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1 14124 Chapter 2 Financial management of local governments, school sizes, and school facility location Abstract With regard to consolidations of public elementary and junior high schoolsit can be said that from an educational point of view the size of schools should be remain constant. Furthermore, from a financial point of view, schools of the optimum size are more efficient than small schools. However, the policy option of not consolidating, but rather allowing schools to remain as they are, is affected by the local government finance system peculiar to Japan, and the financial management system of the local government. We must consider the advantages of local government financial management for the effective use of public money in a time of decentralization. When we consider a specific local government, it is often unclear whether school consolidation have contributed to a reduction in expenditure. It depends on the financial position of the local government in question, and the number of schools in maintains. We must therefore recognize there are limits to discussing the effects of school consolidations on local government finances from a short-term cost comparison point of view. The proportion of a local government s budget taken up by school facilities is a major factor, but nevertheless, the full cost of each individual school, including its personnel costs and lighting and heating costs, or the depreciation of the facilities, remains unclear, and future discussions need to take these factors into account. Baum, 2003 school size Leithwood & Jantzi, 2009, p.466; Darling-Hammond, Ancess, & Ort, 2002Lindsay, 1982 Monk & 43

2 Haller, 1993Pittman & Haughwout, Foreman-Peck & Foreman-Peck, 2006; Haller, , Stiefel, Patrice, Fruchter, & Berne, 1998Stiefel, Schwartz, Iatarola, & Chellman, 2008 Beaumont, 2002 Valencia, Boyd, 1979, p. 334 DeYoung & Howley1990 Vincent, 2006Lawrence, et al., 2002McCann & Beaumont, 2003Jimerson, 2007 punctuated equilibrium Baumgartner & Jones, 1993Baumgartner & Jones,

3 organization slackboyd, 1979 efficiency equityberger, 1983aBerger, 1983b (a) (c) Berger, 1983a, p. 6 2 (b) (d) RIF 2 : Reduction in Force (a) (b) (c) (d) (ZBB) (long range strategy) (involvement) Berger, 1983a, p. 7 1 (d) (d)(a) 45

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26 1 4, 2009, pp.46-48opportunity cost hidden cost Killeen & Sipple, 2000; Spence, 2000 Baum, H. S. (2003). How communities can use research to hold school systems accountable. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, April 21-25, 2003) (ERIC ED476144). Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (1993). Agendas and instability in American politics. The University of Chicago Press. Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (Eds.). (2002). Policy dynamics. The University of Chicago Press. Beaumont, C. E. (2002). Why Johnny Can't Walk to School: Historic Neighborhood Schools in the Age of Sprawl (2nd ed.). National Trust for Historic Preservation. Behn, R. D. (1980). Leadership for cut-back management: The use of corporate strategy. Public Administration Review, 40(6), Behn, R. D. (1983). The managerial opportunity of enrollment decline. Peabody Journal of Education, 60(2), Berger, M. A. (1983a). Editor's introduction. Peabody Journal of Education, 60(2), 1-9. Berger, M. A. (1983b). Retrenchment policies and their organizational consequences. Peabody Journal of Education, 60(2), Boyd, W. L. (1979). Educational policy making in declining suburban school districts: Some preliminary findings. Education and Urban Society, 11(3), Darling-Hammond, L., Ancess, J., & Ort, S. W. (2002). Reinventing high school: Outcomes of the coalition campus school project. American Educational Research Journal, 39(3), DeYoung, A. J., & Howley, C. B. (1990). The political economy of rural school consolidation. Peabody Journal of Education, 67(4), Foreman-Peck, J., & Foreman-Peck, L. (2006). Should schools be smaller? The size-performance relationship for Welsh schools. Economics of Education Review, 25,

27 Haller, E. J. (1992). High school size and student indiscipline: Another aspect of the school consolidation issue? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(2), Hobbs, V. (2004, August). The promise and the power of distance learning in rural education (Rural trust policy brief series on rural education). Retrieved 3 31, 2012, from The Rural School and Community Trust: Jimerson, L. (2007, 3). Slow motion: Traveling by school bus in consolidated districts in West Virginia. Retrieved 3 31, 2012, from Rural School and Community Trust: Lawrence, B. K., Bingler, S., Diamond, B. M., Hill, B., Hoffman, J. L., Howley, C. B., et al. (2002). Dollars and sense: The cost effecitiveness of small schools. Retrieved 3 31, 2012, from Dollars and Sense, Knowledge Works Foundation: Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2009). A review of empirical evidence about school size effects: A policy perspective. Review of Ecucational Research, 79(1), Levine, C. H. (1979). More on cutback management: Hard questions for hard times. Public Administration Review, 39(2), McCann, B., & Beaumont, C. (2003). Build 'smart'. American School Board Journal, 190(10), Monk, D. H., & Haller, E. J. (1993). Predictors of high school academic course offerings: The role of school size. American Educational Research Journal, 30(1), Pittman, R. B., & Haughwout, P. (1987). Influence of high school size on dropout rate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(4), Raywid, M. A. (1985). Family choice arrangements in public schools: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), Raywid, M. A., & Schmerler, G. (2003). Not so easy going : the policy environments of small urban schools and schools-within-schools. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment & Evaluation. Sell, R. S., & Leistritz, F. L. (1997). Socioeconomic impacts of school consolidation on host and vacated communities. Journal of the Community Development Society, 28(2), Stiefel, L., Patrice, I., Fruchter, N., & Berne, R. (1998). The effects of size of student body on school costs and performance in New York City high schools. Institute for Education and Social Policy, New York University. Stiefel, L., Schwartz, A. E., Iatarola, P. M., & Chellman, C. C. (2008). Mission matters: The cost of small high schools revisited. IESP Working Paper Series, NYU(08-03). Strike, K. A. (2010). Small schools and strong communities: A third way of school reform. Teachers College Press. Valencia, R. R. (1984). School closures and policy issues. Policy Paper(84-C3), (ERIC ED323040). Vincent, J. M. (2006). Public schools as public infrastructure: Roles for planning researchers. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, (2009). ( ) (2) 0 : , : : ( ) ( )2009 : , : Web : (2010a): , : : (2010b): , : : (2007) 69

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29 8), 2009, p ) 10) 11) 12) (2007) 13) 21 14) 15) 14 16) (2007)p.12 17) 18) (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) )

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Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

紀要 第１４１集－表紙(A4サイズ).pwd

紀要　第１４１集－表紙(A4サイズ).pwd