방송통신망개방에대한해외사례및정책연구 - FTTH 등의망개방및망중립성

Transcription

1 방송통신망개방에대한해외사례및정책연구 - FTTH 등의망개방및망중립성

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3 1. IPTV, VoIP, FTTC, FTTH.,,.,. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (network management),, CP,,. FTTH,.. FTTH,

4 2,. FTTH,..,.,,

5 FTTH (FTTx) (FTTx) EC NGA EC NGA (2008, 2009)

6 NGA FTTH vs

7 Wik Consult NGA FCC Internet Freedom Preservation Act of Internet Freedom Act of Real Stimulus Act of

8 FTTx FTTx FTTx ( ) EC(2008) NGA ( ) EU LLU, (AD) NGA (2008) FTTx FT LLU FT Ofcom(2007) NGA Passive access v. Active access NGA Anchor Product regulation NGA (F-LLU) ( ) (NBN Co) FTTH/C 102

9 7 4 1 FTTx / ( ) KT / BcN KT FTTH BcN SK SK BcN ( ) IPTV KT SK (2008 ) FTTH/B ( ) Three-Criteria Test(TCT) EC(2003) EU LLU WBA EC(2009) NGA

10 & (a) (Article 8) 9 (Article 9) (Framework Directive) 1(3a) 179

11 9 2 1 FTTx FTTx ( ) FTTH : P2P FTTH : PON FTTC-VDSL (FTTx) LLU FT DSL BT NGA NGN Strategy Verizon FTTP AT&T FTTC

12 NGA (ladder of investment) 121

13 11 1,. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (network management),, CP,,.., FTTH.,., FTTH..

14 12 2 (access network), LLU, bitstream access,.., ( ). (full unbundling), (line sharing),, ( 2007).,, AT&T, Verizon, BT, FT, KPN. Idate(2009a), ,820, 2,252 80%. FTTH/B 2,553 90%. NTT FTTH 71%, 6 FTTH/B. AT&T FTTN+VDSL, Verizon FTTH. FT, BT, KPN. FTTH. FTTH(FTTP), FTTB, FTTN/C,. FTTH P2P PON, PON

15 13 (OECD 2007). (4 20km),, (ODF, OLT) (Metro Node) (OSDF) (Splitter)., LLU. 3 EC (NGA) (2008a, 2009a),,,. NGA (2008a), Market4/5 SMP. Market4 5., LLU passive access (Market 4) SMP (in-building wiring),, LLU, active access(market 5)., FTTH/B FTTC/N.,,,.,. EC (2009a)., Market 4,,

16 14 EC(2008). FTTH FLU(Fiber Loop Unbundling) WBA,., FTTH FLU WBA.,, (margin squeeze test). EC, LLU OPTA. KPN 47%, 36%. KPN ATM bitstream LLU 5%. KPN. FTTH FLU FTTC SLU, FLU. FLU (WACC) (all-risk WACC). 5,,., 3. ARCEP FT SMP. 95% xdsl, 07

17 15 FT 49.4%, FT 47%. FT FTTH/B. ARCEP Market 4 5 FT SMP,. Ofcom EC, BT. 07 DSL 78%, DSL. BT 27%, 06 BT LLU. BT LLU bitstream access,. BT FTTC FTTH. Ofcom SMP BT FLU bitstream access. NGA (anchor product pricing), FLU, bitstream access.,. FCC 04, DSL, FTTH, FTTC,. DSL 38%, 49%. Verizon FTTx 65%. Verizon AT&T FTTP FTTC+VDSL

18 16. FCC 03 DSL, FTTH, HFC, FTTC. FCC DSL,. 01 SMP. FTTH/B 48%, / NTT FTTH/B 73% NGN 10 FTTH 90%.,, 01 SMP., Telstra Telstra..,. EC ( ), 03.,., FT.

19 17. BT Openreach Telstra. 4 FTTH, (UBcN, 09.1). KT 10 FTTH 92%. SK HFC DOCSIS 3.0, FTTH.,, FTTH, LAN..,,,.,,., 03, IPTV IPTV.

20 18,,.. (ladder of investment theory)..,. SMP. EC, TCT(3-Criteria Test),. TCT. UNE (Granular impairment test),.,,., EC FLU (fiber loop unbundling), FTTH,..,

21 19 FTTH.,.,. ( 2008b),., SMP (technology neutral)., (, 2007).. 5 (end-to-end),.,,.,,,, ( 2007).

22 20 Madison River,. Comcast BitTorrent (2007 ) 05 Madison River Vonage. Comcast BitTorrent Comcast 07 BitTorrent TCP Reset. FCC Comcast FCC. Google (2008), Comcast managed VoIP (2009). AT&T Skype (2009), Apple Google voice (2009), Google voice (2009). AT&T mvoip ( ). Bell Canada (2008), BT P2P, Neuf Cegetel dailymotion (2007)., (NPRM). FCC (National Broadband Plan 2009),.,. FCC FCC Genachowski 4, ( ), 10 (Notice of Proposed RuleMaking)

23 21. Broadband Internet Fairness Act, Internet Freedom Preservation Act( ), Internet Freedom Act, Real Stimulus Act( ),. FCC (NPRM) ,,,., ( ). 4 (non-discrimination) (transparency)., managed or specified,,. EC,,,.,,. EC (Telekoms Reform Package). (20 ), QoS, (21 ), QoS (22 ).

24 22. (access). Ofcom, (MAC process), (Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband speeds),, EC... TV.,.,.,,,...

25 23 6,..

26 IPTV, VoIP, FTTC, FTTH. All-IP,,.. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (management),, CP,,.. KT FTTH,.

27 26 M&A.,. 2.., 2 FTTH. 3,. EC,,,. 4 FTTH,.. 5..

28 FTTH ) (essential facility) ( ).,.., (essential facility doctrine).,. 1) (2007) pp.14 17

29 28,. 2),,. 3)..,,.. 2. (access network), (Local loop Unbundling; LLU).,,. 2) (essential facility doctrine) 1912 TRA(Terminal Railroad Association),, 84 MCI AT&T 3) (2007) (2008)

30 2 29,.. LLU,,,. 2 1 ( ) : (2001) p.95 (full unbundling), (line sharing) (bitstream access). (full unbundling) MDF (copper pairs),,. (line sharing),,. (bitstream access) ADSL,,

31 30. 4) 2 FTTH 1. (FTTx) Idate(2009) (FTTx) ,820, %. 2,252 (79.9%), 360 (12.8%), 207 (7.3%) % %. 5) 2 2 FTTx VDSL FTTH/B FTTLA FTTx 741,500 1,332,331 na 2,073, ,000 3,051,000 na 3,600,000 na 21,170,000 1,350,000 22,520,000 1,290,500 25,553,331 1,350,000 28,193,831 : (FTTx/LAN ) 1,600 : Idate(2009a) 4) OECD(2003), (2007) 3 5) Idate(2009a) FTTx/LAN (1,600 ), FTTx.

32 2 31 FTTH/B 2,555 (90.6%), FTTC VDSL 129 (4.6%), (FTTLA) 135 (4.8%) FTTx FTTH/B. FTTB/H,,,. FTTx FTTH NTT 71%. 6 FTTH/B, KT, SK, LG. AT&T, Verizon, Verizon FTTH, AT&T FTTN+VDSL.. BT KPN 2005,. ERG(2009a) EU FTTx FTTC FTTH/B FTTx BT BT 08 FTTC(ADSL2+) 21CN FTTC 1 ( ) FTTB 08. 8

33 32 KPN FT, lliad-free, Neuf Cegetel 08 4 FTTC, 2010 FTTC+VDSL KPN VDSL 15 FTTH FT FTTH/B FTTH, Free, Neuf Cegetel DT FTTC/VDSL TI FastWeb Verizon AT&T LEC NTT KDDI KT SKBB LG FTTB, FastWeb/Swisscom FTTx 2.2m( 2.5%) FTTx Verizon 66%, AT&T 10% 600 independent LEC FTTH Verizon(FTTH) 56%, AT&T(FTTN+VDSL) 15% ,200 FTTx ,130 ( 40%) ,310 (44%) NTT(FTTH/B) 71%, KDDI 7% ( FTTH 98 ) FTTB 1,480 ( 90%) ,000 : : Idate(2009a) FTTH/B 80% G-PON(Gigabit Passive Optical Network) E-PON(Ethernet-Passive Optical Network) P2P PON. 6) G-PON E-PON 6) Passive.

34 2 33 ITU IEEE 1 2.5Gbps. 10Gbps, FTTx : IDATE(2009a) 2. (FTTx) OVUM(2008a) , % %. P2P, PON. PON B-PON G-PON/ E-PON. (2009).

35 FTTx ( ) : OVUM(2008a) FTTx: current status and the future, p FTTx ( ) PON v. FTTx PON : Capex : OVUM(2008b), pp.3 4.

36 FTTH(FTTP) FTTB, FTTN/C. FTTH(Fiber-to-the-Home), FTTB(Fiber-to-the-Building), (concentration point), FTTN/C(Fiber-to-the-Node Fiber-to-the-Cabinet) (street cabinet).,. FTTH 1 P2P(Point-to-Point End-to-End) PON(Passive Optical Network). 7) P2P ODF(Optical Distribution Frame) 80km 1:1. PON ODF (OLT) 20km Splitter (feeder), (splitter) (feeder) 64 1:1. 8) P2P 7) PON APON(ATM PON), BPON(Broadband PON), EPON(Ethernet PON), IP BPON EPON GPON(Gigabit PON). ERG(2007a) p.12. 8) 8, 16, 32, 64. ERG(2007a) p.11

37 36 PON 100Mbps, 2Gbps. PON in-field, P2P (in-building). 2 3 P2P 2 4 PON FTTH. 2 3 FTTH : P2P : ECTA(2008) p.86 p FTTH : PON : ECTA(2008) p.86 p.80

38 2 37 FTTB, ( ) FTTH. FTTH P2P/PON. FTTH FTTN/FTTC (street cabinet) ( ), (sub-loop) /. FTTN/FTTC sub-loop, 100Mbps 20 50Mbps. 9) (Main Distribution Frame; MDF) (DSLAM ). MDF,. FTTN/FTTC FTTN/FTTC VDSL. 9) DSL VDSL(Advanced VDSL) Street cabinet 100Mbps VDSL2 50Mbps.

39 FTTC-VDSL : ECTA(2008) p.77,, / (Copper Pair) FTTC/N FTTH/B P2P ( 4km) 1:1 DSLAM SC, SC (sub-loop) DSLAM ODF 1:1 (80km ) Splitter ADSL/ADSL2+ 20Mbps, ADSL2+/VDSL/VDSL2 50Mbps(sub-loop, ) ( ) 1Gbps (bandwidth),

40 2 39 / FTTH/B PON ODF(OLT) Splitter ( 20km) feeder, splitter feeder 32 ( 64, 128 ) 1:1 2.5G sharing 10Gbps ( N G - P O N, 10GE-PON) (OPEX) SC(Street Cabinet), ODF(Optical Distribution Frame), OLT(Optical Line Terminator), ONU/ONT(Optical Network Unit/Terminator) 2 6 : ERG(2007a) p ), (civil engineering cost; trenching/ducting), (in-house wiring) 10) ERG(2007a) pp

41 40,,..,,. FTTH FTTC/N, ) sub-loop, ) (MDF 1, ), ) /, ) ( ). 11) (civil engineering costs),,..,,,,. 12) FTTH 70% (operating costs).,., IPTV,, UCC 11) ERG(2007 a) p.5. 12) ERG(2008 c) pp.6 7.

42 LLU,,. DOCSIS Mbps, FTTH.,. 3.. ) (4km 20km), ), )., (Metro node) (core node),., DSLAM, (MDF/ODF), (ONT/ONU/Splitter).. MDF (Full unbundling line sharing)

43 (FTTx) : ECTA(2008), p.75 DSLAM ( ),. FTTH/B (Optical Distribution Frame; ODF), FTTN/C SDF(Sub-loop distribution Frame)... LLU FTTH/B. FTTC/N.

44 2 43..,, (dark fiber),. 2 8 : ERG(2007a), p.7.

45 44 3,.,. Huigen & Cave(2008) ), ), ). TV, (deregulation approach). (2005 ) (2008 ) DSL. 13). EU (ladder of investment)., EU ) (2008b) p.119, p.141

46 3 45,. 3 1 Deregulation approach European approach Interventionist approach incumbent telco ( ) SMP : (ladder of investment) ICT, DSL duct sharing LLU ( 95 ) 04 LLU ( ) ( ) EU passive/active access FTTC: sub-loop unbundling active access FTTH: active access bitstream (active access) anchor product regulation passive access (LLU, duct sharing ) KPN SMP, (SDF/ODF ) FT SMP ( ) ( ): ISP/IAP(AT&T, KDDI) NGN 2010 Strategy : 2010 FTTH 90%

47 46 Interventionist approach ICT,, 04 U-Korea, BcN, FTTB/H : anchor product regulation active access, (anchor product) NGA, anchor product, non-anchor product : Idate(2009a), (2008b) 1 EC NGA,, EC. EC,,,. EU. 1. EC NGA (2008a, 2009a). EC NGA (2008a) (1) NGA ( ) NGA EU All-IP (Next Generation Network).,

48 3 47 (NGA) (Node / ) NGN( All-IP) 14),. NGN All-IP, NGA,,, /. EC NGA. EC NGA (2008) NGA (copper wire) (optical fiber) ( ), ERG(2007a) (network termination point) (aggregation) point / (copper/optical distribution frame) (dedicated line). FTTH/FTTB, FTTC/FTTN EC NGA. ( ) NGA NGA NGA (bottleneck) 14) ITU-T NGN, QoS,, NGN Access network SNI(Service Node Interface) UNI(User Network Interface) (, ). All-IP (2007), (2008a).

49 48. NGA / (replicability) (bottleneck),. 15) ERG(2007a) NGA ) LLU (feasibility), ) access/backhaul/core ( backhaul ), ) (eg. FTTN) (bottleneck). 16) NGA ( ),, (in-building wiring). 17) LLU stranded asset, / /. EC 18) NGA 15) ERG(2007a) p.3. 16) FTTC/FTTN street cabinet ( / ), ( ). ERG(2007a) 17) NGA ( ) 50 80%,, (in-building wiring),. ERG(2007a) pp ) EC (EC 2008a) EC Reding ERG(2007a)

50 3 49 EU. ( ) EC EU LLU (EC/2887/2000) (Access Directive, 2002/19/EC) NGA. LLU EU SMP(Significant market power), 19). LLU (metallic twisted pair), AD. LLU (full unbundling) (shared access), AD 12 9 SMP. SMP,,,,,,,. 19) 2002 EU EC (2003/311/EC), FD(Framework Directive, 2002/21/EC) 16 (1) (2002/C 165/03) (, ) LLU. FD 8. FD 8,, /, EU,.

51 50 (OSS: Operational Support System). 20) (2) ( ) EC NGA, ( 1 ), Market 11/12( market 4/5) SMP,. EU NGA Market 11/12( Market 4/5) 21). EC passive access (wholesale unbundled access; market 11) SMP AD (layer 1). passive access active access (WBA: Wholesale broadband access, market 12) SMP (AD) WBA (layer2/3). 22) 20) LLU, NGA ) EU 2007 (2007/879/EC). EU market 11/12, market 11 market 4(wholesale physical network infrastructure access at a fixed location) active access market 12(Wholesale broadband access) market 5. Market 4/5. (C(2007)5406) pp ) passive access, active access (, LLU vs. Bitstream access, unlit

52 3 51 EU, EC NGA (Market 11/12 4/5) SMP. passive EU NGA Market 11, SMP, (in-building wiring), dark fiber, (collocation). Market 12,, NGA EC.. EC FTTH/FTTB, FTTC/FTTN. EC, EC(2008a) NGA ( ) Market 11 (or Market 5 ) (Duct access) ( 4 ) SMP /, civil engineering works (reference offer) Annex 1 : / fiber vs. ).

53 52 Market 11 (or Market 5 ) Market 11 (or Market 5 ) Market 12 ( Market 5 FTTH FTTC /FTTN FTTC/ FTTN ( 9 12 ) in-building wiring ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) sub-loop unbundling ( ) (WBA) 6,, ( 9 ), ( 10 ) (build-and-share project) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) concentration point, concentration point sub-loop unbundling, in-building wiring sub-loop unbundling (eg. unlit fiber ) FTTC/FTTN ( 17 ), sub-loop unbundling ( 17 ), ( 18 ) sub-loop unbundling backhaul ( 20 ) Annex 2,, (SLA: Service level agreement) SMP ( 21 ) FTTH/B ( 22 ) (chain substitutes) WBA ( ) WBA

54 3 53 ( ) 08 EC EC., EC (gradation of remedies). 23) EU,. 24) NGA Market 11 SMP (duct access) 25) in-building wiring, sub-loop unbundling passive access,, active access (WBA) passive access. LLU.,.,, FTTH/FTTB (in-building wiring), (unlit fiber)., FTTC/FTTN sub-loop (subloop unbundling), sub-loop (backhaul). 23) EC(2008b) p.9 24) (2007/879/EC) recital ) EC(2008a), civil engineering works, active (duct access).

55 54, EC. SMP,,,. EU.,,, SMP. 6 SMP (reference offer),,. EC..,, SMP (project specific risk premium). 26),. 27) 26) (EC 2008a) Annex 1 7 CAPM(Capital Asset Pricing Model). EC / WACC(Weighted Average Cost of Capital) 8 12% WACC. 27) (EC 2008a) Annex 1 6. a)

56 3 55 NGA, NGA. EC NGA Market 11 LLU. EC NGA (2008a). LLU,, NGA (2008a). 3 3 EU LLU, (AD) NGA (2008a) LLU(2000) Access (2002) NGA (2008a) 97/33/EC 98/10/ EC fixed public telephone network SMP NRA 97/13/EC EC FD 16 SMP ( 8 ) Market 4(physical net work infra access) Market 5(Wholesale broadband access) SMP (FTTH/ FTTN NGA ) EC FD NRA (public communications network operator), b) IT, c).

57 56 LLU(2000) Access (2002) NGA (2008) local loop( ) full/shared unbundling (,, ), ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) 1) LLU 2) 3) 4) 5),, 6) 7), 8) OSS 9) ( 13 ) / duct, civil engineering w orks, active :, 6 / FTTH : in-building wiring access, dark fiber/odf unbundled access FTTN : sub-loop u n b u n d l i n g ( backhaul ),, /dark fiber WBA( ) (risk premium ) (, ) CAPM(or ). EC(2009a) EC (2008a) ,, FTTH

58 3 57,. EC(2009a) Market 4( 11) SMP ( ) EC(2008a). NGA SMP. FTTH SMP FTTH (terminating segment). FTTH LLU SMP MPoP FTTH unbundled,. SMP FTTC/N, SLU, SLU (measures),. (WBA), SMP WBA VDSL., EC(2009a) FTTH LLU WBA,. FTTH unbundling (SMP) ( ) FTTH ( )., SMP ( ) FTTH, ( ) (multiple fiber lines) ; ( ), NRA ( ) SMP SMP

59 58.,, NRA (margin-squeeze test). FTTH WBA ( ). SMP ( ) 3 -, ( ), SMP FTTH ; ( ) FTTH (multiple fiber lines), ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 3 ; ( ) LLU 3 NGA., EC(2009a) FTTH Fiber Unbundling FTTC.,,, FTTC SLU,. FTTC SLU. FTTH (terminating segment) Fiber LLU. FTTH, (terminating segment or drop segment) FTTH PON (Street cabinet) OSDF,

60 3 59, FTTH Fiber LLU (systemic risk). FTTH FTTC/N,, FTTN VDSL WBA FTTH WBA. (Long-term contracts),.,.. ( ) ; ( ) (margin squeeze test). (volume discount).,,. ( ) MPoP, ( ), ( ). WACC(weighted average capital cost)

61 60. (systematic risk) ( ) NGA (penetration scenario), ( ), ( ), ( ) (willingness to pay), ( ) ( ) ) (1) KPN 47% 1, (@Home, Casema, Multicabel) 25% 2, UPC 11% 3, KPN. ADSL 99%, 94%. 3 1 LLU : OVUM(2008a), p ) OVUM(2008a), Next-generation access country overview,

62 3 61 FTTx FTTx, (TPS). FTTC 20 50Mbps IPTV, FTTH Mbps HD. 3 4 FTTx. 3 4 FTTx Table 2 Netherlands: FTTx consumer products Provider Connection type Bundle type Speed down Speed up Price/month(c) KPN FTTcab plus VDSL Internet/VoIP/ IPTV with VoD 20Mbps 50Mbps Unknown Not yet released KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet only 12Mbps Unknown 35 KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet/Voice 12Mbps Unknown 40 KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet/Voice/TV 12Mbps Unknown 55 Alice(Amsterdam) FTTx Internet/Phone 20Mbps 20Mbps Alice(Amsterdam) FTTx Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps 20Mbps Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) FTTx Internet only 20Mbps 20Mbps FTTx Internet/Phone 20Mbps 20Mbps FTTx Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps 20Mbps FTTx Internet only 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps FTTx Internet/Phone 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps FTTx FTTx : OVUM(2008a), p.9. Internet/Phone/TV 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps 25/ 30/ 50 30/ 35/ 55 35/ 40/ 60 Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps/35Mbps Unknown 49.95/ 59.95/ /50Mbps LLU DSL Tele2/Versatel,

63 62 Orange LLU 5% DSL KPN All-IP LLU LLU. KPN ATM bitstream (SDSL/ADSL ). KPN Ethernet ADSL/SDSL 2011, 2011 VDSL/FTTH KPN LLU( ) SLU(VDSL ), LLU (full unbundling) 8, (line sharing) 0.4, Sub-loop (SLU) 8.05, 5.4. FTTN MDF (MDF access) 2010 mini MDF access, WBA, SLU. MDF 196 (mini MDF access),. WBA /. 3 5 Access product Table 3 Netherlands: wholesale broadband access evolution Transport layer 2007/ coverage ADSL ATM 98% Stable Stable Decrease 0% SDSL ATM 98% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL2+ ATM 56% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL Ethernet 80% Stable Stable Decrease 0% SDSL Ethernet 80% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL2+ Ethernet 56% Stable Stable Decrease Emulation

64 3 63 Access product VDSL2 FTTH Table 3 Netherlands: wholesale broadband access evolution Transport layer Ethernet Ethernet : OVUM(2008a), p / coverage Available 4Q07 Available 4Q Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth (2) EU. 97 LLU, EU LLU KPN (co-location) Market 11 (wholesale unbundled access market) SMP KPN,,,. (3) NGA. NGA KPN (local municipality-type operator, eg. Reggefiber). KPN 2006 All-IP NGN, 2010 FTTC+VDSL/FTTH NGA. KPN ADSL2+ ( 12Mbps) 60%, VDSL ADSL. KPN 2006 FTTC+VDSL2, FTTH, Reggefiber 29) JV FTTH 29) Reggefiber FTTH P2P Ethernet 5 7 FTTH. KPN

65 64. NGN KPN FTTC+VDSL2 (cabinet), 1,391 28,000 (10 ). FTTH (eg. Reggefiber ),. 30) KPN FTTH. KPN FTTH FTTH 45 ( 6%). 3 2 : OVUM(2008a), pp.3 4 open network access Reggefiber. 30) KPN Enschede, Almere 10 P2P FTTH. KPN. 25%,.

66 3 65 FTTx % FTTN, FTTH 20%.(OVUM, 2008c). NGA OPTA KPN All-IP KPN All-IP, All-IP MDF DSL KPN. KPN MDF, SLU KPN (Tele2, Orange, BBned) MDF WBA, SDF MOU MDF 10 1 KPN. KPN MDF 50% MDF, KPN, LLU 08 10%. OPTA NGA Sub-loop (SLU), (Fiber Loop Unbundling; FLU) NGA. OPTA Analysys Mason NGA NGA, 31) ) FU(Fiber Unbundling), WBA, SLU NGA

67 66 Market 4 KPN SMP. SMP KPN ADSL (LLU), FTTC subloop (SDF access), FTTH (ODF access). NGA (FLU). OPTA (policy rules) FTTH/FTTO 32) FTTH. OPTA FTTH ( ), FTTO FTTH. OPTA (FLU),,. 33), 5,. 5 ) /, ) (eg. loyalty discount), ), ), ). LLU. 32) FTTH, FTTO, 1 33) SMP,,, (strategic product design),,

68 3 67 ), ),, ) SMP,. OPTA (one-off tariff) (periodic tariff), one-off tariff.,. (excessive pricing) 3., (CPI).,,,. OPTA (Discounted cash flow model; DCF), 34) SMP (Internal Rate 34), 1), 2) (pay back period) (economic service life), 3) (penetration rate), 4) (capital costs), 5) (operating costs),.

69 68 of Return; IRR) (standard rate) 35). WACC IRR (, IRR WACC),. IRR WACC IRR., CPI. 36) (all-risk Weighted Average Cost of Capital; all-risk WACC), all-risk WACC WACC (fiber premium), (asymmetrical regulatory risk). (eg. ) (project specific, non-diversifiable risk) EC NGA (2008a).. EC NGA WACC. OPTA. OPTA, WACC OPTA(2008). 35) SMP,, (realisation), IRR. 36).

70 NGA (1). 07 1,550 51%( 24%) 06 22%. 3 3 ( : Millions) : OVUM(2008d), p.3. 95%(1,480 ) DSL DSL. NC Numericable, UPC France, France Telecom cable Alice One,. 07 FT 49.4%, Iliad 19.7%, Neuf 17.5% 3. bitstream access/llu

71 70 47%. FT 68% LLU. 07 LLU 520, bitstream %. 3 4 FT DSL : national bitstream: DSL. 06, regional bitstream: bitstream (FT ), Naked ADSL bitstream: regional bitstream, partial unbundling:,, full unbundling: : OVUM(2008d) p.9. TPS, FT (DSL)+TV (8Mbps), 44.9 (18Mbps), Iliad (DSL, 20Mbps)+TV+ 29.9, 3 Neuf (DSL, 20Mbps)+TV FTTH. FT 07

72 G-PON FTTH 100Mbps, IPTV, VoIP TPS. TPS 44.9, TPS IPTV HDTV TV Iliad Neuf TPS, lliad 50Mbps + + ( )+HDTV ADSL2+ ( 30 ), Neuf 50Mbps + +TV(VOD )+ (, ) 30. Neuf 100Mbps, HDTV., FT LLU (full/sharing/bitstream) Sub-loop. LLU , (line sharing) (bitstream access) Access mono-vc, Access mono bi-vc. DSL 1 (RE-ADSL, ADSL ADSL2+ ), FT DSLAM mono-vc ATM 1 VC, bi-vc 2. 37) 37) 2 1 best effort, 1 (best effort )

73 FT LLU DSL+mono-VC DSL+bi-VC : OVUM(2008d) FT ATM Collect, IP Collect, Ethernet Collect, FT ATM Collect IP Collect Ethernet Collect (FT pop ISP site) STM-1 STM-4 : OVUM(2008d) access fee + (10M 4G) access fee + (1G 4G) (2) FTTH/B, FTTH/B FTTC+VDSL, FTTC+VDSL FTTH/B. 38) 06 1 FT FTTN+VDSL FTTH NGA NGA 38) OVUM(2008d), FTTH/B.

74 3 73. FT FTTN FTTH FTTH. FT 06 NGA, FTTH, 09 mass market (Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Poisiters, Toulouse ) 100Mbps, 08 1 ( 20 ). Capex 1 64 G-PON. FT Mbps FTTH. Iliad(Free) 06 CiteFiber FTTH, ) Iliad P2P.,. Iliad FTTH DSL 30, 50Mbps FT FT 50% 39). 15%, ADSL 1500 ( Freebox ),, 350

75 74. DSL 2 Neuf Cegetel 06 FTTH 09 1, ,000km, 07 FTTH ( 2 ). Neuf G-PON P2P. Numericable-Noos FTTB+HFC, 06 40, , (eg. Pau, Gonfreville).,.. NGA ARCEP,,. (duct sharing), (in-building wiring) (bitstream access). NGA ARCEP (duct access), 40) FT 40) FTTH civil, FT infra FT.

76 3 75 NGA Free/lliad v. FT, FT (civil engineering ). 41) NGA ARCEP market 4, FT SMP. ARCEP market 4 /sub-loops, dark fiber, civil works civil TV,. ARCEP FT., FT,. ARCEP FT. ARCEP market 4. (market 5) FT SMP,. ARCEP FT 41) NGA Free/lliad FT, civil engineering FT civil engineering FT FT.. FT ARCEP, ARCEP FTTH,,,,,,.

77 76 (dark fiber). 4.. (1) DSL ,564,, DSL 78%. DSL, 48%. 3 5 기술방식별초고속인터넷가입자비중 기술방식별커버리지 ,451 6,418 9,230 12,205 : OVUM(2008e), p.3 & 4. BT 1, 27.4% EU. Virgin Media, Carphone warehouse, Tiscali, Orange, Sky LLU BT. LLU 06 1 BT Open Reach BT-

78 3 77 (equivalence of input). 3 6 : OVUM(2008e), p.10 LLU 45% BT. BT Open reach LLU MDF , 5.8, SLU (full sub-loop unbundling) 9.79, SLU (shared SLU) VDSL. Carphone warehouse, Tiscali, Sky LLU BT LLU. LLU %, BT (BT IPStream/BT Datastream) 42)

79 78 (WBA), CN WBC(Wholesale Broadband Connect). WBC ADSL2+ QoS, IPStream connect/wbc Converged. (2) FTTx, NGA. BT ADSL2+ NGN, FTTP Pilot project. NGA FTTx DOCSIS 3.0. BT FTTx, NGA. 43) BT NGN 21CN,. BT FTTx ADSL2+( 24Mbps). BT ADSL2+ 08, 08 50%, %. ADSL2+ FTTx. 44) FTTC+VDSL 42) IPStream IP ISP, BT Datastream ATM 43) South Yorkshire 54 6, 4 NGA, The digital region. OVUM(2008e). 44) 24Mbps ADSL2+

80 3 79 BT FTTx FTTC. BT Open Reach (Land Securities), (BSkyB) G-PON FTTP ( 08 8 Ebbsfleet ),. 3 7 BT NGA : OVUM(2008e), p.7 NGA. 45) Virgin Media Ashford, Folkestone, Dover DOCSIS 3.0, Mbps. ntl:telewest VDSL2 Ethernet access. 48%.. NGA Ofcom NGN ( ) 8Mbps (OVUM) 45) OVUM( ) p.5.

81 80 EU NGN. NGN, BT, NGN. Ofcom Mbps (super-past broadband) NGA (Ofcom 2009a). Ofcom 2006 NGA (Ofcom 2006), NGA (Ofcom 2007) (super-past broadband) (Ofcom 2008). Ofcom 100Mbps, FTTC( 40Mbps/ 15Mbps), FTTH( 100Mbps), 3G LTE, WiMAX( 50Mbps/ 20Mbps). Ofcom(2009a) NGA. 46) NGA (super-fast broadband network) (eg., ),. BT, BT FTTC BT FTTC. 46) Ofcom(2007) NGA end-to-end (forbearance) NGA : 1) NGA NGA SMP, 2) NGA, 3), 4) (eg. ), 5)

82 3 81 Ofcom NGA NGA. NGA,. NGA (eg., ),. 3 8 Ofcom(2007) NGA Ofcom(2007) NGA 47) (contestability):. NGA (maximizing potential for innovation): NGA,, NGA (equivalence):, NGA (reflecting risk in returns): NGA. anchor product regulation approach (regulatory certainty): Ofcom(2007) NGA 47) Ofcom NGA

83 82 (passive access/active access). 3 9 Passive access v. Active access Ofcom(2007) passive ( ) ( / ) passive input active service, (eg. jumpering ), dark fiber, LLU SMP active. : active service, (,, ) BT IPStream FTTH/FTTC passive/active. passive access, MDF (F-LLU, SLU), active access,, (bitstream access). Ofcom(2009a) NGA active access passive access. Ofcom passive access

84 Ofcom(2007), ( ) passive access. super-fast active access 48) active access. active access (fit-for-purpose),, active access,. Passive access sub-loop,, (coordinated investment). 49) Ofcom(2009a) sub-loop ( 48) Active access passive access,,,. Ofcom active access passive access. Ofcom(2009a) p ) EU (Access Directive) passive access SMP passive access BT.Ofcom(2009b) p.46.

85 84 ) NGA, 50) BT NGA sub-loop. BT FTTC 1) BT, 2) (coordinated investment). (design principles). 51) Ofcom(2009a) EC BT FTTC NGA BT,. NGA Ofcom(2007) SMP,, NGA. 1) (project-specific cost of capital approach), 2),, 3) anchor product. anchor product 50) BT 2001 SLU,. Ofcom(2009a) p ), OSS. FTTC BT Openreach Ofcom(2009a) p.45.

86 3 85 NGA NGA project-specif ic cost of capital approach NGA anchor product pricing : Ofcom(2007) pp. projectspecific cost of capital (mandated upstream price) cost-plus 3, NGA NGA ( ) 2006 cost of capital consultation, (systematic risk), PSTN anchor product,, non-anchor product (, non-anchor product ) Ofcom(2009a). access, passive access NGA (LRIC 52) ) 52) passive access

87 86. Ofcom (LLU, Ethernet backhaul),. Ofcom(2009a) passive access anchor product regulation,. NGA passive. 53) active access (anchor product regulation approach) 54). (eg. BT IPStream) active access, bitstream(active access). 55) Ofcom(2009a) passive access. Ofcom FTTC. Ofcom(2009a) p ) passive access NGA, active access passive access. Ofcom(2009a) p ) Ofcom(2008a) NGA /. 55) Ofcom(2008a) active bitstream : ) /, :,

88 3 87 ),, ) (volume discounts), ) ( ) (tierd wholesale pricing). 56) Anchor Product regulation flexibility 1) NGN, 2) anchor product non-anchor product : flexibility : welfare enhancing 1), 2) NGN : anchor product anchor product regulation margin squeeze anchor product regulation retail minus,, NGA ( ),, NGN ) (excessive pricing), ) NGA NGA ) bitstream ) 56) Ofcom(2009a) pp

89 88 :, ( ), anchor product regulation / active access service (passive access service element ) 2 NGA 1. FTTx, FTTH/B, IPTV..,,,.. (F-LLU),. FTTH/B.

90 NGA active access passive access / OpCo(active access ) OpCo FTTH / NTT F-LLU NetCo(passive access ) NetCo Telstra F-LLU (ACCC) dark fiber ( (CC) : /active access/passive access : OVUM(2009e), p NGN Strategy 2010 FTTH 90% 10 OpCo, NetCo FTTH %, % 110 FTTH ( ) FTTH 90 FTTx (15 ) 2019 FTTH 75%. (1), FTTx. FTTH/B 1442 (47.9%), DSL 1,159 (38.5%), 408 (13.6%) FTTH/B DSL, DSL FTTH/B. FTTH/B / NTT 73%, (K-Opticom), KDDI, USEN. FTTx / NTT Softbank NTT FTTH/B.

91 90 FTTH/B. NTT 2010 FTTH/B 3, 2., VOD,. (2) FTTH NGN %, FTTH 90% NGN Strategy : OVUM(2009c), p , ) ) 1 (Category I designated Facilities),.

92 3 91,,. (2009 )., 37 ( 1 ), 38 ( ). NTT , 4 1., CATV (broadband),.,,., 2001 SMP LLU, LLU ( ) 1 ( 1 ) ( ) 1 ( 1 )

93 92 ( ) 1, 1 64kbps,,, : Rules for Interconnection Charges revised 2008(MIAC) ( ) 1 1 ) (Fiber LLU),, (Katagiri 2005)., (surplus) (deficit), 2011 (Ovum 2009b) (F-LLU) ( ) NTT NTT 4,016 / 4,932 / inter office 1471 /km, 1585 /km, : OVUM(2009c) p.12.. (1)

94 %, 58) DSL 45.9%, 37.8%, 14.5%, FTTB/FTTH 1.9% DSL. SingTel StarHub 53%, 46%, DSL Pacific Internet, M1 (2) (Next Generation National Broadband Network; NG-NBN). (NG-NBN) 100Mbps ( 1Gbps ) FTTH, %, % FTTH/B 110. IDA (NG-NBN) 2. active access (OpCo) passive access (NetCo), SingTel OpenNet NetCo, StarHub OpCo. OpCo. 59). (1) , 60) ) OVUM(2009f), p.16. OVUM(2009g), p.4. 59) NetCo 7 5, OpCo ) ( 52%)

95 %. DSL 79%, 18%, OECD 30 (21.24 ). 61) 3 10 ( : Millions) Dec Dec Dec Jun-08 DSL Cable Other : OVUM(2009e) 2004 Telstra FTTN 2006, Telstra (G9) FTTx Telstra ADSL Telstra ADSL2 2,432 DSL (exchange) ,,,,., DSL 69.5%, 15.2%, 15.0%, FTTH/B 0.3%. OVUM(2009e) p.5. 61) OECD(2009)

96 3 95 (2), Telstra (National Broadband Network Company; NBN Co). 62) FTTN (National Broadband Network; NBN), Telstra, G9. NBN Co 110 (, ) 90% FTTH (NBN Co) (NBN Co) NBN Co 90% 100Mbps FTTH NBN Co : 49%, 5 : : : : ACCC(2009) NBN Co NBN, Telstra, Telstra. 62) ACCC(2009)

97 96 1) 2) Telstra MBN Telstra. 1), 2),, 3)., ACCC Telstra,, Foxtel 50% Telstra. OVUM(2009d) Telstra NBN Telstra NBN Co win-win.. (1) , DSL 89%, 5.9%, 4.6%, DSL OECD 30 (21.24 ) ( : Millions) : Commerce Commission(2009)

98 3 97 Telecom New Zealand(TNZ) 57%,. TelstraClear(Telstra 100%) TNZ. (2) 2006 LLU, bitstream access backhaul, dark fiber (Ultra-fast broadband investment initiative) NGA % 15 (NZD), (Crown Fibre Holdings) (Local Fibre Company; LFC). (LFC)., FTTH, ,600 66%. DSL (48%), 63) (49%), 63) DSL ADSL/ADSL2+ 80%, VDSL/VDSL2 20%.

99 98 FTTx 228 (3%) DSL. VDSL FTTx 2004, ADSL/ADSL ( / ) DSL AT&T Qwest Verizon Cablevision Charter Comcast Cox TimeWarner 1.5Mbps/256kbps $ Mbps/284kbps $ Mbps/512kbps $ Mbps/896kbps $ Mbps/512kbps $ kbps/128kbps $ Mbps/768kbps $ Mbps/5Mbps $ Mbps/5Mbps $ Mbps/768kbps $ Mbps/768kbps $ Mbps/768kbps $ Mbps/768kbps $ Mbps/256kbps $ Mbps/512kbps $ Mbps/1Mbps $ Mbps/256kbps $ Mbps/512kbps $44.95 : DSL/, : OVUM(2008f), pp FTTP(Fiber-to-the-Premise), FTTN. AT&T, Verizon, Tier2/3 FTTP OVUM(2008f) p.2.

100 3 99, AT&T FTTC/N. 64) Verizon FTTx 65%, Tier2/3 33%, FTTC Bell south(at&t ) 2% Verizon, Tier2/3 PON(B-PON, G-PON) 1, AT&T FTTN+VDSL 8. Verizon 16, 65) AT&T 10 66) FTTx. Verizon AT&T Verizon FTTP : OVUM(2008f) p.6. 64) FTTP FTTH/B, FTTN 0.5 1km. 65),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 66),,,,,,,,,.

101 AT&T FTTC : OVUM(2008f) p , (Pole attachments) (LEC),,, (conduit), (Right of Way) TV, 251(b)(4) (LEC) (UNE), 259, (Pole Attachment) /., FCC,. FCC DC Court of Appeal UNE, 05 8 DSL (LLU)

102 3 101 UNE-P, 67) 2005 HFC FTTH. FTTH FTTH (unbundling), 64kbps (CFR ). FTTH, 07 FTTC. 03 FCC FTTH., FTTH, ILECs CLECs,,., FTTH., ILEC. CLECs FTTH 2/3,., FTTH. FTTH,., ILEC.. FCC (Video programing) ( 3 67) UNE (2008b).

103 102 68) ) FTTx FTTH/C FTTH/C 03/8/31 Triennial Review Order (new build): ILEC FTTH (overbuild): ILEC 64kbps 04/3/2 USTA II FCC FTTH 04/8/9 MDU Reconsideration Order FTTH (MDU) 04/10/8 Order on Reconsideration FTTH FTTC : 3 EC (NGA) (2008, 2009). NGA (2008a), Market4/5 SMP 68) 90 (rights of way), (eg. tv ) 180.

104 Market4 5., LLU passive access (Market 4) SMP in-building wiring,, LLU Active Access(Market 5)., FTTH/B FTTC/N.,,,.,. EC (2009a),., Market 4,,. FTTH. EC (2009a),., Market 4,,. FTTH LU WBA FTTH,., FTTH LU WBA.,, (margin squeeze test). ( ) KPN 47%,

105 104 25%. KPN, ATM bitstream LLU 5%. KPN. FTTH Loop Unbundling FTTC SLU. FLU. 5,,,., 3. 95% xdsl, 07 FT 49.4% FT 47%. FT FTTH/B. ARCEP, FLU bitstream access Market 4 5 FT SMP,., 07 DSL 78%, DSL. BT 27%, 06 BT LLU. BT LLU bitstream access,. BT.

106 3 105 Ofcom, BT FTTC. FLU bitstream access,. NGA (anchor product pricing), FLU, bitstream access.,. DSL 38% 49%. Verizon FTTx 65%, Verizon AT&T FTTP FTTC+VDSL. 224, , DSL, FTTC, FTTH. DSL, 04,. FTTH/B 48% 08 6 DSL. FTTH/B / NTT 73%, 2010 NGN 10 FTTH 90%., CATV,. 01 SMP., Telstra Telstra

107 106, dark fiber.., EC, 01..,,., SMP.

108 , FTTH. Idate(2009a) KT (BcN). (PSTN),, (best effort ). 69) 69) KT PSTN ; 1) BcN, BcN,, 2),

109 FTTx / ( ) : Idate(2009a). KT 70) 2008 KT (PSTN) %, % BcN, 2009 %, % KT / BcN (E) ( ) ( ) 1) : 1) : KT BcN, 3), QoS Risk. 70).

110 4 109 KT PSTN IPTV. KT, FTTH. 4 3 KT FTTH (E) 2010 (E) FTTH 2) : 2) 50Mbps ( FTTH ) KT,,. BcN(TGW) BcN(AGW) BcN ( : ) IP-TV IP 3) 4) 5) WiBro : 3) IP :, (KORNET) 4) : FTTH,, 5) : BcN(PSTN ), PSTN, VoIP KT

111 110, BcN BcN(IMS ). FTTH.. SK SK ( / ) BcN DWDM WDM/TDM, 08, IP IMS. 08 HFC LAN, (100Mbps) ). 4 5 SK 08 ( ) ( ) ( ) VDSL LAN HFC FTTH : SK /,,. / IMS, -PSTN IP IMS, IPTV,,. /

112 4 111 IPTV,, (All Optical network) PSTN IP IMS. FTTH HFC DOCSIS Mbps BcN. VDSL LAN HFC, FTTH. FTTH, HFC. 4 6 SK BcN ( : ) VDSL LAN HFC FTTH : SK. (UBcN) KT FTTH SK HFC, 09 1.,,,,,, (96.5%)

113 112,, 1.3 (3.5%). 4 7 ( ) ( ) : (2009a) ( ) BcN 2012 Giga. (50 100Mbps) 95% ,450. (100Mbps ) : (2009a) p.7

114 4 113 xdsl FTTH LAN, HFC. xdsl GE-PON FTTH HFC DOCSIS 3.0 CMTS, , WDM-PON 10G G-PON FTTH Giga, HFC 100Mbps km/ : (20009a) p.66

115 (1) KT,,, ISP ADSL, ISP , KT. KT 1.1%. (2) ,,,. 71) 71) (2008) pp.61

116 , 50 (xdsl HFC) 8%, ( 9,070 ) (2007), p.63 50% 90% DSLAM 1 50%, 80% LLU ( 12,100 9,070 ), (25% 8%, ), ( ADSL ) %. 62

117 ,100 9,070 6,570 4,535 3,285 : (2008c), p ). ( ),., ),, 2 ( : 1 ) 4 ( : 2 ) 6.,.,, 72) (2005), p ) 33 5( ) ( )

118 4 117,,. KT( ). 74) ( 108% ),,,,. ( 35%) 3 ( ), 2004 ( ).. 75),,,.,,,. IPTV IPTV ( 14 ). IPTV,. IPTV. IPTV ( 2009b).. 74) ( ) 75) ( )

119 IPTV IPTV ( ) IPTV, 50%d IPTV ( ) ( ) : ( 108% ) ( 135%, 2004 ) ( 1 ) 2 / / 6 4 ( ) ( 1 ) / / / / ( ) IPTV IPTV, IPTV IPTV.. 2, 4, IPTV 30. 6, IPTV 1.

120 SK KT 80%,. 76), KT-KTF, 77) KT SK (2008 ) % ( ) % ( ) % % : ( ),,. 2, EC,,. 76) (2007) 77) ( )

121 vs.. NGA (ladder of investment theory) Cave(2004, 2006) Cave and Voselgang (2004), (service-based competition) (facility-based competition).,., (value chain) (SMP) (non-replicable).,., (LRIC). Cave(2004, 2006),., ( )., (entrants).,., (credible commitment).

122 4 121 EC (service-based competition) (Cave 2006), NGA(Next Generation Access). ERG(2009a), (access products).,, (MDF/ODF unbundling), SLU(or street cabinet unbundling), (access to inhouse wiring),,, dark fiber,. FTTH/B FTTC/N., FTTH P2P PON SLU (OECD, 2007), street cabinet unbundling. 4 3 NGA (ladder of investment) : ERG(2009)

123 122. vs.,. Cave(2004, 2006) (ladder of investment theory) (static approach),.., Avenali, Matteucci and Reverberi(2008), Chrsitodoulou and Vlahous(2001). Willig(2006) (UNE) 1% (ILEC) 2 3%., (free-riding)., Jorde, Sida and Teece(2000) (TELRIC) (ILEC). Hazlet and Bazelon(2005), Frederiszick, Grajek, and Roller(2008). 78) Oldale and Padilla(2004)., (propositions). 78) Cambini and Jiang(2009).

124 (trade-off) (reconciled).,, ( ),, ( ),., Oldale and Padilla,.. 79).. NGA. Idate(2009b), FTTH/B., 08 FTTH/B, 79) BT byte

125 %.,, FTTC FTTH/B ( 2008a)., FTTH,. 80) 4 12 FTTH/B ( ) / /ISPs (%) : IDATE(2009b) ) (relevant market definition).,.,. SSNIP (hypothetical 80) ) (2009a) p.1 9

126 4 125 monopolist test, HMT). HMT. SSNIP (thought experiment), (Small but Significant and Non transitory Increase in Price) 5 10% (iterative process). /, SSNIP. SSNIP.,. EC TCT(Three Criteria Test),, (SMP) (Greenfield approach). (UNE),, (Granular impairment test)... EC NGA (1) LLU WBA EC LLU(Market 11/4) (WBA, Market 12/5),

127 126. EC LLU,. LLU MDF, WBA MDF. EC(2007a) (NGA) FTTx LLU,. FTTx LLU. EC FTTx (WBA) LLU. LLU, LLU LLU WBA.,.,. (2) xdsl EC FTTx,. EC 15.5%, DSL 81.8%,

128 DSL (indirect pricing constraints) 82).., xdsl. ADSL 28Mbps, VDSL 100Mbps. xdsl (indirect pricing constraint). (3), (self-supply),.,.,. (capacity constraints),. 82) ( ),

129 128 (bundling).,.,,,,. (SSNIP),. (emerging market).,. 3-criteria test.... EC : Modified Greenfield Approach 83) 3-criteria test EC(2007a).,., (SMP). (Wholesale broadband access) 83) Modified greenfield approach,

130 4 129, LLU (Market 4) 3-criteria test(tct) SMP test 84), (WBA), Three-Criteria Test(TCT) 1. (barriers to entry and to the development of competition) 2. (Dynamic aspect-no tendency to effective competition) 3. (Relative efficiency of competition law and complementary ex-ante regulation) (Barriers to entry and to the development of competition),.,,. (absolute cost advantages), (economies of scale and/or scope), (capacity constraints), (high sunk cost). modified greenfield approach.. 84) EC,,, (2009b)

131 130. (rights of way) (rights of use of frequencies),. (Dynamic aspectsno tendency to effective competition),.. (excess capacity),,.,,. EC (Relative efficiency of competition law and complementary ex ante regulation)., ( ) ( ); ( ) (,, ); ( ) ; ( ) ( ),.. TCT

132 TCT TCT, (ERG 2008a). TCT SMP test, SMP test (Streel 2008). EC TCT (ERG 2008a). TCT (SMP test). Never and Preissi( 2007),,,, SMP test TCT. SMP test TCT. ERG(2008a), 19 6 TCT SMP test EC TCT 0 SMP 13 SMP & TCT 6 : ERG(2008b) p.22. UNE : Granular Impairment Analysis 85) FCC 2003 ILEC UNE(Unbundling Network Elements) 85) FTTH 3 2

133 132 (granular Impair standard) ( Necessary standard) (FCC 2003). 86) (Impairment test) ILEC., (countervailing advantages). (marketplace evidence) (granular analysis). ILEC,, ILEC,,,., (evidence of impairment)., ( ), ( ), ( ) (first-mover advantage), ( ) ( ) ILEC... ILEC. (preferential access to buildings), (rights-of-way), (lock-in effect), 86) (network element) (at a minimum).

134 4 133, (countervailing advantages).. ILEC,.,,. (granularity of impairment analysis),,,, (ILECs BOCs). (mass market; residential customers and very small business customers),,,. FCC Act ILEC (exclusive or primary), (qualifying services). FCC (local exchange services),, xdsl, (high-capacity circuits). 87) FCC (granular impairment analysis) 87) 04 USTA FCC.

135 134 TCT.,,,, ILEC,.,, (LRIC), (, ) : (2007) p.69

136 ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ), ( ) (excessive or inefficient entry); ( ) ; ( ) (Tirole 2007). (cost plus) (retail minus). LLU (cost-oriented pricing). (Long-run Incremental Costs; LRIC), (Fully Distributed Cost; FDC). EU 26, LLU WBA 77%, 56% 50%, 44%. (or WBA),, (retail-minus) (ERG, 2009a) EU LLU WBA CCA LRIC/LRAIC LLU 26 65% 50% 77% WBA 18 61% 44% 56% : CCA(Current cost accounting and forward looking), LRAIC(Long Run Average Incremental Cost) : ERG(2008b) p.10. LRIC, LRIC, 88) 88) Bottom up Top-down

137 136,. ECPR(Efficient Component Pricing Rule), 89) (supernormal profits), (Valletti 2003).. 90) NGA.,. ( ) ( ); ( ) (ARPU) ( ARPU ); ( ) ( ); ( ) (, ); ( ) ; ( ) ( ). NGA. NGA (IPTV, VoIP ).. (Oxera 2008). (risk neutral). 89) 90) ERG(2009a) Oxera(2008)

138 4 137, (risk-neutral)., (over-investment). (weighted average cost of capital; WACC). 91) ERG(2009a) NGA. NGA, (risk of error).,,. ERG(2009a) (multi-year tariff regulation). (single-year tariff regulation),,.,. (co-investment) (risk sharing) NGA. (Build-and-share project) NGA 91) (E: equity; D: debt)

139 138,, 3. (commitments in advance of roll-out) NGA.. EC(2009a), EC(2009a),. FTTH,., (WACC) NGA.,,. FTTH LLU WBA FTTH. LLU SMP EC(2009a) NGA Ofcom, ERG WACC FTTC/N FTTH : Elena Scaramuzzi(2009), Ofcom(2009b), ERG(2009b)

140 4 139 Ofcom,., (margin squeeze test) (ERG 2009b).. FTTH LLU WBA FTTC/N. 3 92)., FTTH HFC,., BT, FT, KPN FTTC. FTTC/H.,. 92) (2007),

141 140.. FTTH. VoIP, IPTV,. LLU.,. LLU (margin squeeze test).,,.,... LLU,,., (, 2007).

142 4 141 SMP.,.,,., (, ). All-IP ( 2008b), TCT, Wik Consult (2009a). xdsl, HFC, FTTH (Technology neutral). xdsl FTTH HFC DOCSIS3.0, VoIP., (indirect pricing constraint). FTTH,. (, 2007). FTTH

143 142 (OECD, 2007). (90%).,,.. EC(2009a). (2009a) IP-USN,,. IP-USN,,.,,. EC (2009a)..,., SMP.,,. #1 Wik Consult(2009a).

144 ,, ) (Network Neutrality) Tim Wu A Proposal for Network Neutrality.,,,,. (end-to-end),.,.. (ISP), 93) (2007) pp

145 144.,,,, ISP CP ( ),, (AT&T-BellSouth ) (Hahn and Wallsten) (van Schewick),, (Wu) ( ),, (FCC, ) QoS (Kevin Martin FCC ) : (2007) p ,,,,.,,

146 5 145,.,.., ISP,,,,. ISP., ISP.,,,.,., ISP,. ISP,, ISP,. ISP.

147 R&D SP, ISP ISP, ISP : FCC(2009) ISP ISP (ILEC) Madison River Communications VoIP Vonage VoIP

148 ISP,. AOL, AT&T, Verio, Comcast ISP BitTorrent, Crymtone, Google,. 94) (1) Comcast BitTorrent ( ) 95) TV 2 ISP Comcast BitTorrent. Comcast BitTorrent TCP Reset BitTorrent. AP, FCC Comcast, Comcast P2P 50%,. Comcast.,. 94) 2007 (2007) ) (2008b).

149 148 ZDNet George Wu BitTorrent. Youtube /,,, BitTorrent. Comcast Comcast , FCC Comcast P2P (Strabase 2008a)., FCC Comcast DPI(deeppacket inspection). 96) FCC Martin Comcast P2P Comcast VOD. Comcast,. FCC Comcast, Comcast (network management practices) (FCC 2008). Comcast P2P., ( ),, 96).

150 5 149 ; ( ) ; ( ) FCC., FCC, FCC. Comcast P2P,. 24 (heavy user). (2) Google (2008 ) 97) (fast lane). (Open Edge). 98),. ISP.,, ISP (CDN). 97), ( ), 98),

151 (measurement lab).. (3) Comcast VoIP (2009 ) FCC Comcast VoIP VoIP,. Comcast, VoIP 70% (peak time) 15 (choppy). FCC Comcast Comcast,. Comcast VoIP Comcast Digital Voice(CDV) (HIS network) (managed IP network), CDV. 99), VoIP Vonage Skype VoIP. FCC CDV. FCC,. 99) Comcast (

152 Madison River vs. Vonage American Online AOL & Time Warner At&T & SBC, Verizon & MCI AT&T & BellSouth Madison River Vonage VoIP Madison River ISP FCC 15,000,, 30 VoIP American Online(AOL) AOL ISP AOL 2001, AOL Time Warner FCC FTC, AOL 2005 At&T-SBC Verizon- MCI FCC AT&T-BellSouth FCC 4

153 Verio vs cryptome. org Comcast vs. BitTorrent Google Comcast ISP Verio cryptome.org AUP(Acceptable use Policy, ) Verio cryptome.org Comcast BitTorrent,, FCC (fast lane) (edge caching) cryptome.org ISP FCC, Comcast,, (measurement lab) FCC Comcast Comcast VoIP FCC managed network, VoIP. AT&T Skype VoIP, AT&T, Google voice

154 (1) AT&T iphone Skype VoIP (2009 ) Free Press 04 3 FCC AT&T iphone Skype. 100) Free Press 07 AT&T 3G iphone Skype VoIP, WiFi. Free Press 05 FCC (Internet Policy Statement). Free press, YouTube. 9 FCC 2, AT&T VoIP. 101) (2) (2009 ) FCC 102), AT&T. 103) iphone, 3. FCC 3 100) Free Press( ) FCC ( 101) AT&T FCC ( 102) NY Times( ) Even Google Is Blocked With Apps for iphone 103)

155 154, VoIP,, AT&T AT&T. 104) AT&T,,. 105), iphone. iphone (contacts). (bug). (3) (2009 ) AT&T, FCC. 106) AT&T. FCC (call blocking) 07,. AT&T 4 ( ) 5 ( ). Google. 104) FCC 105) 106) AT&T ( ) (

156 5 155 FCC. 107),, (invitation only),, AT&T Apple vs. Google AT&T vs. Google AT&T Skype iphone 3G VoIP Skype iphone VoIP, App store Google voice AT&T Google Google voice AT&T Google FCC , AT&T, Verizon VoIP FCC Apple, AT&T, Google, AT&T 107) FCC( )

157 156, Traffic pumping 108). 109). Skype VoIP. FCC Telus ) 2008 Bell Canada (2008 ). 111) (Canadian Association of Internet Providers, CAIP) (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, CRTC) Bell Canada CRTC Bell Canada., CRTC. 108) 109) ://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2009/10/sex-conference-calls-and-outdated-fcc.html 110) 2007 (2007). 111)

158 Telus Bell Canada & Clearwire Communications Shaw communications VoIP Rogers MCI Canada Epifora Bell Canada Telus ISP ISP Telus Telus, Bell Canada Enterprise Cleawire communications Cleawire VoIP, /, Shaw communications Shaw VoIP VoIP QoS, VoIP QoS Shaw ISP VoIP VoIP Rogers BitTorrent encryption Rogers, P2P MCI Canada Epifora MCI canada Verizon (AUP) Epifora (CAIP) (CRTC) Bell Canada CRTC Bell Canada

159 (1) BBC iplayer (2007 ) 112) BBC iplayer. BBC iplayer (High-bandwidth), BBC. iplayer. iplayer BBC, iplayer CP, BBC iplayer,. (2) Vodafone VoIP (2007 ) 113) Vodafone Orange Nokia N95 VoIP. Vodafone VoIP VoIP. VoIP,. Truphone VoIP 112) Wik Consult(2008b). 113) (2007).

160 5 159 Vodafone Orange. Ofcom VoIP, Mobile VoIP,. (3) BT P2P (2009 ) 114) BT P2P P2P, BT. 5 6 BBC iplayer Vodafone VoIP BT P2P BBC , iplayer, BBC (High-bandwidth) BBC iplayer ISP CP Vodafone Orange Nokia N95 VoIP , T-Mobile VoIP Truphone BT P2P P2P iplayer Youtube. BT 114) Telecoms Asia(2009).

161 160 P2P,, P2P P2P., BT IPTV. BT ) Dailymotion ISP Neuf Cegetel dailymotion. Neuf, Dailymotion Neuf FCC 4., FTC,. 115) Wallsten, S and S. Hausladen(2009).

162 FCC (1) Powell (2004) FCC 4 (2005 ) , FCC Michael Powell The Digital Broadband Migration: Toward a Regulatory Regime for the Internet Age 4 (Internet Freedoms),,, HTBC(High Tech Broadband Coalition) Connectivity principles Powell FCC ( 2007) Madison River VoIP FCC Powell Internet freedoms 4 (Policy Statements) DSL ISP. / ,,.

163 162 FCC. 4. (2) (National Broadband Plan 2009) , FCC (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) FCC , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,. 116), FCC 09 4 NOI(Notice Of Inquiry),. 117), NOI,,, (Open Networks). FCC (Open Network), 5 (non-discrimination).,, 116) FCC News, ( ), FCC Launches Development of National Broadband Plan 117) FCC(2009) NOI Docket NO. GN FCC 09-31

164 5 163., (open platform),, 5 (non-discrimination). (3) Genachowski (2009 ) 118) , FCC Genachowski 4 (nondiscrimination) (Transparency), 6. Genachowski,, (a Free and Open Internet) (vital).,,. FCC (Notice of Proposed Rule Making, NPRM) 3 2 FCC 5. FCC FCC 2009 (NPRM) ,., , 118) FCC(2009).

165 164.,. 119) Broadband, dial-up. (reasonable network management),, (the needs of law enforcement, public safety, and homeland and national security authorities). FCC ). (receive or send) 119) to codify the principles as obligations of broadband Internet access service providers, rather than as describing what consumers are entitled to do with their service as the original Internet principles were phrased 120) FCC(2009) p.38.specifically, we propose that all providers of broadband Internet access service must comply with the following four rules: 1. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from sending or receiving the lawful content of the user s choice over the Internet. 2. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from running the lawful applications or using the lawful services of the user s choice. 3. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from connecting to and using on its network the user s choice of lawful devices that do not harm the network. 4. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not deprive any of its users of the user s entitlement to competition among network providers, application providers, service providers, and content providers.

166 5 165 (users access to content),, (lawful) 4. ( ). ( ). ( ) (devices). ( ),,., FCC (nondiscrimination) (transparency). (non-discriminatory),, (enhanced or prioritized). 4., IP-enabled TV, VoIP, (telemedicine) (managed or specialized). ( ),,. 121)

167 166,,,,, (proprietary data)., FCC,,,.. ( ),,,. 122) FCC NPRM, managed or specified services. NPRM ( ), ( ) QoS, ( ), ( ). 123) 121) FCC(2009) p.41 Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service must treat lawful content, applications, and services in a nondiscriminatory manner. 122) FCC(2009) p.45 Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service must disclose such information concerning network management and other practices as is reasonably required for users and content, application, and service providers to enjoy the protections specified in this part. 123) FCC(2009) p.51 Reasonable network management consists of: (a) reasonable practices employed by a provider of broadband Internet access service to ( ) reduce or mitigate the effects of congestion on its network or to address quality-of-service concerns; ( ) address traffic that is unwanted by users or harmful; ( ) prevent the transfer of unlawful content; or ( ) prevent the unlawful

168 5 167 FCC,,. (unwanted users),,.. FCC,. (managed or specified service) IP. FCC,, managed or specific. AT&T IPTV U-verse multi-channel IP managed services. (telemedicine), (smart grid), e-learning QoS. FCC. FCC NPRM,., SMS/MMS. transfer of content; and (b) other reasonable network management practices.

169 168,,.., QoS.,. managed or specified services. FCC,, managed services, , , , ) Broadband Internet Fairness Act of , Eric Massa Broadband Internet Fairness Act.

170 5 169 (FTC).,., (Tiers),,,,,,,, 3. FTC,,, FTC, FTC FCC. FTC. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). FTC., ) Internet Freedom Preservation Act of , Edward Markey Anna Eshoo

171 170 Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2009(H.R. 3458).,,,.,,. 124) 3) Internet Freedom Act of , FCC. FCC IP (IP-enabled),,.,,. 125) 4) Real Stimulus Act of , Blackburn Real Stimulus Act of 2009(H.R. 3924). 126) 124) Telecommunications Monitor,( ), Markey introduces revised bill to regulate network neutrality. #3. 125) #4. 126) #5.

172 ( ) Internet Non- Discrimination Act of 2006 (S.2360) Communications Opportunity, Promotion and Enhancement Ac of 2006(H.R.5252) Network Neutrality Act of 2006 (H.R.5273) Communications, Consumer s Choice, and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006(S.2686) Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) Joe Barton (R-Texas and Chairman of the House Commerce Committee) (, (malware), ) common carrier FCC Policy Statement The Communications Ed Markey (D- Massachusetts) Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)& Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) Jim Sensenbrenner Internet Freedom and (R-Wisconsin) Nondiscrimination Act &John of 2006(H.R.5417) Conyers (D-Michigan) Opportunity, Promotion, and Enhancement Act of 2006 (COPE) 1934 FCC,, ( ) (admission control) , , , 109

173 172 ( ) ) Internet Freedom preservation Act(S.215) Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2008(H.R.5353) Broadband Internet Fairness Act of 2009(H.R.2902) Internet Freedom preservation Act of 20091)(H.R. 3458) Olympia Snowe (R-Maine)& Byron Dorgan (D-North Dakota), Co-Sponsors: Barack Obama (D-Illinois) /,, CP QoS FCC Edward Markey(D- Massachusetts) & Charles Pickering (R-Mississippi) Eric Massa (New York) Edward Markey(D- Massachusetts), Anna Eshoo (D-California), broadband summit FCC FTC 2 127) (2009), pp.50 57

174 5 173 ( ) Internet Freedom Act of 20092) (S.1836) Real Stimulus Act of 20093) (H.R. 3924) John McCain (R-Arizona) Marsha, Blackburn (R-Tennessee) IP-enabled FCC IP-enabled FCC (s.1836 ) : 2008 : ) : 2) : 3) : EC 1) EC EU. EU Framework (SMP),,,,. (SMP) ( ) ISP SMP ; ( ) 5.1 (end-to-end), EU. EC

175 174, ( 2007). 5 8 EU LLU(UNE) : Ofcom(2006a) (2007) Bitstream access EC SMP,, (Marsden 2009, Valcke et al 2008). (2 c), (non-linear audiovisual media service), (information society services)., (20 ).,.,

176 5 175, EC ,,,. (20 ),. 2) EU (2009 ) , EU EC (EU Telekoms Reform Package),, , 12 EU.,, (112),,,,, 12, BEREC. (Universal Services Directives), (Access and Interconnection Directives), (Framework Directives), (Authorization Directives).

177 & Universal Services Directives /, ( ) : (a) ( ) (b),, (c) (d) (e),, (f) (g) ( ),. (b), 26 EC, QoS (link) (fill) (overfill) (c) 25,., EC

178 5 177 (EC 2009d). EC. ISP QoS ,, QoS (EC 2009b)., 20 1 (b),, (traffic shaping). 21 ( ) (QoS) 3,.. Valcke et al(2008), (access) (information society services) (broadcasting contents services),, (non-linear audiovisual media service),,,.

179 (a) 2002 Access and Interconnection Directives 2(a) / ( )... / ( )..., Framework Authorization,, QoS (EC 2009c)., ISP (9 3 c)., (8 5 c). (8 4 b), 8, ISP, ISP (8 4 g Authorization Directives A 19) (Article 8) 9 (Article 9) (Framework Directives) ,. (a) (b) ( ), 4.

180 5 179 (g) ( ) 5. ( ) 2, 3, 4, (objective), (transparent), (non-discriminatory) (proportionate) : (a) (b), (c),, (d) (Framework Directives) 9 3., : (a) (b) (c) QoS (d) (e) (f) (Authorization Directives A. 19( ) 8 (end-to-end connectivity),, 5 12 (Framework Directive) 1(3a) (measure) EU (the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). (appropriate), (proportionate), (necessary),.., EU.

181 180 (Framework Directive) 1 (Article 1) 3a, (measure) EC.. Ofcom. EU,,. Ofcom (Wallsten & Hausladen 2009) EU ISP DSL ISP, DSL. Ofcom BT, Openreach BT. Ofcom BT BT, Openreach. Openreach BT, BT, Openreach.

182 5 181 Ofcom MAC (MAC Broadband Migration Process) (Ofcom 2006c). 07 Ofcom (General Condition 23: Service Migration), (Migration Authorisation Code; MAC). MAC (30 ) 5. MAC. Ofcom MAC. Ofcom (Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband Speeds) (Ofcom 2008b). (i) (access line speed), (ii) (headline speed) (iii),. Ofcom.. 128) ARCEP France Telecom (intra-platform competition). ARCEP Gabrelle 128) Wallsten & Hausladen(2009) (2009)

183 182 Gauthey ,. Gabrielle Gauthey,. EU, the Postal and Electronic Communications Code., ARCEP.., EU., TV. TV,., , ISP Tele2 The

184 5 183 Pirate Bay tele2. ISP,. (dumb pipe).. EU,,,. the Bundesnetzagentur (intramodal) (intermodal). DAL,,. Deutsche Telekom 2000,., 5,000, d. DSL. DT (fiber network) DT. QoS.

185 184.. PTS(Pso-och telestyrelsen) , ISP. ISP,., PTS ISP, ISP ISP. 4. Madison River Comcast, AT&T. Bell Canada (2008), BT P2P, Neuf Cegetel dailymotion (2007)., FCC.,, managed or specified,.

186 EC,,.,,,, QoS,. Ofcom, EC TV, ( 2009c).,.,. EC,.,

187 186,.,,.,.,,....,, IPTV,.

188 ,.,. FTTC FTTH,,.,. EC.. DSL, FTTC, FTTH., 04., ( ), 03 ( ), (IPTV )

189 188. FTTH,,.,,,,,. FCC., FCC National Broadband Plan, NPRM, Internet Preservation Act,,,,,, 6., managed or specified,,.,,.,,..

190 189 (2004), FTTH, (ETRI), 19 6, (2007), (2009), Broadband Internet Fairness Act of (2001),,, 49 3, (2007), All-IP ( ), 07-19, (2008a), All-IP ( ), 08-05, (2008b), All-IP 08-10, (2008c), 2007,, 08-24, (2009a), (I), KISDI 09-10, (2009b), 2008, 09-62, (2009a), ( )

191 190 (2009b), IPTV (2009c), ( ) (2008a), FTTH (2008b), FCC Comcast. (2009a), iphone Skype, 3G. (2009b), FCC. (2007), Orange Vodafone, VoIP. (2009),, (ETRI), (2009), EU, 471. (2007),, (2005),, 1,,, ACCC(2009), Submission to the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy National Broadband Network: Regulatory Reform for 21st Century Broadband, Analysys Mason(2008), The business case for fiber based access in the Netherlands, ARCEP(2008), Recommendations on the implementation of last drop sharing of the last part on optical fibre networks, Arne Jeroschewski(2008), Regulatory challenges of Next Generation Access Networks

192 191 in telecommunications in Europe, Working Paper, Avenali. A., Matteucci, G. and P. Reverberi(2008), Dynamic access pricing and incentives to invest in alternative infrastructures University of Rome la Sapienza, mimeo Cambini, C and Y. Jiang(2009), Broadband investment and regulation: A literature review, Telecommunication Policy, 33, Cave, M.(2004), Making the ladder of investment operational Unpublished manuscript Cave, M. and Ingo Vogelsang I(2003), How access pricing and entry Interact, Telecommunication Review, 49, Cave, M(2006), Encouraging infrastructure competition via the ladder of investment Telecommunication Policy, 30, Chrsitodoulou, K. and K. Vlahous(2001). Implications of regulation for entry and investment in the local loop, Telecommunication Policy, 25, Commerce Commission(2009), 2008 Telecommunications Market Mornitoring Report, EC(2007a), Commission recommendation on relevant product and service markets within the electronic communications sector susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services(2007/879/ec), EC(2007b), Commission Staff Working Document Explanatory Notes: Accompanying document to the Commission Recommendation on Relevant Product and Service Markets within.(second edition) {C(2007)5406} EC(2008a), (Draft) COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION on regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2008b), (Draft) Commission staff working document: Explanatory note accompanying document to the Commission recommendation of on regulated access to

193 192 Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2009a), (2nd Draft) Commission staff working document: Explanatory note accompanying document to the Commission recommendation of on regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2009b), DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users rights relating to electronic communications networks and services, Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector and Regulation(EC) No 2006/2004 on cooperation between national. EC(2009c), DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services, 2002/19/EC on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the authorisation of electronic communications networks and services authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws. EC(2009d), Agreement on EU Telecoms Reform paves way for stronger consumer rights, an open internet, a single European telecoms market and high-speed internet connections for all citizens, MEMO/09/491. ECTA(2008), The Economics of Next Generation Access(WIK Consult report), ERG(2007a), ERG Opinion on Regulatory Principles of NG, ERG(07) 16rev2. ERG(2007b), Supplementary Document to the ERG Opinion on Regulatory Principles of NGA, ERG(07) 16rev2b NGA Opinion Supplementary Doc. ERG(2008a), Report on Guidance on the applications of the three criteria test. ERG(2008b), Regulatory Accounting in Practices ERG(2008c), IRG/ERG Response to the Draft Recommendation on the regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA), ERG(08) 38 rev2,

194 193 ERG(2009a), Report on Next Generation Access: Economic Analysis and Regulatory Principles. ERG(2009b), ERG response to the draft NGA Recommendation. FCC(2003), Report and Order and Order on Remand and Further Notice of Proposed RuleMaking, Docket FCC(2008), Memorandum Opinion and Order FCC(2009), Notice of Proposed RuleMaking Docket No. GN FCC News( ), FCC Launches Development of National Broadband Plan. Frederiszick, H., Grajek, M., and L. H. Roller(2008), Analyzing the Relationship between Regulation and Investment in the Telecom Sector, ESMT, mimeo. Hazlet, T and C. Bazelon(2005), Regulated unbundling of telecommunication networks: a stepping stone to facilities-based competition?, unpublished manuscript. Huigen, Josa and Martin Cave(2008), Regulation and the promotion of investment in next generation networks: A European dilemma, Telecommunications Policy, vol.32(2008) IDATE(2009a), Fttx Yearbook 2009: Markets & Trends. IDATE(2009b), FTTH European Panorama December 2008 Jorde, T., Sidak, G. and D. Teece.(2000), Innovation, investment and unbundling Yale Journal on Regulation, 17, 1 37 Marsden, C(2009), Net Neutrality Lite : Regulatory Responses to Broadband Internet Discrimination, Working Paper. Ministry of Economic Development, Broadband in New Zealand. Ministry of Economic Development(2008), New Zealand s Digital Pathway: A Fast Broadband Future Never, H. and B. Preissi(2007), The Three-Criteria Test and SMP: How to get it right, mimeo. New Zealand Government(2009a), Govt announces targets for rural broadband,

195 194 New Zealand Commerce Commission(2009b), 2008 Telecommunications Market Monitoring Report. OECD(2003), Developments in Local Loop Unbundling. OECD(2007), Developments in Fiber Technologies and Investment. OECD(2009), OECD Communications Outlook 2009, Ofcom(2006a), Net Neutrality: Battle for a New World order or much Ado about nothing?. Ofcom(2006b), Regulatory challenges proposed by next generation access network: policy discussion. Ofcom(2006c) Broadband migration: enabling consumer choice. Ofcom(2007), Future broadband: policy approach to Next generation access. Ofcom(2008a), Delivering super-past broadband in the UK. Ofcom(2008b), Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband speeds. Ofcom(2009a), Delivering super-past broadband in the UK: Statement. Ofcom(2009b), Joint UK submission from the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills and Ofcom to the second public consultation on a revised draft Recommendation on regulated access to Next Generation Access networks. Oldale, A and A. J. Padilla(2004), From state monopoly to the investment ladder : competition policy and the NRF, in The Pros and Cons of Antitrust on Deregulated Markets, Konkorrensverket, Swedish Competition Authority. OPTA(2008), Policy rules: Tariff regulation for unbundled fiber access, OVUM(2008a), Next-generation access country overview: the Netherlands, OVUM(2008b), FTTx: current status and the future, OVUM(2008c), Global FTTP market trends, by region, OVUM(2008d), Next-generation access country overview: France, OVUM(2008e), Next-Generation access country overview: U. K, OVUM(2008f), FTTx benchmark: the United States,

196 195 OVUM(2009a), U.S.(Country regulation overview), OVUM(2009c), FTTx trends in Asia-Pacific: Japan, OVUM(2009d), The regulatory approach to next-generation to access: Europe, OVUM(2009e), FTTx trends in Asia-Pacific: Australia and New Zealand, OVUM(2009f), The regulatory approach to Next-generation access: Asia-Pacific, OVUM(2009g), FTTx in Asia-Pacific: Overview, OVUM(2009g), FTTx in Asia-Pacific: Overview, Scaramuzzi, E.(2009), Next Generation Access Network: the European Approach, APEC TEL International Mobile Roaming Workshop presentation material. Streel, A(2008). Current and future European regulation of electronic communications: A critical assessment Telecommunication Policy, vol.32, pp Telecommunications Monitor( ), Market introduces revised bill to regulate network neutrality. Telecoms Asia(2009), BT wants to charge video hosts for IP traffic. Tirole J. J(2007), One-way and two-way access pricing principles in telecommunications Valcke, P, L. Hou, D. Stevens and E. Kosta(2008), Guardian Knight or Hands Off: The European Responses to Network Neutrality, Communications and Strategies, vol.72, pp Wallsten, S and S. Hausladen(2009), Net Neutrality, Unbundling, and their Effects on International Investment in Next-Generation Networks. Review of Network Economics, pp Willig, R.(2006), Investment is appropriately stimulated by TELRIC Princeton University, mimeo. Wik Consult(2008a), The Economics of Next Generation Access: Final Report. Wik Consult(2008b), Network Neutrality; Implications for Europe. Wu, Tim(2002), A Proposal for Network Neutrality (

197 196 1 Wik Consult NGA 129) 1. NGA NGA (penetration rate of homes connected) ( ) : NGA Bottom-Up bottom-up, (LRIC) NGA 1 (ARPU) = 1 (critical market share) (100%) NGA NGA NGA 129) Wik Consult(2009a)

198 197 (no subsidy and independent) 1 specification: km2 (Urban) 10,000 6,000 2,000 (Suburban) 1,500 1, (Rural) IP concentration network IP,,, TPS concentration IP (Label Switch, Label Edge Routers(LSR/LER), (caches, B-RAS, soft switches ) TPS(IP-TV), TV signal central points IP FTTx MCL(metro core location) 10kbit/s busy hour IP concentration

199 198 FTTC-VDSL FTTC 40,000 MCL : VDSL, 2, 4 one-time cost: sub-loop unbundling fee( +20% mark-up ) street cabinet :,, air conditioning DSLAM street cabinet DSLAM ( 480 ) MCL switch (1:480) street cabinet : collocation (default 15%), (default 35%)/2 street cabinet (virtual collocation) 100mm 2 (4 148 ),, /,,, FTTH-PON FTTH-PON OLT(Optical Line Terminator, MCL ) ONU(Optical Network Unit, ) ONT(Optical Network Terminator; ) splitter 64 MCL switch (1:64) SC OSDF(optical street distribution frame), FTTH-PON passive,,

200 199 OSDF configuration: SC splitter 110%, 100% ODF ONU,, SC splitters,,, concentration WDM(Wave Division Multiplex) FTTH-PON TDMA(Time Division Multiplex) FTTH-PON WDM, MCL (bitstream access), SLU WDM FTTH-P2P FTTH-P2P, ODF switch VDSL FTTH-PON ODF (10% ) switch,,, SC, OSDF, SLU LLU subduct (empty): /, /, facade mounted holders(??) :

201 200,, dark fiber : /, SC collocation(vdsl FTTH) OSDF (PON) copper(vdsl) or fiber SLU(PON), fiber LLU(P2P): 3. bottom-up LRIC TPS,, (second mover) 3 NGA first mover NGA, MDF NGA, 10%,, IPTV, VOD, residential, single play: residential, dual play:, residential, triple play:,, IP-TV

202 201 business, mixed broadband service(vpn,,, ) LRIC, 1% ARPU 1 (ramp up cost) 90% 10%, single service 20%, dual service 65%, triple service 15% 10% mark up (cluster specific variables ) ARPU, concentration, service, MCL /, O(S)DF, splices, SLU /,,, MDF SC, 4. stand-alone case case MDF, ARPU stand-alone

203 202 case 10% ARPU VDSL, PON, P2P VDSL case: SLU, PON case: SLU( ) P2P case: MCL fiber LLU 80% case: (efficient regulation) 20%, VDSL PON SLU SC 20% case: VDSL SLU SC, PON SLU SC 80% dark fiber : dark fiber (efficient regulation) VDSL PON SLU dark fiber SC fiber,, 20% dark fiber : 20% dark fiber VDSL SLU SC, PON SLU SC 80% dark fiber/shared infrastructure: fiber PON VDSL SLU, (MCL-MDF) (MDF-SC) fiber

204 ). BT BT 2004 NGN(21st Century Network). BT 21CN 16 IP, MSAN(multiservice access node). Metro, Core, MSAN,. 2 BT 21CN 21CN BT ( 130),, BT, KPN, Verizon., 3.

205 204 BT CN, (Next Generation Network; NGN) %, % 21CN Core/Metro (Next Generation Access; NGA). BT NGA FTTC ( 25Mbps VDSL2+), FTTH FTTC LLU 2009 FTTC LLU.. KPN KPN MDF, (FTTH) (FTTC) 140. KPN KPN All-IP 9,. All-IP,, KPN, All-IP CAPEX,.

206 205 1 KPN All-IP : FTTH, KPN FTTH. Verizon Verizon PON FTTP (FIOS) 2 Verizon FTTH ECTA(2008) p.67.