있으며, 말소리에서는초분절적요소만이전달되는것으로추정된다 (Northern & Downs, 2002). 태아기에이미청지각능력의신경학적기초가만들어지기는하였으나, 말초청각기관으로부터대뇌피질의청각중추에이르는청지각통로 (auditory pathway) 를포함한신경학적성숙은출생후 3세까지활발하게이루어진다 (Cole & Flexer, 2011). 0 3세영유아의신경학적성숙은감각자극의유입으로추진되므로, 청지각통로성숙을위해서는청각적자극의유입이필수적이다. 또한신경계의성숙과더불어이루어지는청지각능력의발달은언어습득과발달에영향을준다 (Northern & Downs, 2002). 선천성청각장애아동은청각적자극의제한이나 * 본연구는 2011 년나사렛대학교의지원을받아수행되었음. 게재신청일 : 2011 년 10 월 20 일 최종수정일 : 2011 년 11 월 23 일 게재확정일 : 2011 년 11 월 30 일 c 2011 한국언어청각임상학회 494
2 윤미선 / 한국어영유아청각통합능력척도 (IT-MAIS) 의타당도와신뢰도평가 결핍으로청지각능력의발달이어려운아동으로, 이들의제한된청지각능력은언어습득과발달을어렵게한다. 따라서청각장애아동의청지각능력평가는의사소통능력평가의출발점이된다. 청각장애아동이소리를듣고반응하는정도를평가하는청지각검사는검사방법이나자극의종류에따라여러가지로분류할수있으나일반적으로말소리를들려주고아동이얼마나반응을보이는가를측정한다 (Tye-Murray, 2009). 이경우들려주는자극은피검사자의언어능력안에있는유의미낱말이나문장을사용한다 ( 이정학외, 2010; Kirk, Pisoni & Osberger, 1995). 그러나인공와우이식의대상이언어습득이전의어린청각장애아동까지확산되면서, 언어단위의자극을사용하는기존의말지각검사로는평가를할수없는대상군이나타났다. 따라서언어발달수준과무관하게이들영유아의청지각능력을측정할수있는검사도구의필요성이대두되었다. 이러한현장의필요성에따라부모와의면담을통해아동의청지각능력을측정하는검사인 MAIS(The Meaningful Auditory Integration Sacle)(Robbins, Renshaw & Berry, 1991) 가어린인공와우이식아동의청지각능력평가도구로사용되기시작했다 (Osberger et al., 1997). MAIS는건청아동의청지각발달과정에기초하여을구성하였다. 이후 MAIS는영유아를대상으로하는 IT-MAIS (Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Sacle)(Zimmerman-Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 로발전되었다. IT-MAIS 는세영역 ( 발성행동, 소리감지, 소리와의미연결 ) 을평가하는 10개으로구성되어있다. 10개중 1과 2는말소리산출능력에대한것이며, 3 6은소리를감지하는능력, 7 10은소리에서의미를이끌어내는능력을묻는다. 각 10개항목에대해 0 4 점까지평가척도를두어, 총 40점을만점으로한다. IT-MAIS는현재어린청각장애영유아의청지각능력을평가하는도구로국내외임상현장에서널리사용되고있다 ( 윤미선 최은아, 2010; 이명진외, 2009; 허명진, 2010; Chen et al., 2010; Eisenberg et al., 2006; Robbins et al., 2004). MAIS와 IT-MAIS의타당도와신뢰도는다양한언어사용권에서이루어졌다. Weichbold, Anderson & D Haese (2004) 은독일어, 영어, 폴란드의 3개언어사용자에게각각의언어로 MAIS를실시하고그타당도와신뢰도를평가하였다. 이들은 MAIS를기 본으로하였으나연구대상자의일부에게는 IT-MAIS 를실시했다. 연구대상자는인공와우이식기를사용하는 114명청각장애아동의부모로, 인공와우이식수술전과수술 6개월후두차례에걸쳐평가에참여하였다. 연구자들은이를통해 MAIS의내적일관성신뢰도, 간상관, LiP (Listening Progress Profile; Nikolopoulos, Wells & Archbold, 2000) 과의공인타당도를분석하였다. 연구결과 MAIS 의 Chronbach s α 값은수술전과 6개월평가모두 3개언어에서 0.90 수준이었다. 항목간의상관분석결과는모든항목간의상관계수가 0.6 에서 0.9 사이로유의하였다. 공인타당도평가를위해실시한 LiP과의상관분석결과상관계수가수술전에는 0.73 이상, 수술 6개월시점에서는 0.61 이상으로높게나타났다. 연구자들은이상의결과를통해 MAIS가청각장애아동의청지각능력을평가하기위한검사로서신뢰도와타당도를갖추고있다고보고하였다. Zheng et al. (2009) 은중국어 IT-MAIS를 0-24개월건청영유아 120명에게실시하여신뢰도를분석하였다. 중국어 IT-MAIS의내적일관성신뢰도는매우높았으며 (Chronbach s α=0.90), 개별간의신뢰도를위한간상관분석에서도모든상관계수가 0.70 이상으로높게나타났다. IT-MAIS는 2000년대초반국내에소개되었고 ( 윤미선, 2002), 이후국내임상현장에서사용되고있다. 그럼에도불구하고한국어 IT-MAIS의검사도구로서의신뢰도에대한논의, 결과해석을위한정상청지각발달단계자료, 검사로서의한계등에대한고찰이이루어지지않은상태이다. 이에본연구는한국어 IT-MAIS의내용타당도를분석하고, 건청아동을대상으로검사를실시하여검사도구로서의신뢰도를평가하는것을목적으로하였다. IT-MAIS는궁극적으로청각장애아동의청지각능력을평가하는검사도구이나, IT-MAIS의타당도와신뢰도의선행연구는청각장애아동뿐아니라건청아동을대상으로하였는데 (Weichbold, Anderson & D Haese, 2004; Zheng et al., 2009), 그것은 IT-MAIS를통한청지각능력발달의평가기준이건청아동의정상발달을토대로하므로청각장애아동에앞서건청아동대상의자료가필요하기때문이다. 또한최근청각장애아동의조기진단과조기중재가확산됨에따라조기중재의목표가정상발달을따라가는것이므로건청아동을대상으로하는비교자료를필요로하고있다. 이 495
3 언어청각장애연구 2011;16: 러한이유로본연구에서는건청아동을대상으로한국어 IT-MAIS의타당도와신뢰도평가를하였다. 1. 한국어 IT-MAIS Ⅱ. 연구방법 연구자는영어 IT-MAIS (Zimmerman-Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 와 Robbins 의 e-learning 자료 (Robbins, 2010) 를토대로기존의한국어 IT-MAIS ( 윤미선, 2002) 를보완하여새로이한국어 IT-MAIS 를작성하였다. 한국어 IT-MAIS는 10개으로구성되어있으며그내용은 < 표 -1> 과같다. 한국어 IT-MAIS의채점방식은부모와직접면담을통해각에해당하는질문을한후부모의반응을토대로검사자가 0 4점까지점수를주도록되어있다. 0 4의기준은각마다다르게제시되어있는데일반적으로 0은해당되는반응이관찰되지않는경우이며, 4는항상일관되게반응이있는경우이다. < 표 -2> 는특정에대한세부점수체계의예이다. < 표 - 1> 한국어 IT-MAIS 의정보 내용 보청기 / 인공와우가아동의발성행동에영향을주는가 아동이말처럼느껴지는확실한음절과연속된음절을산출하는가 조용한곳에서청각적단서만으로이름을불렀을때아동이자발적으로반응하는가 소음이있는곳에서청각적단서만으로이름을불렀을때아동이자발적으로반응하는가 반응을유도하거나단서를주지않아도아동이자발적으로집안의환경음을감지하는가 새로운환경에서아동이자발적으로환경음을감지하는가 일상생활에서발생하는청각적신호를아동이자발적으로인지하는가 청각적단서만으로아동이두화자의말소리를자발적으로변별하는가 듣기만으로아동이말소리와말소리가아닌소리의차이를자발적으로아는가 듣기만으로아동이목소리에담겨있는감정 ( 분노, 흥분, 불안등 ) 의의미를자발적으로아는가 < 표 - 2> 한국어 IT-MAIS 의점수체계의예 : 3 3 조용한곳에서청각적단서만으로이름을불렀을때아동이자발적으로반응하는가점수준거 0 자신의이름에전혀반응하지않거나, 부모가전혀없음예를제시하지못함. 1 드물게 2 가끔 3 자주 4 항상 2. 타당도평가 처음불렀을때약 25% 의경우에반응하거나, 여러번불러야만반응함. 처음불렀을때약 50% 의경우에반응하거나, 부모가한번이상반복하면일관되게반응함 처음불렀을때적어도 75% 의경우에반응함. 처음불렀을때정확히일관되게반응함. 한국어 IT-MAIS 의내용타당도를검증하기위하여 청각장애아동의언어치료임상경력이 5 년이상인 1 급 언어치료사 5명에게영어 IT-MAIS (Zimmerman- Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 와연구자가작성한한국어 IT-MAIS를서면으로보내고질문에대한답변및자유로운의견제시를요청하였다. 평가자 5 명에대한정보는 < 표 -3> 과같다. < 표 - 3> 평가자정보 ID 최종언어치료학위경력 직책 근무지 IT-MAIS 사용경험 1 박사 14 교수 대학 있음 2 박사 11 언어치료사 대학병원 있음 3 박사 6 언어치료사언어치료센타 있음 4 석사 16 언어치료사 대학병원 있음 5 석사 5 언어치료사언어치료센타 있음 3. 신뢰도평가 가. 연구대상 연구대상은서울, 경기, 충남지역에거주하는생활연령 0 24개월까지건청아동 80명으로, 연령 3개월단위로 8개집단으로나누고각연령군에 10명씩배치하였다 (0 2 개월, 3 5 개월, 6 8 개월, 9 11개월, 12 14개월, 15 17개월, 18 20개월, 21 24개월 ). 대상은 (1) 출생시실시한신생아청력선별검사를통과한아동, (2) 부모보고에의해장애가없는것으 496
4 윤미선 / 한국어영유아청각통합능력척도 (IT-MAIS) 의타당도와신뢰도평가 로보고된아동, (3) 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI) ( 김영태외, 2003) 에서수용언어의발달연령이자신의생활연령이상인아동으로선정하였다. 대상아동 80명의평균연령은 11.75개월이었고표준편차는 7.19개월이었다. 또한성별비는남자아동이 41명, 여자아동이 39명이었다. 나. 연구절차 IT-MAIS는원칙적으로검사자가아동의부모나돌보는사람을대상으로면담을통해정보를수집하는검사이다 (Zimmerman-Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001). 연구자와언어병리학전공대학원생인연구보조자 5인이아동의집이나아동이다니는어린이집을방문하여대상아동의주양육자를면담하고한국어 IT-MAIS를실시하였다. IT-MAIS의 1은보청기나인공와우기를착용했을때아동의발성행동의변화를묻는항목이다. 따라서건청아동의경우에는해당되지않는질문이므로본연구에서는 Zheng et al. (2009) 에서와같이 1을제외한 9개만을실시하고. 36점을만점으로하여아동이습득한점수를산출하였다. 연구보조자는한국어 IT-MAIS 의내용과실시방법등에대해충분한사전교육을받았고, 동일한아동 5명을대상으로실시한사전검사에서평가자 6명의평가자간일치도가 95% 이상으로나타났다. 다. 분석한국어 IT-MAIS의내용타당도를분석하였고, 신뢰도평가를위해내적일관성과간상관분석을실시했다. 또한한국어 IT-MAIS 결과가성숙에따른청지각능력의변화를반영하는데에타당한가를보기위해회귀분석을실시하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 타당도평가자들은 5명모두한국어 IT-MAIS가 IT-MAIS (Zimmerman-Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 를적절하게번안하였다고평가하였다. 제목과별핵심용어선정의적절성에대한질문에서도평가자 5명은모두적절하다고답했다 (< 표 -4>). < 표 - 4> 제목과핵심용어 영어한국어적절성 제목 Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Scale 영유아청각통합능력척도 5/5 1 vocal behavior 발성행동 5/5 1 vocalization 소리내기 5/5 5,6 alert 감지 5/5 7 recognize 인지 5/5 자유의견에서평가자들은보다적절한한국어표현의예를다수제시하였고한국어 IT-MAIS 최종본에이를반영하였다 ( 윤미선, 2010a). 2. 신뢰도 한국어 IT-MAIS의내적일관성평가 (internal consistency reliability) 에서 Chronbach s α 값은 0.92로내적일관성신뢰도가높았다. 9개에대한통계량및각이삭제된경우의 Chronbach s α 값은 < 표 -5> 와같다. 3에대한평균이 3.60으로가장높았고 2에대한평균이 2.19로가장낮았다. 특정을제외했을때의내적일관성을보면 로, 특정이신뢰도에영향을주고있지않음을보여준다. 반분법 (split-half method) 에의한평가결과는 < 표 -6> 과같아전체항목을반분했을때에도한국어 IT-MAIS의내적일관성이높은것으로나타났다. < 표 - 5> 항목통계량 (N=80) 및특정항목이삭제된경우의 Chronbach s α 평균표준편차 Chronbach s α a) a) 해당을삭제했을때의 Chronbach s α 497
5 언어청각장애연구 2011;16: < 표 - 6> 반분법신뢰도평가결과 Cronbach s α 부분 1 값 0.84 항목수 5( 2 6) 부분 2 값 0.90 항목수 4( 7 10) Guttman 반분계수 0.89 < 표 -7> 은상관분석결과로모든간의상관은유의하였으며, 총점과간의 Pearson 상관계수는.69.89로높게나타났다. < 표 - 7> 한국어 IT-MAIS 간상관분석 ** **.75 ** 5.53 **.45 **.54 ** 6.65 **.56 **.62 **.65 ** 7.64 **.47 **.51 **.49 **.70 ** 8.69 **.54 **.51 **.59 **.79 **.76 ** 9.59 **.48 **.42 **.47 **.58 **.66 **.69 ** **.57 **.55 **.63 **.72 **.70 **.67 **.70 ** 총점.82 **.69 **.72 **.70 **.86 **.85 **.89 **.81 **.87 ** ** p <.01 월령변화가한국어 IT-MAIS 점수에주는영향력을보여주는회귀분석결과는 < 표 -8> 및 < 그림 -1> 과같다. 회귀분석결과월령은한국어 IT-MAIS 총점변화량의 91% 를설명하는유의한변인인것으로나타났다. < 표 - 8> 월령에따른한국어 IT-MAIS 점수의회귀분석결과 제곱합자유도평균제곱 F 유의확률 R R2 회귀식 잔차 계 < 그림 -1> 의 X 축은월령, Y 축은한국어 IT-MAIS 점수를의미한다. 그림에서보는바와같이정상청력의유아는월령의증가에따라 IT-MAIS 결과가유의하게증가하였다. < 그림 - 1> 월령에따른한국어 IT-MAIS 점수의산포도 Ⅳ. 논의및결론 인공와우이식의대상연령이영유아기로낮아짐에따라, 아직언어를습득하지못했거나언어발달의초기단계에있는영유아기아동의청지각능력평가가임상현장에서중요해졌다. IT-MAIS (Zimmerman- Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 는현재영유아의청지각능력을평가할때에임상과연구에서가장많이사용되고있는검사이다 ( 윤미선 최은아, 2010; 이명진외, 2009; 허명진, 2010; Chen et al., 2010; Eisenberg et al., 2006; Robbins et al., 2004). IT- MAIS 는북미지역의아동을대상으로진행된 CDaCI (Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation) 과제에서학령전기아동의말지각능력을평가하는필수검사로채택되었고 (Eisenberg et al., 2006), 국내청각장애영유아의의사소통능력평가검사목록에도포함되어있다 ( 윤미선, 2010b). 건청아동을대상으로한본연구에서한국어 IT- MAIS는 IT-MAIS (Zimmerman-Philips, Robbins & Osberger, 2001) 의내용을적절하게한국어로나타냈으며, 내적일관성과간상관이높아검사도구로서의신뢰도를확보하고있는것으로나타났다. 또한 0 24개월영유아의월령에따른청지각능력의발달을반영하는검사로서, 월령의 IT-MAIS 점수변화설명력이매우큰것으로나타났다. IT-MAIS로건청영유아의청지각발달을평가한해외연구는히브루어와아랍어사용아동에대한연구가있었고 (Kishon-Rabins et al., 2001), 최근에는중국아동을대상으로연구가이루어졌다 (Zheng et 498
6 윤미선 / 한국어영유아청각통합능력척도 (IT-MAIS) 의타당도와신뢰도평가 al., 2009). 120명의건청아동을대상으로한 Zheng et al. 의연구에서중국어 IT-MAIS의타당도와신뢰도가검증되었고, 중국어 IT-MAIS 결과는건청아동의월령에따라유의하게변화하였으며대부분의아동은생후 22개월에최대값에도달했다. 이러한청지각능력의발달양상은 Kishon-Rabins et al. (2001) 의연구에서도유사하게나타나며한국아동을대상으로한본연구의결과와도일치한다. 이것은 IT- MAIS가언어및문화와무관하게영유아의청지각능력을평가하는척도로해석할수있을것이다. 본연구에서건청아동을대상으로한것은건청아동의청지각능력발달에관한자료가청각장애영유아를평가하는기초자료가되기때문이다. Robbins et al. (2004) 은인공와우이식아동의수술후청지각능력의발달을건청아동과비교하여, 듣기연령 (hearing age) 에따른발달곡선이건청아동의발달곡선과유사하며, 일찍인공와우이식을받은아동의경우건청영유아의발달곡선에보다근접하는것으로보고하였다. 국내에서는한국어 IT-MAIS에대한비교집단의표준화작업이이루어지지않았기때문에, 정상발달과의비교연구는없었다. 다만인공와우이식을받은아동을대상으로한연구들을통해 ( 윤미선 최은아, 2010; 이명진외, 2009; 허명진, 2010), 인공와우이식후시간의경과에따라청각장애영유아가보이는변화의수준을볼수있다. 이명진외 (2009) 에의하면평균 22개월에와우이식을받은청각장애아동대부분이 IT-MAIS의만점에도달한시기는수술후 12개월이었다. 인공와우이식시기가빨라지며나타난변화중하나는인공와우이식후수행력을정상발달아동의수행력과비교하는움직임이다. 청지각능력의평가에도이를적용하면본연구에서제시한정상발달아동의자료가인공와우이식후변화를평가하는비교자료로사용될수있을것이다. 현재 IT-MAIS는현장에서가장널리쓰이는영유아의청지각능력평가도구이며선행연구및본연구결과를통해일정한신뢰도와타당도를확보한것으로평가된다. 그러나 Cornix et al. (2009) 은 IT- MAIS가부모의보고를토대로검사자가평가하는것이기때문에, 부모의주관성이나검사자의경험과사전지식등이결과에영향을줄수있다는점을지적하였다. 이것은비단 IT-MAIS 만의문제는아니며부모보고를바탕으로하는영유아기의사소통능력검사에서공통적으로제기되는문제이다 ( 김영태 외, 2003). 부모보고의주관성에도불구하고영유아평가에서부모의보고를바탕으로하는검사방법을계속사용하는것은, 제한된시간안에자신의의사소통능력을표현하기어려운영유아의발달적특성때문이다. 이시기아동의일상생활에서의의사소통능력을나타내는데에는함께생활하는부모의관찰과보고가오히려적절할수있다. 한국어 IT-MAIS 평가에있어부모와검사자의주관성에대한지적은부모와검사자모두검사에대한충분한지식을갖추어각에서얻고자하는정보가무엇인지를정확히알고검사에임한다면보완할수있을것이다. 본연구는건청아동을대상으로한국어 IT-MAIS 를이용하여청지각능력을평가하고정상발달자료를구하였으나청각장애아동을대상으로는진행하지못하였다. 본연구의자료를토대로청각장애아동을대상으로하는후속연구를기대한다. 참고문헌 김영태 김경희 윤혜련 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 윤미선 (2002). 청능장애아동의듣기와언어지도방법과사례. 언어청능장애겨울연수회자료집. 이화여자대학교, 서울. 윤미선 (2010a). 영유아청각통합능력척도. 동아난청심포지움자료집. 부산 : 동아대학교. 윤미선 (2010b). 청각장애영유아의조기중재를위한의사소통평가도구구성의타당성. 언어치료연구, 19(1), 윤미선 최은아 (2010). 청각장애영유아의조기중재 : 의사소통능력의평가. 언어청각장애연구, 15(1), 이명진 허명진 정행임 이상흔 (2009). 인공와우착용기간에따른 IT-MAIS 결과비교. 언어치료연구, 18(4), 이정학 조수진 김진숙 장현숙 임덕환 이경원 김형종 (2010). 어음청각검사 (KSA). 서울 : 학지사. 허명진 (2010). 인공와우착용기간에따른영유아의청각적인지능력변화. 특수아동교육연구, 12(1), Chen, X., Liu, S., Liu, B, Mo, L., Kong, Y., Liu, H., Gong, S., Han, D., & Zhang, L. (2010). The effects of age at cochlear implantation and hearing aid trial on auditory performance of Chinese infants. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 130, Cole, E., & Flexer, C. (2011). Children with hearing loss: Developing listening and talking birth to six. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. Cornix, F., Weichbold, V., Tsiakpini, L., Autrique, E., Bescond, G., Tamas, L., Compernold, A., Georgescug, 499
7 언어청각장애연구 2011;16: M., Korolevah, I., Le Maner-Idrissii, G., Liangj, W., Madellk, J., Mikic l, B., & Obryckamet, A. (2009). Validation of the LittlEars auditory questionnaire in children with normal hearing. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73, Eisenberg, L. S., Johnson, K. C., Matinez, A. S., Cokely, C. G., Tobey E. A., Quittner, A. L., Fink, N., Wang, N., & Niparko, J. K. (2006). Speech recognition at 1 year follow-up in the childhood development after cochlear implantation study: Methods and preliminary findings. Audiology and Neurotology, 11, Elliot, G., & Elliot, K. (1964). Some pathological, radiological and clinical implications of the precocious development of the human ear. Laryngoscope, 74, Kirk, K. I., Pisoni, D. B., & Osberger, M. J. (1995). Lexical effects on spoken word recognition by pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 16, Kishon-Rabin, L., Taitebaum, R., Elichai, O., Maimon, D., Debyiat, D., & Chazan, N. (2001). Developmental aspects of the IT-MAIS in normal hearing babies. Israel Journal of Speech Hearing, 23, Nikolopoulos, T. P., Wells, P., & Archbold S. M. (2000). Using Listening Progress Profile (LiP) to assess early functional auditory performance in young implanted children. Deafness Education, 2(3), Northern, J., & Downs, M. (2002). Hearing in children. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Osberger, M. J., Geier, L., Zimmerman-Philips, S., & Barker, M. J. (1997). Use of a parent-report scale to assess benefit in children given the Clarion cochlear implant. American Journal of Otology, 18(6S), Robbins, A. (2010). IT-MAIS e-learning lecture. Available from: Robbins, A. M., Koch, D. B., Osberger, M. J., & Zimmerman- Philips, S. (2004). Effect of age at cochlear implantation on auditory skill development in infants and toddlers. Arch Otolaryngolology Head and Neck Surgery, 130, Robbins, A. M., Renshaw, J. J., & Berry, S. W. (1991). Evaluation meaningful auditory integration in profoundly hearing-impaired children. American Journal of Otology, 12(S), Tye-Murray, N. (2009). Foundation of aural rehabilitation. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. Weichbold, N., Anderson, I., & D Haese, P. (2004). Validation of three adaptations of the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) to German, English, and Polish. International Journal of Audiology, 43, Zheng, Y., Solbi, S. D., Wang, K., Meng, J., Xu, K., & Tao, Y. (2009). A normative study of early prelingual auditory development. Audiology and Neurotology, 14, Zimmerman-Philips, S., Robbins, A. M., & Osberger, M. J. (2001). Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale. Sylmar, CA: Advanced Bionics Corporation. 500
8 Yoon / Validity and Reliability of the IT-MAIS Korean Version in Children with Normal Hearing ABSTRACT Validity and Reliability of the IT-MAIS Korean Version in Children with Normal Hearing Mi-Sun Yoon Department of Communication Disorders, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea Correspondence to Prof. Yoon Mi-Sun, PhD, Department of Communication Disorders, Korea Nazarene University, Ssangyong dong, Seobukgu, Cheonan, Korea msyoon@kornu.ac.kr tel.: Background & Objectives: With the expansion of early diagnosis for intervention against hearing loss, evaluating the hearing perception of infants and toddlers is becoming more important. However, to evaluate hearing perception of infants and toddlers, specialized tests are needed because of the developmental characteristics of the subjects. IT-MAIS is a test that evaluates meaningful auditory integration ability in infants and toddlers. The purpose of the present study was to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the IT-MAIS (IT-MAIS-K). Method: The participants for validity were five SLPs. The participants for reliability were 80 children from 0 to 24 months of age. The subjects passed a newborn hearing screening test and did not have any disabilities. The IT-MAIS-K was performed through an interview with the parents of these children. Content validity, tests of the reliability of the IT-MAIS-K, and regression analysis of the IT-MAIS-K results regarding development were performed. Results: The participants verified the content validity of the IT-MAIS-K. The internal consistency reliability of the IT-MAIS-K was high (Chronbach s α=0.92), along with high corrected item total correlation coefficients (r=0.69 to 0.89). Age in months was shown to be a significant variable in change of hearing perception ability (R=0.96). Discussion & Conclusion: The IT-MAIS-K can be considered as a reliable hearing perception test for infants and toddlers. The results of the present study show the test can be used to effectively assess the development of hearing perception ability in children with hearing loss. (Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2011;16: ) Key Words: cochlear implant, early diagnosis and intervention, hearing perception, infant and toddler with hearing impairment, newborn hearing screening REFERENCES Chen, X., Liu, S., Liu, B, Mo, L., Kong, Y., Liu, H., Gong, S., Han, D., & Zhang, L. (2010). The effects of age at cochlear implantation and hearing aid trial on auditory performance of Chinese infants. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 130, Cole, E., & Flexer, C. (2011). Children with hearing loss: Developing listening and talking birth to six. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. Cornix, F., Weichbold, V., Tsiakpini, L., Autrique, E., Bescond, G., Tamas, L., Compernold, A., Georgescug, M., Korolevah, I., Le Maner-Idrissii, G., Liangj, W., Madellk, J., Mikic l, B., & Obryckamet, A. (2009). Validation of the LittlEars auditory questionnaire in children with normal hearing. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73, Eisenberg, L. S., Johnson, K. C., Matinez, A. S., Cokely, C. G., Tobey E. A., Quittner, A. L., Fink, N., Wang, N., & Niparko, J. K. (2006). Speech recognition at 1 year follow-up in the childhood development after cochlear implantation study: Methods and preliminary findings. Audiology and Neurotology, 11, Elliot, G., & Elliot, K. (1964). Some pathological, radiological and clinical implications of the precocious development of the human ear. Laryngoscope, 74, Huh, M. J. (2010). Auditory perception development for young children with hearing impaired in terms of CI use. The Journal of Special Children Education, 12(1), * This work was supported by research funded from Korea Nazarene University, Received, October 20, 2011 Final revision received, November 23, 2011 Accepted, November 30, c 2011 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 501
9 Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2011;16: Kim, Y. T., Kim, K, H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants. Seoul: Special Education. Kirk, K. I., Pisoni, D. B., & Osberger, M. J. (1995). Lexical effects on spoken word recognition by pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 16, Kishon-Rabin, L., Taitebaum, R., Elichai, O., Maimon, D., Debyiat, D., & Chazan, N. (2001). Developmental aspects of the IT-MAIS in normal hearing babies. Israel Journal of Speech Hearing, 23, Lee, J. H., Cho, S. J., Kim, J. S., Chang, H. S., Lim, D. W., Lee, K. W., & Kim, H. J. (2010). Korean speech audiometry. Seoul: Hakjisa. Lee, M. J., Huh, M. J., Joeng, H. I., & Lee, S. H. (2009). Longitudinal study of IT-MAIS questionnaires for children who may receive a cochlear implantation. The Korean Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 18(4), Nikolopoulos, T. P., Wells, P., & Archbold S. M. (2000). Using Listening Progress Profile (LiP) to assess early functional auditory performance in young implanted children. Deafness Education, 2(3), Northern, J., & Downs, M. (2002). Hearing in children. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Osberger, M. J., Geier, L., Zimmerman-Philips, S., & Barker, M. J. (1997). Use of a parent-report scale to assess benefit in children given the Clarion cochlear implant. American Journal of Otology, 18(6S), Robbins, A. (2010). IT-MAIS e-learning lecture. Available from: Robbins, A. M., Koch, D. B., Osberger, M. J., & Zimmerman- Philips, S. (2004). Effect of age at cochlear implantation on auditory skill development in infants and toddlers. Arch Otolaryngolology Head and Neck Surgery, 130, Robbins, A. M., Renshaw, J. J., & Berry, S. W. (1991). Evaluation meaningful auditory integration in profoundly hearing-impaired children. American Journal of Otology, 12(S), Tye-Murray, N. (2009). Foundation of aural rehabilitation. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. Weichbold, N., Anderson, I., & D Haese, P. (2004). Validation of three adaptations of the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) to German, English, and Polish. International Journal of Audiology, 43, Yoon, M. S. (2002). Hearing and speech therapy for children with hearing impairment. Proceedings of the Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Winter Workshop. Seoul. Yoon, M. S. (2010a). Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale. Dong A Symposium. Busan. Yoon, M. S. (2010b). Validity of communication assessment protocol of early intervention for children with hearing impairment. The Korean Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 19(1), Yoon, M. S., & Choi, E. A. (2010). Early intervention for children with hearing impairment: Assessment of communication abilities. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 15(1), Zheng, Y., Solbi, S. D., Wang, K., Meng, J., Xu, K., & Tao, Y. (2009). A normative study of early prelingual auditory development. Audiology and Neurotology, 14, Zimmerman-Philips, S., Robbins, A. M., & Osberger, M. J. (2001). Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale. Sylmar, CA: Advanced Bionics Corporation. 502
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청각장애아동의진단과평가시의사소통능력평가의중요성에관한질적연구 윤미선 ( 나사렛대학교언어치료학과 ) 윤미선. 청각장애아동의진단과평가시의사소통능력평가의중요성에관한질적연구. 언어청각장애연구, 2007, 제 12 권, 제 3 호, 447-464. 배경및목적 : 청각장애아동은일상생활에서의사소통능력의제한에의해많은어려움을겪는다. 따라서청각장애아동의의사소통능력을평가하는것은청각장애아동이겪는어려움의정도를가늠할수있을뿐아니라교육과재활의방향과목표설정에도중요할것이다.
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