ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(3): Original Article The Relationship between Vocabulary
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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 216;21(3): Original Article The Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception in School-Age Children using Cochlear Implants Hye-Jin Park a, Sung-Ah Han a, Jae-Hee Choi a, Sang-Yong Sim a,b, Young-Ran Seo c, Hyun-Sook Jang d a Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Dasan Auditory Rehabilitation Lab, Seoul, Korea c Kyungshin Auditory Rehabilitation Center, Daegue, Korea d Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence: Hyun-Sook Jang, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: hsjang@hallym.ac.kr Received: July 5, 216 Revised: August 31, 216 Accepted: September 8, 216 Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between receptive vocabulary knowledge and speech perception ability in children with cochlear implant (CI) after assessing vocabulary knowledge in terms of chronological and hearing age, and speech perception ability at the sentence and discourse levels. Methods: This study includ ed 25 children with CI who received their first CI before the age of 6, had used CIs more than 6;6 years, had no other disabilities, and were attending regular elementary or secondary schools. Receptive vocabulary knowledge and speech perception ability were assessed with the REVT (Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test) and 3 subtests of KNISE-DASP (Korean National Institute of Special Education-Development Assessment of Speech Perception), Sentence Comprehension Test, Sentence Recognition Test, and Connected Speech Test. Correlation analysis was also conducted between speech perception and vocabulary. Results: The average REVT equivalent age of the CI group was delayed for 1;1 years compared to the age-matched normal hearing peers, but was placed within the average range of normal hearing children when the hearing age was matched. The participants had some difficulties in speech perception, especially at the discourse level. The speech perception ability was highly correlated with vocabulary scores, but some students had difficulties in speech perception despite vocabulary knowledge comparable to their normal hearing peers. Conclusion: Difficulties in speech perception at the sentence and discourse levels could have resulted from a lack of vocabulary knowledge. The results suggest that aural rehabilitation programs should include treatment for the improvement of speech perception at the sentence and discourse levels. Keywords: Hearing loss, Cochlear implant, Vocabulary, Speech perception, Sentence comprehension, Sentence recognition, Connected speech comprehension 언어능력의발달은언어를전달하는소리정보즉, 분절적인특성과초분절적인특성을포함하고있는음향학적연속체를지각하고처리하는듣기기술의발달을통해이루어진다 (Cole & Flexer, 215). 특히청각장애아동의경우, 듣기기술의발달정도를파악하는것은그들의언어발달및학업수행의결과를이해하고필요한중재목표를설정하는데기초가된다. 청각장애아동의구어발달및학업수행과밀접한관련이있는듣기기술은 Erber (1982) 의 듣기기술발달중 이해 단계로이단계에서는소리정보의의미를처리하게된다. 언어가전달되는속성상이단계의듣기기술은청각정보처리과정 (auditory information processing) 이면서동시에언어적처리과정 (linguistic processing) 의성격을지닌다. 따라서 이해 단계의듣기기술은상위단계의언어학적단위인연결발화, 즉담화수준의소리정보처리까지포함한다 (Ling, 22; Perigoe & Paterson, 213; Tye-Murray, 214) Copyright 216 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 문장이나대화, 담화수준의소리정보처리는학령기에서점점더중요해지는데, 이러한활동은학교에서매일접하게되는듣기상황이기때문이다. 예를들어학교에서수업중설명을듣고이해하는것, 교사의지시사항이나질문을듣고이해하는것, 그리고친구들과의대화를듣고이해하는능력등은청각장애아동의학업수행은물론의사소통능력과사회적관계에까지영향을미친다. 따라서학교에서의교과과정이나수업, 교사가사용하는지시문, 친구들과의대화등을고려할때, 문장및담화수준에서의청각적정보를이해하고처리하는말지각능력은학령기에반드시발달되어야하는능력으로평가나중재의목표로포함되어야한다 (Kaplan, Mahshie, Moseley, Singer, & Winston, 1993). 이를반영하여 Auditory Skills Checklist (Anderson, 24), Auditory Learning Guide (Walker, 29), Auditory Skills Program (Romanik, 1994) 등의청각기술평가나중재프로그램은모두청각장애아동의종합적인의사소통능력평가의한요소로서듣기기술발달의최상위단계에문장뿐아니라연결발화 (connected speech), 즉담화수준의이해를포함하고있다. 인공와우착용아동의말지각능력은다양한변수들에의해영향을받으므로그결과가개인에따라매우다양하게나타날수있지만, 일반적으로이식시기가빠를수록그수행력이높고, 착용기간이증가할수록말지각능력이지속적으로발달되며, 많은경우정상적인발달수준까지향상을보인다 (Hyun & Yim, 213; Niparko et al., 21). 또한청각학적인변인들외에인공와우착용아동의말지각수행력에영향을미치는중요한변인중하나는언어능력으로, 말지각능력과수용및표현언어와는높은상관성이있는것으로나타났다 (Blamey et al., 21; Blamey & Sarant, 22; Davidson, Geers, Blamey, Tobey, & Brenner, 211; Kang & Ha, 213; Wu et al., 211). 예를들어, Wu 등 (211) 은평균 3세경에인공와우를이식받고 7-9년정도의착용기간을가진 39명의아동들이문장인지검사에서 78% 의목표단어정반응률을보였으며, 검사점수와표현및수용언어점수와의높은상관성을보였다고보고하였다. 어휘력과단어및문장의말지각수행과의관계에대한장기추적연구 (Blamey et al., 21; Blamey & Sarant, 22; Davidson et al., 211) 에서어휘력이발달하는동안말지각수행력에연령에따른증가가나타나며, 어휘력검사 (PPVT) 에서각각등가연령 7, 1 세수준의어휘력을보일때단어와문장지각수행에서고원현상을보이며더크게향상되지않음을보고하였다. 이러한연구결과들은단어와문장수준의말지각수행력이어휘력과관계가있으며, 또한말지각의수행향상이어휘력으로대표되는언어발달정도를반영하는것임을입증한다. 학령기청각장애아동의어휘력은청각보조기기가상대적으로덜발달했던과거에비해최근매우향상되었으나, 연구에따라그결과가매우상이하다. 예를들어학령기아동의어휘력을보고한연구결과를보면 2-5세사이에인공와우수술을한경우약 5%- 57% 의아동들이수용어휘에서건청또래기준 1 SD 이내의수행을보인다는결과 (Boons et al., 213; Duchesne, Sutton, & Bergeron, 29; Geers, Moog, Biedenstein, Brenner, & Hayes, 29) 와약 2-4 년사이의지체를보인다는연구결과가공존한다 (Fagan & Pisoni, 21; Johnson & Goswami, 21). 그러나 Fagan과 Pisoni (21), 그리고 Thal, DesJardin 과 Eisenberg (27) 는인공와우착용아동들의어휘력이듣기연령 (hearing age) 과생활연령을일치시킨건청아동의어휘력검사결과평균범위에해당한다고보고하였다. 인공와우를이식받는경우는고심도난청으로보청기를착용하여도말소리지각에제한이있으므로, 이논문에서듣기연령은인공와우이식후말소리지각에필요한주파수들을듣게되는 생활연령 - 인공와우사용시작연령 으로계산하였다. 이선행연구들은비록인공와우착용아동들의어휘력이생활연령에비해지체되어있으나, 그들의듣기연령, 즉청각적으로정보를접한기간에비례하여발달하고있음을시사한다. 인공와우착용아동을대상으로한어휘력연구결과를종합하면또래건청아동에비해어휘의양이적을뿐아니라어휘발달속도또한뒤처지며 (Fagan & Pisoni, 21; Holt, Beer, Kronenberger, Pisoni, & Lalonde, 212; Quittner et al., 213), 연령이증가할수록어휘습득속도가느려지고 (Blamey, Bow, Paatsch, Sarant, & Galvin, 24; Convertino, Borgna, Marschark, & Durkin, 214), 어휘량이나습득속도모두에큰개인차가존재한다 (Hayes, Geers, Treiman, & Moog, 29; Pisoni, Kronenberger, Roman, & Geers, 211) 고보고되고있다. 느린어휘발달속도는인공와우착용아동의어휘발달지체가지속되게할뿐아니라아동이성장할수록건청아동의어휘량과비교했을때그차이가점점더커지는데영향을미친다 (Hayes et al., 29). 그외일반적으로건청또래에비해뒤떨어지는언어능력이나읽기능력이아동들의어휘력발달에부정적인영향을미치는것으로간주되고있다. 정상청력아동들의경우부모나의사소통파트너와의상호작용을통해, 그리고 TV와라디오에서의말하는단어나다른사람들의대화를우연히들음 (overhearing) 으로서새로운어휘를습득한다. 그러나청각장애아동들은이러한듣기가어려워새로운어휘나구문을다양한맥락에서우연학습을할기회가매우적거나없다. 또한상대적으로뒤떨어진읽기능력으로인해, 읽기를통해새로운어휘나언어능력을습득하는데제한적이될수있
3 Hye-Jin Park, et al. Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception 다 (Traxler, 2). 읽기능력은구어능력 (spoken language ability) 을기반으로한문자의음운론적해독으로설명할수있는데, 이때담화수준의구어능력이읽기발달과가장관련이있다. 담화수준의구어능력은담화수준의소리정보처리능력을바탕으로발달한다는점에서이단계에서의듣기기술발달의중요성을다시한번확인할수있다. 그러나이렇듯담화수준에서의소리정보처리의중요성이강조되고있음에도불구하고국내학령기청각장애아동의듣기기술발달연구는주로음소와단어, 문장수준위주로이루어지고있으며 (Heo, Ahn, & Boo, 211; Kim, Lee, Heo, & Oh, 22; Kim, Kim, Cho, & Rhee, 1998), 담화수준에서의수행능력을보고한연구는없는실정이다. 현재인공와우를착용하는고심도청각장애아동수가증가하고있고, 그들의대부분이일반학교에통합되어교육받고있다. 이러한통합환경에배치된인공와우착용아동들이성공적으로학업, 의사소통및사회성발달을이루기위해서는정상발달수준의어휘력과문장및담화수준에서의청각적정보를이해하고처리하는말지각능력을갖추도록지속적인지원이필요하다. 그러나국내통합환경의학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과문장및담화수준의말지각발달에대한연구가거의이루어지지않아교육적및재활적요구를모색하기에는제한적인실정이다. 이에본연구는인공와우를사용하고있는학령기청각장애아동을대상으로생활연령과듣기연령에따른 (1) 수용어휘발달정도, (2) 보기없이청각적단서만제시되는문장및담화수준에서말지각수행력, 그리고 (3) 말지각수행력과수용어휘력간의상관성를파악하고자하였다. 특히말지각수행력의경우연령, 어휘력, 인공와우이식시기의각변인에따라두집단으로나누어수행력의차이를비교하였다. 연구방법연구대상본연구는서울과대구및강원도에소재한일반학교에통합된인공와우착용학생으로초등학생 12명과중고등학생 13명총 25 명 ( 남 : 15명, 여 : 1명 ) 을대상으로하였다. 연구대상자의평균연령은 (SD = 31.27) 개월, 연령범위는 (8;-17;2) 개월이었다. 모든대상자들은 (1) 선천적난청또는언어습득이전에난청이있고, (2) 6세이전에첫번째인공와우시술을받았고, (3) 인공와우착용기간이 6년이상경과되었으며, (4) 의사소통방식으로구화를사용하고, (5) 일반학교에서통합교육을받고, (6) 청각장애이외에는동반장애가없었다. 첫번째인공와우를이식한평균연령은 (SD =15.82) 개월이었으며, 가장빠른연령은 12개월, 가장늦은연령은 71개월이었다. 연구참여자들의평균듣기연령 ( 인공와우로소리를접한기간 ) 은 (SD = 34.98) 개월로그범위는 개월이었다. 자료수집은서울과대구의청각재활기관과강원도소재대학의청각언어센터에서자격을갖춘청능사와언어재활사에의해이루어졌으며, 연구대상자의성별, 학교, 연령, 인공와우시술연령, 듣기연령, 인공와우사용후교정청력, 인공와우착용상황, 청능재활여부에대한정보는 Table 1과같다. 연구자료어휘력검사연구대상자들의어휘력을평가하기위해수용및표현어휘력검사 (REVT; Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29) 의수용어휘검사를실시하였다. REVT는규준참조검사로 2세부터성인에이르기까지원점수의연령별규준을제시하고있어초등및중고등학교에재학중인본연구대상자어휘력의정상정여부를파악할수있다. 원점수는등가월령또는등가연령으로환산될수있는데본연구에서는언어발달지체정도를파악하기위해원점수를등가월령으로환산하여자료분석에사용하였다. 말지각검사문장과담화수준의말지각능력을평가하기위해 KNISE-DASP (DASP; Song, Lee, & Jang, 21) 의하위검사인문장이해검사 (Sentence Comprehension Test, SCT), 문장인지검사 (Sentence Recognition Test, SRT), 그리고이야기이해검사 (Connected Speech Test, CST) 를이용하였다. DASP은학령기인청각장애아동의말지각능력을평가하기위한규준참조검사로, 유치부 -초등학교저학년수준의고빈도어휘와구문을사용하여검사대상아동의어휘및언어능력이말지각능력에미치는영향을최소화하였고, 1,227명의유치원과초등학교에재학중인건청아동을대상으로표준화되었다. DASP의 SCT, SRT, CST는보기가있는조건 (closed-set) 과보기가없는조건 (open-set) 에서말지각에청각과시각단서를모두사용하는 (auditory visual) 조건과시각적단서를배제하고청각적자극만사용하는 (auditory only) 조건의검사방법을포함하고있는데, 본연구에서는 3개의검사모두보기없이청각적자극만을사용하는조건의말지각을검사하였다. SCT와 SRT는모두문장수준의말지각검사이다. SCT는아동이문장을듣고그에맞게한단어로답을하는방식이고, 모두 1개의문장으로구성되어있으며, 아동이정반응한문장의수의총점이원점수이다. SRT는검사자가제시한문장을듣고아동이그대로따라말하는방식으로, 모두
4 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 Table 1. Demographic information of the participants Subject no# Gender School CA (mo) Age at CI (mo) Hearing age (mo) PTA with CI (db) Hearing device use 1 F E Unilateral Yes 2 M E Unilateral Yes 3 M E Bilateral No 4 M E Unilateral Yes 5 M E Bilateral Yes 6 F E Unilateral Yes 7 M E Unilateral No 8 M E Bimodal Yes 9 F E Unilateral Yes 1 F E Unilateral Yes 11 M E Unilateral No 12 M E Bimodal Yes 13 F S Bilateral Yes 14 M S Bimodal Yes 15 M S Bimodal No 16 F S Unilateral Yes 17 F S Unilateral Yes 18 M S Bimodal Yes 19 F S Bilateral Yes 2 F S Bilateral No 21 M S Bimodal Yes 22 M S Bimodal Yes 23 M S Bilateral Yes 24 M S Bimodal Yes 25 F S Unilateral No E = elementary school; S = secondary school; F = female; M = male; CA = chronological age; CI = cochlear implant; age at CI = age at the first CI switch on; Unilateral = use only one CI; Bimodal = use one CI and one HA at the other side of ear simultaneously; Bilateral = use two CIs; PTA = pure-tone threshold average at 5, 1,, and 2, Hz; AR = enrollment in the aural rehabilitation program at the time of the test. AR 개문장에 4개의목표단어로구성되어있다. 1개문장의평균문장길이는 4어절, 범위는 2-6개어절이다. 아동이따라말한문장에서목표단어의정반응개수를합산하여원점수를구한다. SCT는 2 개부터 6개까지의문장으로구성된이야기를들은후각이야기에대한질문에답하는방식의검사로각이야기마다 1-2개의질문으로구성되어있다. 세검사모두원점수를백분율로환산하여분석에사용하였다. 연구절차자격을갖춘언어재활사와청능사가조용한방에서아동과일대일로앉아각각 REVT와 DASP를실시하였다. REVT와 DASP 검사를할때아동과검사자와의거리는약 1 m였다. REVT는아동이검사자의얼굴을볼수있는상태에서검사지침서에따라검사를진행하였다. 아동이원할경우검사문항을글씨로써서보여주었으며, 육성과글씨를포함하여최대한 2번까지검사문항을제시하였 다. DASP의검사문항은아동이검사자의얼굴을볼수없는상태에서검사자의육성으로제시하였고, 검사는 SRT, SCT, CST의순으로진행하였다. 어휘력검사와말지각검사는대부분서로다른날시행하였으며, 동일한날진행할경우두검사사이에아동이충분히쉴수있도록하였고, 두검사의순서는번갈아서진행하였다. 자료분석어휘력검사결과는두가지방법으로분석하였다. 첫째, REVT 검사지침서의 연령별수용및표현어휘점수의평균및표준편차 를이용하여검사대상자의어휘발달정상성을판별하고, 검사지침서에따라그결과를정상발달 (-1 SD 이상 ), 약간지체 (-1 SD와 -2 SD 사이 ), 어휘능력발달지체 (-2 SD 이하 ) 로분류하였다. 이때청각장애의특성을고려하여, 검사대상자의생활연령 (CA) 과듣기연령 (HA) 을기준으로각각어휘발달정상성을분석하여그결과를백분율로제시하였다. 둘째, REVT 검사지침서의 등가연령규준표
5 Hye-Jin Park, et al. Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception 에따라원점수를등가월령으로변환하여어휘능력발달지체가어느정도되는지살펴보았다. 어휘능력의발달지체분석도역시생활연령과듣기연령을기준으로각각분석하였다. 검사대상자의어휘능력이정상청력인규준의어휘발달에비해어느정도지체되는지알아보기위해지침서에서제공한등가월령과생활연령사이의차이 ( 등가월령 -생활연령, 이하 EA-CA) 를구하여분석에사용하였다. 또한듣기연령을기준으로했을때동일한듣기경험을가진정상청력규준의어휘발달에비해어느정도지체되는지알아보기위해등가월령과듣기연령사이의차이 ( 등가월령- 듣기연령, 이하 EA-HA) 를구하여분석에사용하였다. 말지각검사결과는 DASP의 SCT, SRT, CST 검사각각의정반응률평균과표준편차를구하였으며, 이를연령별 ( 초등과중고등 ), 어휘력발달별 ( 정상집단과지체집단 ), 이식연령별 (2세이전과이후 ) 로구분하여각집단의평균의차이를 t-검증하였다. 그리고생활연령과듣기연령으로나누어연령과각검사에서의수행결과와의상관관계를분석하였다. 또한마지막으로어휘력과말지각능력과의상관관계를보기위해 REVT의등가연령과 SRT, SCT, CST의정반응률간의상관관계를분석하였다. 통계분석은 IBM사의 SPSS 23.을사용하였다. 연구결과어휘력검사결과검사대상자의생활연령을기준으로어휘발달정상성여부를분석한결과, 연구대상자 25명중 12명 (48%) 이 -1 SD 이상에해당하는점수를획득하여어휘력이 정상발달 로나타났다. 그러나 2명 (8%) 은 약간지체, 11명 (44%) 은 어휘능력발달지체 로판정되었 다. 검사대상자의듣기연령을기준으로어휘능력발달의정상성을판정하였을때에는 25명중 14명 (56%) 이듣기연령이같은정상청력아동의 정상발달 범주에, 3명 (12%) 이 약간지체, 8명 (32%) 이 어휘능력발달지체 에해당하는것으로판정되었다. 각분석조건에서아동들의어휘력분포의비율은 Figure 1에제시하였다. 각검사대상자의어휘력이생활연령이나듣기연령규준보다얼마나지체되어있는지를파악하기위해검사대상자들이획득한원점수를 REVT의검사지침서에따라등가월령 (EA) 으로환산하였다. 언어발달정상성판단결과에따른생활연령및듣기연령을기준으로한규준과의차이를 Figure 2에, 연령및어휘력간의상관관계는 Table 2에제시하였다. 연구대상자의어휘력 (EA) 은집단에관계없이공통적으로생활연령이증가함에따라증가하는추세를보였으나 (Figure 2A), 통계적으로유의한확률에는도달하지못하였다 (r =.347, p=.89). 연구대상자전체집단의수용어휘등가월령평균은 (SD = 48.67) 개월 ( 범위 : 개월 ) 이었다. 생활연령을기준으로한규준과비교하여어휘력의지체정도를확인하였을때, 집단에관계없이생활연령이증가할수록 EA-CA의차이가더커지는추세를보이는것으로나타났으나 (Figure 2B), 통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (r = -.3, p=.145). 본연구대상자들의 EA-CA 평균은 -18. (SD =47.86) 개월 ( 범위 : 개월) 로, 생활연령이같은 REVT 검사지침서의규준보다어휘력에서집단평균약 1년 6개월정도의지체를보였다. 생활연령보다등가월령이낮은경우 EA-CA의범위는 -1부터 -15로나타났다. 그리고 EA-CA는인공와우이식연령과부적상관이있었다 (r = -.528, p=.7) (Figure 2C). 듣기연령을기준으로했을때, 연구대상자의 REVT EA는듣기연령의증가와유의한관계가있는것으로나타났다 (r=.58, p=.9). REVT_Receptive_CA REVT_Receptive_HA 32% 44% 48% 56% 12% 8% (A) (B) Figure 1. REVT_receptive vocabulary test outcomes as a function of (A) chronological age (CA), and (B) hearing age (HA). REVT = Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29)
6 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 그러나듣기연령을기준으로 REVT 규준과의차이를파악했을때, EA-HA 는듣기연령과관계가없었으며 (r = -.31, p=.882) (Figure 2D), 인공와우이식연령과도상관관계가없었다 (r = -.154, p=.463). Table 2. Correlations between age factors and vocabulary converted scores CA HA Age at CI REVT EA EA-CA EA-HA CA -.863**.569** HA ** Age at CI ** CA = chronological age; HA = hearing age; CI = cochlear implant; REVT = Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); EA= equivalent age; EA-CA = difference between EA and CA; EA-HA = difference between EA and HA. **p <.1. 전체집단의 EA-HA 평균은 (SD = 41.94) 개월이었으며, 듣기연령보다등가월령이낮은집단에서 EA-HA의범위는 -82부터 -8 개월이었다. Figure 2D에서 REVT-R EA-HA 가 이하인대상자는모두 어휘능력발달지체 집단에속하는데, 그림의산포도는연구대상자의어휘발달지체정도가인공와우수술시기나듣기연령의증가와상관관계가없음을보여준다 (r = -.227, p=.274). 말지각검사결과검사대상자의 DASP SCT, SRT, CST 결과는각각 Figures 3-5에제시하였다. 각그림의 (A) 는생활연령에따른정반응률을, (B) 는듣기연령에따른정반응률을나타낸다. 각그림은어휘발달정상성판단결과와인공와우이식연령을구분하여말지각수행결과를 2 15 REVT R CA 5 REVT R CA REVT R EA (mo) 1 REVT R EA-CA (mo) Chronological age (mo) (A) Chronological age (mo) (B) 5 REVT R 1 5 Age at CI Under 2 years Above 2 years REVT R EA-CA (mo) -5-1 REVT R EA-HA (mo) Age at CI (mo) (C) Hearing age (mo) (D) Figure 2. REVT_receptive equivalent age scores and the difference from the norm of REVT as a function of chronological age (A-C) and hearing age (D). REVT= Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); EA = equivalent age; CA = chronological age; HA = hearing age; EA-CA = difference between EA and CA; EA-HA= difference between EA and HA; CI= cochlear implant
7 Hye-Jin Park, et al. Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception 1 8 REVT R 1 8 Age at CI Under 2 years Above 2 years SCT (%) 6 4 SCT (%) Chronological age (mo) (A) Hearing age (mo) (B) Figure 3. Sentence Comprehension Test (SCT) scores as a function of (A) chronological age and (B) hearing age. Filled dots indicates the group that implanted their CI at under 2 years of age, and the transparent circle indicates the group that implanted their CI at above 2 years of age. REVT = Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); CI= cochlear implant. 1 8 REVT R 1 8 Age at CI Under 2 years Above 2 years SRT (%) 6 4 SRT (%) Chronological age (mo) (A) Hearing age (mo) (B) Figure 4. Sentence Recognition Test (SRT) scores as a function of (A) chronological age and (B) hearing age. Filled dots indicates the group that implanted their CI at under 2 years of age, and the transparent circle indicates the group that implanted their CI at above 2 years of age. REVT = Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); CI= cochlear implant. 표시하였으며, 각검사집단의평균및표준편차는 Table 3에, 말지각검사와연령관련변인과의상관관계는 Table 4에제시하였다. 세가지검사모두정반응률은 %-1% 였다. 문장을듣고대답하게하는방식으로문장수준말지각능력을검사한 SCT의정반응평균은 8.% (SD = 35.94%) 였다. 25명의연구대상자중 16명 (64%) 이 1% 의정반응률을, 5명 (2%) 이 5% 미만의정반응률을나타내었다. 초등학교와중고등학교학생의 SCT 평균점수는각각 74.17% 와 85.38% 로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (t(23) = -.773, p =.447). REVT의정상성판단결과에 따라 SCT 수행점수를살펴본결과, 어휘력정상발달집단에속한연구대상자 12명중 1명 (83.3%) 이생활연령에관계없이 SCT에서 1% 의수행을보인반면, 어휘력발달지체집단에속한검사대상자는 11명중 2명 (18.2%) 의아동만이 1% 의수행을보였다. 어휘력정상발달집단과어휘력지체집단 ( 약간지체및발달지체 ) 의 SCT 평균점수는각각 98.33% 와 63.8% 로통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (t(23) = 2.77, p=.11). 듣기연령 78개월이상에서인공와우이식시기가 2세이전인 13명의검사대상자중 1명 (76.9%) 이, 2세이후인 12명중 6명 (5%) 이듣기연령에관계없이 1% 의수행
8 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 1 8 REVT R 1 8 Age at CI Under 2 years Above 2 years CST (%) 6 4 CST (%) Chronological age (mo) (A) Hearing age (mo) (B) Figure 5. Connected Speech Test (CST) scores as a function of (A) chronological age, and (B) hearing age. Filled dots indicates the group that implanted their CI at under 2 years of age, and the transparent circle indicates the group that implanted their CI at above 2 years of age. REVT= Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); CI= cochlear implant. Table 3. Results of mean (SD) of SCT, SRT, and CRT School Vocabulary Age at CI Elementary Secondary Normal Delay Before 2 years After 2 years SCT (41.44) (3.72) (3.89) 63.8 (43.85) 9. (27.69) (41.66) SRT (35.56) (37.27) (9.1) (42.15) 81. (26.61) (43.12) CST (41.37) (35.68) (15.86) 37.9 (38.76) (33.11) (42.9) SCT= Sentence Comprehension Test; SRT= Sentence Recognition Test; CST= Connected Speech Test; CI= cochlear implant. Table 4. Correlations between age factors and speech perception scores 을보였다. 인공와우이식연령이 2 세이전인집단과 2 세이후인집 단의평균점수는각각 9.% 와 69.17% 이나집단간차이는통계 적으로유의하지않았다 (t(23) =1.484, p=.151). 상관분석결과듣 기연령은 SCT 검사결과와유의한관계를보이지않았다 (r =.39, p=.54). CA HA Age at CI SCT SRT CST CA -.863**.569** HA Age at CI * CA = chronological age; HA = hearing age; CI = cochlear implant; SCT = Sentence Comprehension Test; SRT=Sentence Recognition Test; CST=Connected Speech Test. *p <.5, **p <.1. 문장을듣고따라하는방식으로문장수준말지각능력을검사 한 SRT 의정반응률평균은 72.52% (SD = 35.88%) 였으며, 전체 25 명중 1% 4 명을포함하여 2 명 (8%) 이 7% 이상을, % 4 명을포 함한 5 명 (2%) 이 5% 미만의점수를나타내었다. 초등학교와중고 등학교학생의 SRT 평균점수는각각 68.79% 와 75.96% 로통계적으 로유의한차이가없었다 (t(23) = -.491, p=.628). 참여자중 7명 (28%) 은 SRT에서 1% 의정반응을보였는데, 어휘력정상발달집단에속한대상자가 4명 (33.3%), 약간지체및어휘력발달지체집단에속한대상자가 3명 (23.1%) 이었다. 어휘력정상발달집단이어휘력지체집단보다통계적으로유의하게높은 SRT 평균점수를보였다 (t(23) = 2.998, p =.6). Figure 4의산포도에서알수있듯이 SRT 에서 1% 수행을보인대상자와 % 의수행을보인대상자는생활연령및듣기연령에관계없이고르게분포하고있으나인공와우이식연령으로나눈집단별수행을살펴보았을때서로다른양상을보였다. 인공와우이식연령이 2세이전인대상자 13명중 12명 (92.3%) 이 SRT에서 7% 이상, 1명 (7.7%) 이 % 의정반응을보인반면, 2세이후집단 12명중 7명 (58.3%) 은 9% 이상의정반응을, 5명 (41.7%) 은 5% 이하의수행을보였다. 2세이전인공와우시술집단과 2세이후인공와우시술집단의수행력은각각 81.% 와 63.33% 이었으나, 집단간차이는통계적으로유의하지않았다 (t(23) =1.244, p=.226). 그러나상관분석결과인공와우이식연령은 SRT 수행과유의한관계가있는것으로나타났다 (r = -.427, p=.33). 즉, 인공와
9 Hye-Jin Park, et al. Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception SCT (%) 6 4 SRT (%) 6 4 CST (%) REVT EA (mo) REVT EA (mo) REVT EA (mo) Figure 6. Speech perception scores as a function of the vocabulary score. REVT= Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); EA= equivalent age; SCT= Sentence Comprehension Test; SRT= Sentence Recognition Test; CST= Connected Speech Test. 우이식연령이높아질수록 SRT의수행력이유의미하게낮아짐을알수있다. 이야기를듣고그내용에대한질문에답하는방식으로담화수준의말지각능력을검사한 CST의정반응률평균은 57.1% (SD = 39.4%) 였으며, 전체 25명중 1% 3명을포함하여 16명 (64%) 이 7% 이상을, % 4명을포함한 9명 (36%) 이 5% 미만의점수를나타내었다. 초등학교와중고등학교학생의 CST 평균점수는각각 55.37% 와 65.39% 로중고등학교학생의점수가높았으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (t(23) = -.65, p =.522). REVT 결과어휘력정상발달집단과지체집단의수행은각각 85.15% 와 37.9% 로어휘력정상발달집단의점수가유의하게높았다 (t(23) = 3.925, p =.1). 인공와우이식연령이 2세이전인집단과 2세이후인집단간 CST 평균점수는각각 67.61% 와 52.97% 로 2세이전집단의점수가높았으나통계적으로는유의한차이가없었으며 (t(23) =.96, p=.347), 인공와우이식연령이 2세이전인대상자중 4명 (3.8%) 과 2세이후인대상자 5명 (41.7%) 이 CST에서 5% 미만의점수를보여이식연령에상관없이담화수준에서의말지각처리에어려움을보였다. Figure 5는생활연령이나듣기연령에관계없이 SCT의수행정도가다양하게분포하고있음을나타내며, 상관분석결과 SCT의수행은연령변인과유의미한관계가없었다 (p>.5). 어휘력과말지각상관성 REVT 등가월령과 SCT, SRT, CST와의관계를알아보기위해상관분석을실시하였으며그결과를 Figure 6과 Table 5에제시하였다. REVT 등가월령은문장수준의말지각능력인 SRT 및 SCT와각각.797 (p<.1),.731 (p<.1) 로유의미한상관관계가있었으며, 담화수준의말지각능력과가장높은상관 (r =.836, p<.1) 이 Table 5. Correlations between vocabulary and speech perception test scores 있는것으로나타났다. 또한문장수준의말지각능력인 SRT, SCT 는모두담화수준의말지각능력인 CST 와각각.898 (p<.1) 와.814 (p<.1) 의유의하게높은상관이있는것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 본연구에서는선천적인청각장애를가지고태어나 개월 사이에인공와우를시술받고 6 년 6 개월이상인공와우를사용하 고있으며일반초등및중고등학교에서통합교육을받고있는인공 와우사용자 25 명을대상으로수용어휘와문장및담화수준에서 의말지각능력, 그리고어휘력과말지각능력간의상관관계를살 펴보았다. REVT EA SRT SCT CST REVT EA -.797**.731**.836** SRT -.871**.898** SCT -.814** CST - REVT = Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 29); EA= equivalent age; SCT= Sentence Comprehension Test; SRT= Sentence Recognition Test; CST= Connected Speech Test. **p <.1. 어휘력평가결과연구대상자중생활연령기준 48%, 듣기연령 기준 56% 는 REVT 규준의정상발달범위에해당하는어휘력을가 진것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 5 세이전에인공와우를시술한 5-13 세학령기인공와우착용아동의 5%-57% 가건청인또래의 평균범위에속한다는 Boons 등 (213) 과 Geers 등 (29) 의연구결 과와일치한다. 원점수를등가월령으로환산하여어휘력의지체정
10 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 도를분석한결과인공와우사용자집단의평균어휘력은생활연령을기준으로한검사규준보다약 1년 6개월지체되는것으로나타났으나, 듣기연령을기준으로했을때에는집단평균이검사규준보다약 12개월상회하였다. 또한상관분석결과에서도연구대상자의어휘력이생활연령이아닌듣기연령, 즉인공와우를사용하여말소리를경험한기간과유의한관계가있는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는인공와우착용아동들의언어발달이집단평균에서듣기연령과생활연령을일치시킨아동의정상발달범위에해당하며, 언어능력이청각적정보를접한기간에비례하여발달한다는선행연구결과와일치한다 (Fagan & Pisoni, 21; Thal et al., 27). 어휘력과연령관련변인과의상관분석결과는생활연령이같은규준과비교했을때인공와우를시술한연령이늦을수록어휘력이지체되는정도가더크고, 듣기연령이같은규준과비교했을때어휘발달의정상성여부는인공와우이식연령이나듣기연령에관계없는것으로나타났다. 이러한상관분석결과를종합하면일반적으로인공와우착용아동의어휘력이듣기경험에비례해발달하며, 인공와우를시술한나이가어릴수록생활연령을기준으로한정상발달범주에속할가능성이크지만, 듣기연령이같은규준과비교했을때인공와우이식연령이나듣기연령에관계없이언어능력발달지체가나타날수있음을의미한다. 본연구의대상자중생활연령기준 44%, 듣기연령기준 32% 는 REVT 규준보다 -2 SD 이상어휘력이지체되는것으로확인되었는데, Figure 2의 (C) 에서알수있듯이이들의수술시기는 18-71개월로넓은분포를보여인공와우이식연령, 즉청각적으로정보를접하기시작한시기와듣기경험이외에다른변인의영향이있음을드러내고있다. 동일한조건의인공와우착용아동들간에어휘량이나어휘습득속도등어휘력발달에개인차가있다는것은여러선행연구를통해보고된결과로 (Geers et al., 29; Hawker et al., 28; Hayes et al., 29; Svirsky, Stallings, Lento, Ying, & Leonard, 22), 최근청각장애발견시기, 인공와우이식연령과듣기연령, 재활시작시기와함께아동개인이가진언어인지적정보처리능력과학습능력등이어휘력발달의개인차를유발하는기저변인일수있음이보고되고있다 (Pisoni & Cleary, 24). 본연구에서는연령관련변인만이고려되었으며, 향후연구에서보다많은표본을통해청각장애발견시기나재활여부등이언어발달에미치는영향을확인해야할필요가있다. 그럼으로써청각장애아동의언어중재에서언어발달지체와관련된기저변인을고려하여촉진하는방향으로나아가야할것이다. 연구대상자들은말지각평가과제에서도다양한수행결과를보였다. DASP의 SCT, SRT, CST 말지각과제의수행범위는모두 %- 1% 에이르기까지다양하게나타났는데, SCT, SRT, CST에서각각 64%, 28%, 16% 의참가자만이 1% 의말지각수행을보였고, 각과제에서 % 를보인아동도 3-4명에이른다. 정상청력아동을대상으로한 DASP의표준화연구에서초등학교에 1-3학년에재학하는학령기아동들이세검사에서평균 1% 의정반응을보인것을고려할때, 청각장애가있는아동들이정상청력또래에필적할만한어휘력과인공와우를통해최소한 6년 6개월이상의청각정보를접한경험이있는경우에도문장및담화수준의청각적인정보처리에어려움이있을수있으며, 문장보다는담화수준에서, 즉청각적으로처리해야하는정보의양이많아질수록그수행이더어렵다는사실을보여준다. 어휘력발달유무, 2세이전과이후의인공와우이식연령, 초등및중고등학교를변인으로집단간차이를분석한결과어휘력정상발달집단과지체집단간의말지각수행차이는유의하였으나, 인공와우이식연령차이와초등및중고등학생사이의수행차이는유의하지않았다. 특히듣기를통하여많은정보를수용해야하는중고등학교학생들조차도말지각검사의수행력이초등학교학생들과유의미한차이가나타나지않았다는점은우리에게시사하는바가크다. 본연구에서나타난문장및담화수준의수행결과는두가지로생각해볼수있다. 첫째, 구문능력의영향이다. 본연구는통합교육환경에있는인공와우착용아동들의말지각능력의현황을파악하고자구문능력을평가하거나제한하지않았다. 따라서구문적인능력이떨어져도내용어를기반으로문장수준의정보를처리할수있는아동들이대상에포함되었을수있다. SCT와 SRT의수행차이가이를반영하는것으로여겨진다. SCT 과제가문장수준의청각정보를이해하여단답형으로대답할것을요구한반면, SRT 과제는문장수준의청각정보를그대로따라말하도록요구하는문장따라말하기과제로두방법모두문장수준의말지각을검사하는데널리쓰이고있다. 특히문장따라말하기는 Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) Sentence (Bamford & Wilson, 1979) 등보기가없는조건의문장인지검사에서가장많이쓰이는방법이다. 그러나다른한편문장따라말하기과제는구문능력과상관이있어서, 정상발달및언어장애아동집단에서그실수가구문발달을반영하는것으로확인되어 (Riches, 212) 오랫동안언어장애아동들의임상적지표로사용되고있다 (Bishop, North, & Donlan, 1996; Conti-Ramsden, Botthing, & Faragher, 21; Stokes, Wong, Fletcher, & Leonard, 26). 또한문장따라말하기의어려움은언어적정보처리의어려움과관련된것으로알려져있다 (Conti-Ramsden et al., 21). 따라서 SCT에비해 SRT 과제에서어려움을보이는아동이증가한것은본연구대상자들의말지각능력뿐아니라구문발
11 Hye-Jin Park, et al. Relationship between Vocabulary Knowledge and Speech Perception 달또는언어적정보처리의어려움이반영된결과일수있다. 담화수준의말지각을평가한 CST에서많은대상자가어려움을보인것또한이들의담화수준청각정보처리능력의한계를반영할뿐아니라 SRT에서드러난구문적인한계로인한언어적정보처리의어려움을반영한것일수있다. 둘째, 문장및담화수준에서말지각의어려움은이러한구문적인어려움외에의사소통기회의제한과원거리우연듣기 (overhearing) 의한계로인한문장및담화수준에서말지각처리경험부족이정보처리에필요한인지적능력발달에영향을미친결과일수있다. SCT, SRT, CST는공통적으로들은것을기억하고그내용을파악하여과제의요구에적절하게반응하는능력을필요로하여, 청각적인정보의탐지및작업기억, 구두적시연 (verbal rehearsal) 능력을필요로한다. 학령기청각장애아동을대상으로한선행연구는인공와우를사용한청각장애아동들이작업기억과청각적정보처리속도에서건청아동보다지체된수행및발달을보인다고보고하고있는데 (Pisoni & Cleary, 24; Pisoni et al., 211), 이렇게지체된작업기억능력과정보처리속도로인해말소리정보를처리하는데어려움이발생한것일수있으며, 이로인해문장보다더많은정보를담고있는담화수준에서더큰어려움을나타낸것일수있다. 이러한결과는인공와우착용아동을대상으로한재활에서청각적정보처리와관련된인지적능력의발달을촉진하기위해문장및담화수준에서의청각적정보처리경험을증가시킬수있는접근방법과내용이고려되어야함을시사한다. 문장및담화수준의말지각수행능력과연령관련변인들과의관계는과제마다다소다르게나타났다. SRT 결과가인공와우이식연령과반비례관계에있고 SCT 결과와듣기연령과의관계는유의수준에근접하게나타났으나, 이를제외한말지각수행은인공와우이식연령이나듣기연령과관계가없었다. Figures 3-5의 (A) 에서알수있듯이생활연령또한말지각능력과유의한관계가없었는데, 이는언어능력이말지각능력평가에미치는영향을최소화한준거참조평가라는 DASP의특성을고려할때, 검사대상자의연령보다는다른변인들이말지각에미치는영향이반영된결과로생각된다. SRT와인공와우이식연령과의상관관계는, 위에서언급하였듯이 SRT 과제가말지각외에아동들의구문및인지능력을필요로하고, 수술연령이어릴수록어휘력이정상발달범주에해당하도록발달할수있기때문에, 수술연령이어릴수록 SRT 형식의말지각과제수행에필요한어휘, 구문및인지능력발달이촉진될수있음을반영하는것으로생각된다. 그러나인공와우이식연령을기준으로한집단간차이가유의하지않고, Figures 3-5의 (B) 에서확인할수있듯이 2세이후에수술한아동다수가 SCT 및 SRT 과제에서좋은수행을보이고있고, SRT 과제에서좋은수행을보인아동들이더많은정보처리능력을요구하는 CST 과제에서어려움을보이며, CST 과제가연령변인과유의한상관관계가없었다는점을고려하여, 본연구에서나타난수술시기와 SRT 과제의관계를문장및담화수준의말지각발달전체로일반화하여해석할수없다는점에주의해야할것이다. 5세이전에인공와우를시술하고 3년이상기기를사용한초등학교아동들에게서말지각과인공와우이식연령에유의한관계가없었다는선행연구를고려할때 (Heo et al., 211), 본연구에서 SCT나 CST 등의말지각과제에서시술연령과상관관계가나타나지않은것은본연구대상자들의인공와우사용경험이 6년 6개월이상으로, DASP의말지각검사일부에서시술연령이그결과에미치는영향에고원현상이나타난때문인것으로생각된다. 인공와우이식연령이나듣기연령은말지각능력과의상관관계가유의하지않았으나어휘력은문장및담화수준의말지각능력모두와유의하게높은상관관계가있었다. 이는말소리지각능력이언어능력과서로상관관계가있으며문장수준의말지각수행력이언어능력의발달을반영한다는선행연구와일치하는결과로 Blamey 등 (21) 의연구에서는어휘력검사 (PPVT) 의등가연령 7 세, Davidson 등 (211) 의연구에서는어휘력검사의등가연령 1세까지말지각수행력이어휘력에따라증가한다고하였다. 본연구에서도말지각수행력이어휘력에따라상이한것으로나타났는데, SCT 과제는 REVT 등가월령 87개월 (7;3세), SRT 과제는 REVT 등가월령 121개월 (1;1 세 ), 그리고 CST 과제는 REVT 등가월령 125 개월 (1;5 세 ) 이상에서대부분의연구대상자가 9% 이상의수행을보여서, 말지각과제의성격에따라고원현상에이르는연령이다르게나타났다. 그러나문장을듣고답하는 SCT과제는 REVT 등가월령 7;3세, 문장전체를따라말하는 SRT과제는 1;1 세에고원현상이나타나문장단계에서고원현상이나타나는연령이앞서인용한선행연구와거의일치하는결과를보였다. CST와같이구문이나언어적정보처리능력등더많은언어능력을요하는과제일수록고원현상에도달하는연령이높아진다는점에서말지각과제에서어휘력및언어능력의중요성을확인할수있다. 본연구에서어휘력이문장및담화수준의말지각능력과유의하게높은상관관계를보이는것은이두영역이서로밀접한관련이있어서로영향을주고받으며발달하는것임을의미한다. 말지각능력이어휘력을반영하여어휘력에따라향상되기도하지만, 반대로문장및담화수준에서의우수한말지각능력은더많은의사소통기회와우연학습의기회를제공함으로써어휘력을포함하는언어능력향상에큰역할을함을알수있다. 그러므로인공와우
12 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 아동의청각재활목표는문장및담화수준의말지각능력과어휘력을함께향상시키는것이어야할것이다. 본연구결과 4명의아동들은문장및담화수준에서모두 % 이거나그에가까운수준을보였다. 이아동들의자료를보면각각 18, 36, 6, 71개월에인공와우를이식했고, 개월의인공와우사용경험이있으나문장수준의말지각이어려웠으며, 어휘력또한지체된상태였다. 낮은어휘력과문장지각력으로또래와의의사소통은물론일반학교에서의학습이매우어려울것이라예상되므로개개인의요구에적합한교육지원과재활및의사소통방법이강구될필요가있다. REFERENCES Anderson, K. L. (24). Auditory Skills Checklist. Available from /wp-content/uploads/211/12/auditory- Skills-Checklist-Cincinatti-Childrens-Hosp.pdf. Bamford, J., & Wilson, I. (1979). Methodological considerations and practical aspects of the BKB sentence lists. In R. J. Bench & J. Bamford (Eds.), Speech-hearing tests and the spoken language of hearing-impaired children (pp ). New York: Academic Press. Bishop, D. V., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1996). Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, Blamey, P. J., Sarant, J. Z., Paatsch, L. E., Barry, J. G., Bow, C. P., Wales, R. J.,... & Tooher, R. (21). Relationships among speech perception, production, language, hearing loss, and age in children with impaired hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Blamey, P., & Sarant, J. (22). Speech perception and language criteria for paediatric cochlear implant candidature. Audiology and Neurotology, 7, Blamey, P., Bow, C., Paatsch, L., Sarant, J., & Galvin, K. (24). Language outcomes for children with impaired hearing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology, 26(Supplement). Boons, T., De Raeve, L., Langereis, M., Peeraer, L., Wouters, J., & Van Wieringen, A. (213). Expressive vocabulary, morphology, syntax and narrative skills in profoundly deaf children after early cochlear implantation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, Cole, E. B., & Flexer, C. (215). Children with hearing loss: developing listening and talking, birth to six (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. Conti Ramsden, G., Botting, N., & Faragher, B. (21). Psycholinguistic markers for specific language impairment (SLI). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, Convertino, C., Borgna, G., Marschark, M., & Durkin, A. (214). Word and world knowledge among deaf learners with and without cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 19, Davidson, L. S., Geers, A. E., Blamey, P. J., Tobey, E., & Brenner, C. (211). Factors contributing to speech perception scores in long-term pediatric CI users. Ear and Hearing, 32(1 Suppl), 19S-26S. Duchesne, L., Sutton, A., & Bergeron, F. (29). Language achievement in children who received cochlear implants between 1 and 2 years of age: group trends and individual patterns. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14, Erber, N. P. (1982). Auditory training. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Fagan, M. K., & Pisoni, D. B. (21). Hearing experience and receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 15, Geers, A. E., Moog, J. S., Biedenstein, J., Brenner, C., & Hayes, H. (29). Spoken language scores of children using cochlear implants compared to hearing age-mates at school entry. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14, Hawker, K., Ramirez-Inscoe, J., Bishop, D. V., Twomey, T., O Donoghue, G. M., & Moore, D. R. (28). Disproportionate language impairment in children using cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 29, Hayes, H., Geers, A. E., Treiman, R., & Moog, J. S. (29). Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear and Hearing, 3, Heo, M. J., Ahn, S. W., & Boo, S. H. (211). A path analysis of factors affecting the receptive vocabulary abilities of school-aged children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 2, Holt, R. F., Beer, J., Kronenberger, W. G., Pisoni, D. B., & Lalonde, K. (212). Contribution of family environment to pediatric cochlear implant users speech and language outcomes: some preliminary findings. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55, Hyun, S. H., & Yim, D. (213). The performance on degraded listening task in children with cochlear implants. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 18, Johnson, C., & Goswami, U. (21). Phonological awareness, vocabulary, and reading in deaf children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Lan
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14 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진외 국문초록 학령기인공와우착용아동의어휘력과말지각상관성 박혜진 1 한성아 1 최재희 1 심상용 1,2 서영란 3 장현숙 4 1 한림대학교일반대학원언어병리청각학과, 2 다산청능재활연구원, 3 경신청각언어연구소, 4 한림대학교언어청각학부 배경및목적 : 본연구는학령기인공와우착용아동의생활연령및듣기연령에따른어휘력발달정도와문장및담화수준의말지각수행력, 그리고말지각수행력과어휘력간의상관관계를살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 일반학교에서통합교육을받는인공와우착용아동 25명 ( 초등학생 12명, 중고등학생 13명 ) 을대상으로하였다. 수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT) 와말지각검사 (DASP) 의문장이해 (SCT), 문장인지 (SRT), 이야기이해 (CST) 검사를실시한후수용어휘력과말지각검사결과의상관분석을통해각변인간의관계를분석하였다. 결과 : 인공와우착용아동집단의평균수용어휘력은생활연령이같은건청또래에비해약 1년 6개월지체되었으나, 집단평균은듣기연령이같은건청아동의수행범위에속하였다. 말지각검사결과는검사연령및 2세를전후로한인공와우이식연령에따른차이가없었으나, 어휘력정상집단과지체집단사이에유의한차이가있었으며, 어휘력은문장및담화수준의말지각검사수행력과유의미하게높은상관성을보였다. 그러나어휘력이우수함에도불구하고문장및담화수준의말지각에서어려움을보이는아동들이있었다. 논의및결론 : 인공와우착용아동들의어휘력수준은듣기연령이같은건청아동수준을보이나여전히지체를보이고, 말지각능력과상관성을보이므로재활시문장및담화수준에서어휘능력향상을위한재활지원이필요하며, 개개인의수준이다양하므로개별적재활접근이고려되어야한다. 핵심어 : 청각장애, 인공와우, 어휘력, 말지각, 문장이해, 문장인지, 이야기이해 참고문헌 강지송, 하승희 (213). 읽기이해부진아동의단어유추를통한단어처리특성. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 김리석, 이미영, 허민정, 오영준 (22). 인공와우이식아동의장기간청각수행력의발달. 대한이비인후과학회지, 45, 김수진, 김리석, 조명준, 이규식 (1998). 인공와우이식아동들의말인지력평가. 대한이비인후과학회지, 41, 김영태, 홍경훈, 김경희, 장혜성, 이주연 (29). 수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT). 서울 : 서울장애인종합복지관. 송영준, 이효자, 장현숙 (21). 청능훈련을위한말지각발달검사도구 (KNISW-DASP) 개발연구. 특수교육연구, 18, 허민정, 안성우, 부성현 (211). 학령기인공와우이식아동의어휘이해력에대한경로모형분석을통한관련변인분석. 언어치료연구, 2, 현승희, 임동선 (213). 인공와우이식아동의문맥조건에따른소음상황듣기수행능력. 언어청각장애연구, 18,
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